EP0289407A1 - Air-dropped buoy, especially for submarine watching - Google Patents
Air-dropped buoy, especially for submarine watching Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0289407A1 EP0289407A1 EP88400993A EP88400993A EP0289407A1 EP 0289407 A1 EP0289407 A1 EP 0289407A1 EP 88400993 A EP88400993 A EP 88400993A EP 88400993 A EP88400993 A EP 88400993A EP 0289407 A1 EP0289407 A1 EP 0289407A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- balloon
- buoy
- neck
- water
- air
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B22/00—Buoys
- B63B22/003—Buoys adapted for being launched from an aircraft or water vehicle;, e.g. with brakes deployed in the water
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B22/00—Buoys
- B63B22/22—Inflatable buoys with gas generating means
Definitions
- the present invention relates to buoys which are dropped from an aircraft on the surface of the sea, and more particularly to acoustic buoys provided with hydrophones making it possible to collect underwater noise and to transmit it by radioelectric means to a receiving station most often located in the drop aircraft.
- buoys are known from the French invention patent No. 2,431,419 and from its addition No. 2,464,179 filed in the name of the applicant.
- buoys include a device to brake and stabilize their fall in order to essentially limit the effects of shock during contact with water.
- This device consists of a balloon, which also serves as a float for the buoy after it has entered the water.
- a hydrophone located at the bottom of the buoy automatically descends to a determined depth when it floats on water. It collects the acoustic noises propagating in the water and transmits them to a radioelectric transmitter contained in the body of the buoy, which feeds an antenna supported by the balloon.
- the balloon is folded back into the body of the buoy and inflates during the fall via a forced air inlet located at the top of the body of the buoy.
- the lower end of the balloon is crimped onto a circular support surrounding the body of the buoy, to which it is held by radial spacers which delimit a circular space allowing the forced entry of air into the balloon.
- the balloon is furthermore provided with pockets in its upper part, through which the air flows in to exit through smaller upper openings, which makes it possible to obtain aerodynamic stability of the assembly during the descent into the air.
- This system for fixing the float ball to the body of the buoy by means of a circular support and crimping the ball on the outside of this support has a certain fragility. mechanical. Furthermore, the assembly is relatively complex, which entails fairly high production costs.
- the invention proposes to fix the float ball on the body of the buoy by means of a set of halyards coming to be fixed inside the neck of the buoy. It also proposes to provide this neck with a flexible returnable sleeve which closes under the effect of water pressure the air inlet orifices in the balloon.
- the buoy according to the invention represented in FIG. 1 comprises a body 100 suspended from a balloon 101. After the release the balloon is extracted from the body of the buoy and it is deployed under the effect of the air which enters through openings triangular 104 perforated on the upper part, called the neck, of the body of the buoy.
- the balloon has a set of pockets 102, six for example, in which the air rushes through the wide lower part which is not fixed to the balloon and exits through the narrower upper part, itself not fixed to the balloon .
- these pockets are given a length at least equal to half the height of the balloon and are preferably made to slightly exceed the equator line of the ball. This gives an effect similar to that of a parachute.
- the surface of the balloon is delimited by a set of halyards 103 which start from its top and join its base by delimiting on the balloon a set of sectors. Fixing these halyards on the balloon is preferably common with that of the lateral edges of the pockets 102.
- halyards consist for example of cords or fabric bands. They allow both to strengthen the balloon and to come and fix it to the neck of the buoy inside the latter. In this way the open lower part of the balloon enters the neck and is therefore not crimped around, which provides better mechanical strength of the assembly.
- FIG. 2 shows what happens during the impact of the buoy on the surface of the water.
- the balloon sinks into the water to a height that exceeds its equator. Under these conditions the balloon is compressed by the pressure of the water, as shown in an exaggerated manner in the figure, and part of the air escapes through the openings 104.
- the buoy then rises to the surface , water enters the balloon to replace the air which has thus left and the buoyancy of the assembly is poor. It is then found that in many cases the buoy sinks.
- a flexible sleeve is used, which during the descent lets the air pass, and after the impact on the surface of the water turns around to close off the air intake orifices.
- Figure 3 a partial sectional view of a buoy provided with such a sleeve.
- the left half of this figure represents the buoy during its descent into the atmosphere, and the right half represents it when it floats on the surface of the water.
- a buoy weighing approximately 15 kg was produced, supported by a balloon with a capacity of 30 liters fitted with 6 descent stabilization pockets.
- the neck had 6 triangular openings point down with a height of 50 mm for a width of 40 mm.
- the height of the sleeve was approximately 120 mm. Under these conditions we could measure that it remained after the impact and the turning of the sleeve between 4 and 5 liters of water in the neck and the lower part of the balloon and that the percentage of failures of the buoys, that is to say the number of those that sank, was particularly low.
Abstract
L'invention concerne les bouées larguées d'un aéronef pour faire de l'écoute sous-marine.The invention relates to buoys dropped from an aircraft for underwater listening.
Elle consiste à fixer le ballon (101) d'une telle bouée sur son corps (100) à l'aide d'un ensemble de drisses (103) s'étendant du sommet à la base du ballon et étant fixées à l'intérieur du col du corps de la bouée. L'air de gonflage pénètre dans ce col puis dans le ballon par l'intermédiaire de d'ouvertures triangulaires percées dans le col. Un manchon textile (105) fixé sur la paroi interne du col au-dessus des ouvertures de gonflage se retourne après l'impact sur l'eau pour venir obturer ces ouvertures.It consists in fixing the balloon (101) of such a buoy on its body (100) using a set of halyards (103) extending from the top to the base of the balloon and being fixed inside. from the neck of the buoy body. The inflation air enters this neck and then into the balloon through triangular openings pierced in the neck. A textile sleeve (105) fixed on the internal wall of the neck above the inflation openings turns over after impact on the water to close these openings.
Elle permet d'éviter le dégonflement du ballon et la perte de la bouée. It avoids deflation of the balloon and loss of the buoy.
Description
La présente invention se rapporte aux bouées qui sont larguées d'un aéronef sur la surface de la mer, et plus particulièrement aux bouées acoustiques munies d'hydrophones permettant de recueillir les bruits sous-marins et de les retransmettre par voie radio-électrique à une station de réception située le plus souvent dans l'aéronef de largage.The present invention relates to buoys which are dropped from an aircraft on the surface of the sea, and more particularly to acoustic buoys provided with hydrophones making it possible to collect underwater noise and to transmit it by radioelectric means to a receiving station most often located in the drop aircraft.
On connaît plus particulièrement de telles bouées du brevet d'invention français n° 2 431 419 et de son addition n° 2 464 179 déposés au nom de la demanderesse.More particularly, such buoys are known from the French invention patent No. 2,431,419 and from its addition No. 2,464,179 filed in the name of the applicant.
Ces bouées comportent un dispositif pour freiner et stabiliser leur chute afin essentiellement de limiter les effets du choc lors du contact avec l'eau. Ce dispositif est formé d'un ballon, qui sert également de flotteur à la bouée après qu'elle soit arrivée dans l'eau. Un hydrophone situé à la partie inférieure de la bouée descend automatiquement à une profondeur déterminée lorsque celle-ci flotte sur l'eau. Il recueille les bruits acoustiques se propageant dans l'eau et les transmet à un émetteur radio-électrique contenu dans le corps de la bouée, lequel alimente une antenne supportée par le ballon.These buoys include a device to brake and stabilize their fall in order to essentially limit the effects of shock during contact with water. This device consists of a balloon, which also serves as a float for the buoy after it has entered the water. A hydrophone located at the bottom of the buoy automatically descends to a determined depth when it floats on water. It collects the acoustic noises propagating in the water and transmits them to a radioelectric transmitter contained in the body of the buoy, which feeds an antenna supported by the balloon.
Le ballon est replié dans le corps de la bouée et il se gonfle pendant la chute par l'intermédiaire d'une entrée d'air forcé située à la partie supérieure du corps de la bouée. L'extrémité inférieure du ballon est serti sur un support circulaire entourant le corps de la bouée, auquel il est maintenu par des entretoises radiales qui délimitent un espace circulaire permettant l'entrée forcée de l'air dans le ballon. Le ballon est en outre muni de poches dans sa partie supérieure, à travers lesquelles l'air s'engoufre pour sortir par des ouvertures supérieures plus petites, ce qui permet d'obtenir une stabilité aérodynamique de l'ensemble pendant la descente dans l'air.The balloon is folded back into the body of the buoy and inflates during the fall via a forced air inlet located at the top of the body of the buoy. The lower end of the balloon is crimped onto a circular support surrounding the body of the buoy, to which it is held by radial spacers which delimit a circular space allowing the forced entry of air into the balloon. The balloon is furthermore provided with pockets in its upper part, through which the air flows in to exit through smaller upper openings, which makes it possible to obtain aerodynamic stability of the assembly during the descent into the air.
Ce système de fixation du ballon flotteur au corps de la bouée par l'intermédiaire d'un support circulaire et du sertissage du ballon sur l'extérieur de ce support présente une certaine fragilité mécanique. Par ailleurs l'ensemble est relativement complexe, ce qui entraîne des coûts de réalisation assez importants.This system for fixing the float ball to the body of the buoy by means of a circular support and crimping the ball on the outside of this support has a certain fragility. mechanical. Furthermore, the assembly is relatively complex, which entails fairly high production costs.
Pour pallier ces inconvénients l'invention propose de fixer le ballon flotteur sur le corps de la bouée par l'intermédiaire d'un ensemble de drisses venant se fixer à l'intérieur du col de la bouée. Elle propose également de munir ce col d'un manchon souple retournable qui vient obturer sous l'effet de la pression de l'eau les orifices d'entrée de l'air dans le ballon.To overcome these drawbacks, the invention proposes to fix the float ball on the body of the buoy by means of a set of halyards coming to be fixed inside the neck of the buoy. It also proposes to provide this neck with a flexible returnable sleeve which closes under the effect of water pressure the air inlet orifices in the balloon.
D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront clairement dans la description suivante, présentée à titre d'exemple non limitatif en face des figures annexées qui représentent :
- La figure 1, une vue d'ensemble d'une bouée selon l'invention ;
- La figure 2, un schéma explicatif de l'action de l'eau au moment de l'impact, et
- La figure 3, une vue en coupe du col d'une bouée selon l'invention, par moitié pendant la chute, et par moitié pendant la flottaison.
- Figure 1, an overview of a buoy according to the invention;
- Figure 2, an explanatory diagram of the action of water at the time of impact, and
- Figure 3, a sectional view of the neck of a buoy according to the invention, half during the fall, and half during the flotation.
La bouée selon l'invention représentée en figure 1 comprend un corps 100 suspendu à un ballon 101. Après le largage le ballon s'extrait du corps de la bouée et il se déploie sous l'effet de l'air qui rentre par des ouvertures triangulaires 104 perforées sur la partie supérieure, appelée col, du corps de la bouée.The buoy according to the invention represented in FIG. 1 comprises a
Le ballon comporte un ensemble de poches 102, six par exemple, dans lesquelles l'air s'engouffre par la partie inférieure large qui n'est pas fixée au ballon et sort par la partie supérieure plus étroite, elle-même non fixée au ballon. On obtient ainsi un effet de stabilisation de l'assiette de la bouée pendant la descente, et un certain freinage. Pour augmenter ce freinage par rapport à celui obtenu dans les bouées connues jusqu'à présent, on donne à ces poches une longueur au moins égale à la moitié de la hauteur du ballon et on les fait de préférence dépasser légèrement la ligne d'équateur du ballon. On obtient ainsi un effet semblable à celui d'un parachute.The balloon has a set of
La surface du ballon est délimitée par un ensemble de drisses 103 qui partent de son sommet et rejoignent sa base en délimitant sur le ballon un ensemble de secteurs. La fixation de ces drisses sur le ballon est de préférence commune avec celle des bords latéraux des poches 102.The surface of the balloon is delimited by a set of
Ces drisses sont constituées par exemple de cordelettes ou de bandes en tissu. Elles permettent à la fois de renforcer le ballon et de venir fixer celui-ci au col de la bouée à l'intérieur de ce dernier. De cette manière la partie inférieure ouverte du ballon rentre dans le col et n'est donc pas sertie autour, ce qui procure une meilleure tenue mécanique de l'ensemble.These halyards consist for example of cords or fabric bands. They allow both to strengthen the balloon and to come and fix it to the neck of the buoy inside the latter. In this way the open lower part of the balloon enters the neck and is therefore not crimped around, which provides better mechanical strength of the assembly.
On a représenté sur la figure 2 ce qui se passe lors de l'impact de la bouée sur la surface de l'eau. On constate que le ballon s'enfonce dans l'eau jusqu'à une hauteur qui dépasse son équateur. Dans ces conditions le ballon est comprimé par la pression de l'eau, comme représenté d'une manière exagérée sur la figure, et une partie de l'air s'échappe par les ouvertures 104. Lorsqu'ensuite la bouée remonte à la surface, de l'eau rentre dans le ballon pour remplacer l'air qui est ainsi parti et la flottabilité de l'ensemble est mauvaise. On constate alors que dans de nombreux cas la bouée coule.FIG. 2 shows what happens during the impact of the buoy on the surface of the water. We see that the balloon sinks into the water to a height that exceeds its equator. Under these conditions the balloon is compressed by the pressure of the water, as shown in an exaggerated manner in the figure, and part of the air escapes through the
On pourrait songer à ralentir davantage la descente de la bouée, en utilisant par exemple un parachute auxiliaire, mais ceci présente l'inconvénient de prolonger la descente de manière excessive et d'augmenter considérablement l'influence de la dérive due au vent.One could consider slowing the descent of the buoy further, for example by using an auxiliary parachute, but this has the drawback of prolonging the descent excessively and considerably increasing the influence of the wind drift.
Selon l'invention on utilise un manchon souple, qui pendant la descente laisse passer l'air, et après l'impact sur la surface de l'eau se retourne pour venir obturer les orifices d'entrées d'air.According to the invention, a flexible sleeve is used, which during the descent lets the air pass, and after the impact on the surface of the water turns around to close off the air intake orifices.
On a représenté sur la figure 3 une vue en coupe partielle d'une bouée munie d'un tel manchon. La moitié gauche de cette figure représente la bouée pendant sa descente dans l'atmosphère, et la moitié droite la représente lorsqu'elle flotte à la surface de l'eau.There is shown in Figure 3 a partial sectional view of a buoy provided with such a sleeve. The left half of this figure represents the buoy during its descent into the atmosphere, and the right half represents it when it floats on the surface of the water.
Un manchon 105 en textile très souple et très mince, tel que par exemple certains tissus imperméables utilisés pour les vêtements de pluie repliables dans une poche, est fixé à l'intérieur du col sur toute la périphérie de celui-ci à l'aide d'un ruban adhésif double face 106. Ce ruban est collé en-dessous du point d'encrage des drisses 103 et au-dessus des ouvertures 104.A
Ainsi lorsque la bouée descend dans l'atmosphère, l'air rentrant par les orifices 104 s'engouffre dans le manchon 105 qui laisse passer cet air en flottant librement à l'intérieur du ballon 101.So when the buoy goes down into the atmosphere, the incoming air through the
Lorsque la bouée vient frapper la surface de l'eau, une petite quantité d'eau, de l'ordre de quelques litres, rentre à l'intérieur du ballon sous l'effet de l'impact. Ensuite quand le ballon s'enfonce, la pression exercée sur les parois de celui-ci par la masse liquide, conformément à la figure 2, tend à chasser cette eau par les orifices 104. En sortant, l'eau entraîne dans son mouvement le manchon 105 qui est très souple et qui se retourne comme la manche d'un vêtement lorsqu'on se déshabille. En se retournant le manchon 105 vient recouvrir toute la face inférieure interne du col du corps 100 en obturant, comme on le voit sur la partie droite de la figure 3, les orifices 104. Ainsi une certaine quantité de l'eau qui est rentrée lors de l'impact reste emprisonnée dans le col et dans la partie inférieure du ballon et l'air ne peut pas s'échapper de celui-ci. En effet, on comprend bien que cet air, qui était déjà légèrement comprimé sous l'effet de la pression aérodynamique de la descente, ne s'échappe pas lors de l'impact puisque c'est l'eau qui rentre et que cette eau tend à augmenter la pression de l'air. Ainsi lorsque le manchon 105 a obturé les orifices 104 la pression de l'air est suffisante dans le ballon pour le maintenir suffisamment gonflé de façon à s'opposer au poids du corps de la bouée et à faire remonter celle-ci à la surface de l'eau.When the buoy hits the surface of the water, a small amount of water, on the order of a few liters, enters the interior of the balloon under the effect of the impact. Then when the balloon sinks, the pressure exerted on the walls of the latter by the liquid mass, in accordance with FIG. 2, tends to expel this water through the
Lorsque la bouée est stabilisée à la surface de l'eau, la pression résiduelle relayée par la colonne d'eau restante vient plaquer le manchon 105 contre la paroi intérieure basse du col en obturant parfaitement les orifices 104. Ainsi le ballon reste gonflé sans problème, même en présence de vagues relativement importantes.When the buoy is stabilized on the surface of the water, the residual pressure relayed by the remaining water column presses the
Dans une réalisation pratique on a fabriqué une bouée d'un poids d'environ 15 kg soutenue par un ballon d'une contenance de 30 litres muni de 6 poches de stabilisation de descente. Le col comportait 6 ouvertures triangulaires pointe en bas d'une hauteur de 50 mm pour une largeur de 40 mm. La hauteur du manchon était d'environ 120 mm. Dans ces conditions on a pu mesurer qu'il restait après l'impact et le retournement du manchon entre 4 et 5 litres d'eau dans le col et la partie inférieure du ballon et que le pourcentage d'échecs des bouées, c'est-à-dire le nombre de celles qui coulaient, était particulièrement faible.In a practical embodiment, a buoy weighing approximately 15 kg was produced, supported by a balloon with a capacity of 30 liters fitted with 6 descent stabilization pockets. The neck had 6 triangular openings point down with a height of 50 mm for a width of 40 mm. The height of the sleeve was approximately 120 mm. Under these conditions we could measure that it remained after the impact and the turning of the sleeve between 4 and 5 liters of water in the neck and the lower part of the balloon and that the percentage of failures of the buoys, that is to say the number of those that sank, was particularly low.
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8706102 | 1987-04-29 | ||
FR8706102A FR2614598B1 (en) | 1987-04-29 | 1987-04-29 | WIDE AIRBORNE BUOY, PARTICULARLY FOR UNDERWATER LISTENING |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0289407A1 true EP0289407A1 (en) | 1988-11-02 |
Family
ID=9350639
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88400993A Ceased EP0289407A1 (en) | 1987-04-29 | 1988-04-22 | Air-dropped buoy, especially for submarine watching |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4861297A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0289407A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2614598B1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2725684A1 (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-04-19 | Thomson Csf | LARGABLE AIRBORNE BUOY |
EP2708460A1 (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2014-03-19 | Dcns | Functional system with air/water medium change, in particular such as an underwater countermeasure intended for being launched in particular from a surface vessel |
FR3033314A1 (en) * | 2015-03-04 | 2016-09-09 | Dcns | SYSTEM FOR BRAKING AND STABILIZING THE DIVING OF A SUBSTANTIAL OBJECT |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2676725B1 (en) * | 1991-05-21 | 1998-01-09 | Thomson Csf | WINCH FOR TOWING UNDERWATER OBJECTS. |
FR2714663B1 (en) * | 1993-12-30 | 1996-01-26 | Thomson Csf | Winch with hydraulic motor, in particular for helicopter equipped with a sonar. |
FR2735645B1 (en) * | 1995-06-16 | 1997-07-25 | Thomson Csf | TRAILER ACOUSTIC TRANSMITTER |
US8771634B1 (en) | 2010-07-13 | 2014-07-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Generation of hydrogen gas from a borohydride at a constant temperature using the phase transition of a hydrate |
US8240602B1 (en) | 2010-07-13 | 2012-08-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Subsea deployment of aerial payloads utilizing long-term storage of lighter than air gases |
RU2520985C2 (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2014-06-27 | Федеральное государственное военное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-Морского Флота "Военно-морская академия им. Адмирала Флота Советского Союза Н.Г. Кузнецова" | Method of transmitting signals on under-ice accident using hydroacoustic signalling device and apparatus for realising said method |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3161896A (en) * | 1963-11-20 | 1964-12-22 | Ira T Holt | Ram air inflated flotation bag |
US3992736A (en) * | 1975-12-22 | 1976-11-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Expandable element check valve |
EP0007830A1 (en) * | 1978-07-18 | 1980-02-06 | Thomson-Csf | Air-dropped buoy |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3889224A (en) * | 1974-03-08 | 1975-06-10 | Us Navy | Crown float/decelerator |
-
1987
- 1987-04-29 FR FR8706102A patent/FR2614598B1/en not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-04-22 EP EP88400993A patent/EP0289407A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-04-26 US US07/186,293 patent/US4861297A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3161896A (en) * | 1963-11-20 | 1964-12-22 | Ira T Holt | Ram air inflated flotation bag |
US3992736A (en) * | 1975-12-22 | 1976-11-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Expandable element check valve |
EP0007830A1 (en) * | 1978-07-18 | 1980-02-06 | Thomson-Csf | Air-dropped buoy |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2725684A1 (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-04-19 | Thomson Csf | LARGABLE AIRBORNE BUOY |
WO1996011837A1 (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-04-25 | Thomson-Csf | Air-droppable buoy |
AU693274B2 (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 1998-06-25 | Thomson-Csf | Air-droppable buoy |
EP2708460A1 (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2014-03-19 | Dcns | Functional system with air/water medium change, in particular such as an underwater countermeasure intended for being launched in particular from a surface vessel |
FR2995588A1 (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2014-03-21 | Dcns | FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM FOR CHANGING THE AIR / WATER ENVIRONMENT AS IN PARTICULAR AGAINST UNDERWATER MEASUREMENT INTENDED TO BE LAUNCHED IN PARTICULAR FROM A SURFACE BUILDING |
FR3033314A1 (en) * | 2015-03-04 | 2016-09-09 | Dcns | SYSTEM FOR BRAKING AND STABILIZING THE DIVING OF A SUBSTANTIAL OBJECT |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2614598A1 (en) | 1988-11-04 |
US4861297A (en) | 1989-08-29 |
FR2614598B1 (en) | 1989-06-09 |
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