EP0281858A1 - High-power gyrotron for generating electromagnetic millimeter or submillimeter waves - Google Patents
High-power gyrotron for generating electromagnetic millimeter or submillimeter waves Download PDFInfo
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- EP0281858A1 EP0281858A1 EP88102786A EP88102786A EP0281858A1 EP 0281858 A1 EP0281858 A1 EP 0281858A1 EP 88102786 A EP88102786 A EP 88102786A EP 88102786 A EP88102786 A EP 88102786A EP 0281858 A1 EP0281858 A1 EP 0281858A1
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- housing
- concave mirrors
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- optical axis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
- H01J25/025—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators with an electron stream following a helical path
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for generating electromagnetic millimeter or submillimeter waves of high intensity. It relates in particular to a high-performance gyrotron for generating such waves with a quasi-optical resonator, which is formed by two concave mirrors arranged opposite one another on an optical axis.
- the high performance gyrotron is intended for use in nuclear fusion to heat the fusion plasma.
- a gyrotron of the type mentioned is known, for example, from an article by TA Hargeaves et al., Int. J. Electronics 57, 977 (1984) or also from an article by A. Perrenoud et al., Int. J. Electronics 57, 985 (1984).
- the resonator of the known gyrotron formed by the two concave mirrors is a so-called open resonator.
- the two concave mirrors are, at least in their immediate vicinity, not surrounded by a housing or the like.
- a high-energy electron beam passes through the resonator along a magnetic field.
- the electrons of the electron beam move along the magnetic field on spiral tracks with an orbital frequency corresponding to the cyclotron frequency, which is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. They interact with an alternating electromagnetic field built up in the resonator.
- the modes excited in the resonator are of the TEM mnp type, the indices m and n denoting transverse modes and the index p denoting longitudinal modes (see also H. Kogelnik, 1966, Modes in Optical Resonators; Lasers, Vol. 1, edited by AK Levine, New York: Marcel Dekker, p. 295).
- the longitudinal TEM oop modes are selected because they have the lowest diffraction losses.
- the thermal load on the concave mirrors does not become too great in the envisaged application for nuclear fusion (the field power in the resonator can be a few megawatts), they must have a certain minimum size that is significantly (up to two orders of magnitude) larger than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation to be generated.
- the p of the modes excited in the resonator is therefore in the range between 40 and 400. This has the consequence that the frequency spacing between two adjacent modes TEM oop and TEM oo (p + 1) is significantly smaller than the instability frequency band of the gyrotron, which raises the problem of mode competition (see, for example, Bondeson et al., Infrared and Millimeter Waves 9 , 309 (1984)).
- the open, quasi-optical resonator has been designed in such a way that it is fashionable is selective, i.e. a TEM oop mode is excited in it alone or at least preferably over other neighboring modes TEM oop ⁇ 1 (cf. A. Perrenoud et al., Int. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 7 , 427 (1986 ) and A. Perrenoud et al., Int. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 7 , 1813 (1986)).
- non-Gaussian modes additionally excited by the housing provided according to the invention are related their intensity is relatively weak and tolerable compared to the desired Gaussian TEM oop modes.
- the coupling efficiency is increased to 100% by the invention.
- the radiation to the environment is practically completely prevented by the housing provided according to the invention.
- Other devices such as Deflection coils for the electron beam or a prebuncher can be set up in the immediate vicinity of the resonator.
- Fig. 1 and 2 denote two concave mirrors, which are arranged opposite one another at a distance d on an optical axis.
- the optical axis coincides with a coordinate axis or direction Y in FIG. 1.
- the two concave mirrors 1 and 2 together form a quasi-optical resonator.
- a high-energy electron beam 3 passes through the quasi-optical resonator in the middle between the two concave mirrors 1, 2 in the direction of a coordinate axis Z perpendicular to the direction Y.
- a largely homogeneous magnetic field (not shown in FIG. 1) between the two concave mirrors is also oriented in this way 1 and 2.
- the electrons of the electron beam 3 move in spiral paths around the magnetic field lines. This is indicated by the spiral line in Fig. 1.
- the quasi-optical resonator of FIG. 1 is arranged in a housing 4.
- the housing 4 is a cylinder, the axis of which coincides with the optical axis of the concave mirror 1, 2. It is, at least predominantly, electrically conductive.
- the length of the housing extends over a little more than the distance d between the concave mirrors 1, 2.
- the ratio of the diameter of the housing 4 to the diameter of the mirrors 1, 2 is a parameter that depends on the respective application. In the case of a resonator with 2% diffraction losses according to a value of approximately 1.4 for this ratio, in order to suppress the undesirable, non-Gaussian modes. The same applies if the electromagnetic field power is only coupled out at one end.
- the cylindrical housing 4 has connecting flanges 4.1. Only microwave sections 5 shown in sections are flanged to the connecting flanges. The electromagnetic waves generated in the quasi-optical resonator are fed to the output of the gyrotron via the microwave conductor 5. Finally, the housing 4 also has through openings 4.2 for the electron beam 3.
- the housing 4 Due to the housing 4, the radiation of electromagnetic radiation into the surroundings of the quasi-optical resonator or the high-energy gyrotron is practically completely prevented and an optimal decoupling efficiency is achieved.
- the desired mode purity can be improved in particular by using concave mirrors 1, 2 with high negative g factors down to -.8.
- the mode purity can be further improved by selective damping of the undesirable, non-Gaussian modes.
- Calculations show that the strongest of these modes are primarily reflected in a section in the middle between the two concave mirrors 1, 2 on the inner wall of the housing 4.
- the undesired non-Gaussian modes can thus be selectively suppressed in a simple manner.
- the housing 4 or its inner surface can be formed in the section mentioned in the middle between the two concave mirrors 1, 2.
- the options are: -
- the inner surface of the housing 4 can be provided in the section mentioned with a layer 4.3 that absorbs electromagnetic waves well. In any case, the absorption capacity of this layer should be significantly greater than the absorption capacity of the housing wall outside of this layer.
- the entire housing wall in the section mentioned can consist of such a material, cf. 4.4.
- the inner surface of the housing 4 can be of a size in the section mentioned - If the roughness is outside of this section, cf. 4.5.
- the surface can also be serrated, profiled or structured in some other way.
- the housing wall can also be provided with holes or holes 4.6 in the section mentioned.
- the extension D of the mentioned, specially designed section of the housing 4 in the direction Y of the optical axis of the two concave mirrors 1, 2 should preferably extend over a maximum of approximately 1/5 of the distance range (d) between the concave mirrors.
- concave mirrors 1, 2 which have a stepped structure, as is shown for example for concave mirror 1 in FIG. 1.
- the concave mirrors should in particular have two mirror surfaces offset in steps from one another by one or more very multiples of half the wavelength of the desired radiation.
- the radii of the staggered mirror surfaces, designated in Fig. 1 with r11 and r12, should be dimensioned relative to each other so that the same energy flow is applied to all mirror surfaces.
- the aforementioned measures could also be used to optimize other parameters, for example to reduce the radius r4 of the housing 4.
- concave mirrors 1, 2 With a geometry deviating from the spherical geometry, the electromagnetic efficiency of the gyrotron according to the invention can be improved.
- concave mirrors are advantageous which, as shown for example in FIG. 2, have different radii of curvature in two mutually perpendicular directions X and Z. R X , R Z have. The direction Z of FIG. 2 should coincide with the Z direction of FIG. 1.
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung elektromagnetischer Millimeter- oder Submillimeterwellen hoher Intensität. Sie betrifft insbesondere ein Hochleistungs-Gyrotron zur Erzeugung solcher Wellen mit einem quasi-optischen Resonator, welcher durch zwei auf einer optischen Achse einander gegenüberliegend angeordnete Hohlspiegel gebildet wird. Das Hochleistungs-Gyrotron ist vorgesehen zur Verwendung bei der Kernfusion zur Heizung des Fusionsplasmas.The invention relates to a device for generating electromagnetic millimeter or submillimeter waves of high intensity. It relates in particular to a high-performance gyrotron for generating such waves with a quasi-optical resonator, which is formed by two concave mirrors arranged opposite one another on an optical axis. The high performance gyrotron is intended for use in nuclear fusion to heat the fusion plasma.
Ein Gyrotron der genannten Art ist beispielsweise bekannt aus einem Artikel von T.A. Hargeaves et al., Int. J. Electronics 57, 977 (1984) oder auch aus einem Artikel von A. Perrenoud et al., Int. J. Electronics 57, 985 (1984).A gyrotron of the type mentioned is known, for example, from an article by TA Hargeaves et al., Int. J. Electronics 57, 977 (1984) or also from an article by A. Perrenoud et al., Int. J. Electronics 57, 985 (1984).
Der durch die beiden Hohlspiegel gebildete Resonator des bekannten Gyrotrons ist ein sogenannter offener Resonator. Die beiden Hohlspiegel sind, zumindest in ihrer näheren Umgebung, nicht von einem Gehäuse oder dergleichen umgeben.The resonator of the known gyrotron formed by the two concave mirrors is a so-called open resonator. The two concave mirrors are, at least in their immediate vicinity, not surrounded by a housing or the like.
In dem Gyrotron durchsetzt ein Hochenergie-Elektronenstrahl den Resonator entlang eines magnetischen Feldes. Dabei bewegen sich die Elektronen des Elektronenstrahls entlang des Magnetfeldes auf spiralförmigen Bahnen mit einer der Zyklotronfrequenz entsprechenden Umlauffrequenz, die zur Stärke des Magnetfeldes proportional ist. Sie wechselwirken mit einem im Resonator aufgebauten elektromagnetischen Wechselfeld.In the gyrotron, a high-energy electron beam passes through the resonator along a magnetic field. The electrons of the electron beam move along the magnetic field on spiral tracks with an orbital frequency corresponding to the cyclotron frequency, which is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. They interact with an alternating electromagnetic field built up in the resonator.
Die im Resonator angeregten Moden sind vom Typ TEMmnp, wobei die Indizes m und n Transversalmoden und der Index p Longitudinalmoden bezeichnen (vgl. auch H. Kogelnik, 1966, Modes in Optical Resonators; Lasers, Vol. 1, herausgegeben von A.K Levine, New York: Marcel Dekker, S. 295). In dem bekannten Gyrotron werden nur die longitudinalen TEMoop-Moden selektiert, da sie die geringsten Diffraktionsverluste aufweisen.The modes excited in the resonator are of the TEM mnp type, the indices m and n denoting transverse modes and the index p denoting longitudinal modes (see also H. Kogelnik, 1966, Modes in Optical Resonators; Lasers, Vol. 1, edited by AK Levine, New York: Marcel Dekker, p. 295). In the known gyrotron, only the longitudinal TEM oop modes are selected because they have the lowest diffraction losses.
Damit die thermische Belastung der Hohlspiegel bei der in Aussicht genommenen Anwendung bei der Kernfusion nicht zu gross wird (die Feldleistung im Resonator kann einige Megawatt betragen) müssen diese eine gewisse Mindestgrösse aufweisen, die wesentlich (um bis zu zwei Grössenordnungen) grösser als die Wellenlänge der zu erzeugenden elektromagnetischen Strahlung ist. Das p der im Resonator angeregten Moden liegt dadurch im Bereich zwischen 40 und 400. Dies hat zur Folge, dass der Frequenzabstand zwischen zwei benachbarten Moden TEMoop und TEMoo(p+1) wesentlich kleiner ist als das Instabilitäts-Frequenzband des Gyrotrons, was das Problem einer Moden-Konkurrenz aufwirft (vgl. z.B. Bondeson et al., Infrared and Millimeter Waves 9, 309 (1984)).So that the thermal load on the concave mirrors does not become too great in the envisaged application for nuclear fusion (the field power in the resonator can be a few megawatts), they must have a certain minimum size that is significantly (up to two orders of magnitude) larger than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation to be generated. The p of the modes excited in the resonator is therefore in the range between 40 and 400. This has the consequence that the frequency spacing between two adjacent modes TEM oop and TEM oo (p + 1) is significantly smaller than the instability frequency band of the gyrotron, which raises the problem of mode competition (see, for example, Bondeson et al., Infrared and Millimeter Waves 9 , 309 (1984)).
Bei dem bekannten Gyrotron ist es jedoch gelungen, den offenen, quasi-optischen Resonator derart auszubilden, dass er moden selektiv ist, d.h. dass in ihm eine TEMoop-Mode allein oder zumindest bevorzugt gegenüber anderen, benachbarten Moden TEMoop±1 angeregt wird (vgl. A. Perrenoud et al., Int. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 7, 427 (1986) and A. Perrenoud et al., Int. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 7, 1813 (1986)).In the known gyrotron, however, the open, quasi-optical resonator has been designed in such a way that it is fashionable is selective, i.e. a TEM oop mode is excited in it alone or at least preferably over other neighboring modes TEM oop ± 1 (cf. A. Perrenoud et al., Int. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 7 , 427 (1986 ) and A. Perrenoud et al., Int. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 7 , 1813 (1986)).
Dem Vorteil der erzielbaren Moden-Selektivität der offenen Resonatorstruktur stehen jedoch vor allem zwei Nachteile entgegen:
- Die Auskopplungs-Effizienz des Resonators ist durch hohe Abstrahlverluste an die Umgebung relativ schlecht;
- die hohe Abstrahlung des Resonators beeinflusst störend andere in seiner Umgebung installierte Vorrichtung;
- die in der Umgebung des Resonators installierte Vorrichtung kann sich störend auf die Wirkungsweise des Resonators auswirken.However, there are two main disadvantages to the advantage of the mode selectivity that can be achieved with the open resonator structure:
- The coupling efficiency of the resonator is relatively poor due to high radiation losses to the environment;
- The high radiation of the resonator interferes with other devices installed in its environment;
- The device installed in the vicinity of the resonator can interfere with the mode of operation of the resonator.
Es ist Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Hochleistungs-Gyrotron der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, das hinsichtlich seiner Auskopplungs-Effizienz verbessert ist, in geringerem Masse seine Umgebung störend beeinflusst und dessen Moden-Selektivität dennoch nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigt oder sogar besser ist.It is an object of the present invention to provide a high-performance gyrotron of the type mentioned at the outset, which is improved in terms of its coupling-out efficiency, has a less disruptive effect on its surroundings and whose mode selectivity is nevertheless not significantly impaired or is even better.
Diese sowie weitere Aufgaben werden gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung gelöst durch die Angabe eines neuen Hochleistungs-Gyrotrons mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1.According to the present invention, these and other objects are achieved by specifying a new high-performance gyrotron with the features of patent claim 1.
Die Vorteile der Erfindung sind im wesentlichen darin zu sehen, dass es gelungen ist, eine geschlossene Resonatorstruktur anzugeben, welche hinsichtlich ihren Moden-Selektivität mit der bekannten offenen Resonatorstruktur vergleichbar ist.The advantages of the invention can be seen essentially in the fact that it has been possible to specify a closed resonator structure which is comparable in terms of its mode selectivity to the known open resonator structure.
Die durch das erfindungsgemäss vorgesehene Gehäuse zusätzlich angeregten, sogenannten nichtgaus'schen Moden sind bezüglich ihrer Intensität gegenüber der oder den gewünschten gaus'schen TEMoop-Moden verhältnismässig schwach und tolerierbar.The so-called non-Gaussian modes additionally excited by the housing provided according to the invention are related their intensity is relatively weak and tolerable compared to the desired Gaussian TEM oop modes.
Durch die Erfindung wird die Auskopplungseffizienz auf 100 % erhöht.The coupling efficiency is increased to 100% by the invention.
Die Abstrahlung an die Umgebung wird durch das erfindungsgemäss vorgesehene Gehäuse praktisch vollständig verhindert. Andere Geräte, wie z.B. Ablenkspulen für den Elektronenstrahl oder ein Prebuncher können in unmittelbarer Nähe des Resonators aufgestellt werden.The radiation to the environment is practically completely prevented by the housing provided according to the invention. Other devices, such as Deflection coils for the electron beam or a prebuncher can be set up in the immediate vicinity of the resonator.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen gekennzeichnet.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are characterized in the dependent claims.
Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der vorliegenden Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachstehenden ausführlichen Beschreibung insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung der beigefügten Zeichnungen. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1 in geschnittener Darstellung den Resonatorteil eines Hochleistungs-Gyrotrons nach der Erfindung in einem Gehäuse angeordnet und
- Fig. 2 in schematisch-perspektivischer Darstellung eine vorteilhafte Geometrie der Hohlspiegel.
- Fig. 1 is a sectional view of the resonator part of a high-performance gyrotron according to the invention in a housing and
- Fig. 2 in a schematic perspective view of an advantageous geometry of the concave mirror.
Es wird nunmehr auf die Zeichnung Bezug genommen. In Fig. 1 sind mit 1 und 2 zwei Hohlspiegel bezeichnet, welche einander gegenüberliegend in einem Abstand d auf einer optischen Achse angeordnet sind. Die optische Achse fällt in Fig. 1 mit einer Koordinatenachse oder Richtung Y zusammen. Die beiden Hohlspiegel 1 und 2 bilden gemeinsam einen quasi-optischen Resonator.Reference is now made to the drawing. In Fig. 1, 1 and 2 denote two concave mirrors, which are arranged opposite one another at a distance d on an optical axis. The optical axis coincides with a coordinate axis or direction Y in FIG. 1. The two
Den quasi-optischen Resonator durchsetzt in der Mitte zwischen den beiden Hohlspiegeln 1, 2 ein Hochenergie-Elektronenstrahl 3 in Richtung einer Koordinatenachse Z senkrecht zur Richtung Y. Derart ausgerichtet ist auch ein in Fig. 1 nicht dargestelltes, weitgehend homogenes Magnetfeld zwischen den beiden Hohlspiegeln 1 und 2. Die Elektronen des Elektronenstrahls 3 bewegen sich auf spiralförmigen Bahnen um die Magnetfeldlinien. Dies ist durch die spiralförmige Linie in Fig. 1 angedeutet.A high-energy electron beam 3 passes through the quasi-optical resonator in the middle between the two
Der quasi-optische Resonator von Fig. 1 ist in einem Gehäuse 4 angeordnet. Das Gehäuse 4 ist ein Zylinder, dessen Achse mit der optischen Achse der Hohlspiegel 1, 2 zusammenfällt. Es ist, wenigstens überwiegend, elektrisch leitfähig. Die Länge des Gehäuses erstreckt sich über etwas mehr als den Abstandsbereich d zwischen den Hohlspiegeln 1, 2. Das Verhältnis vom Durchmesser des Gehäuses 4 zum Durchmesser der Spiegel 1, 2 ist ein von der jeweiligen Anwendung abhängiger Parameter. Bei einem Resonator mit 2 % Diffraktionsverlusten gemäss einem Wert von ca. 1,4 für dieses Verhältnis, um die unerwünschten, nicht gaus'schen Moden zu unterdrücken. Gleiches gilt, falls die elektromagnetische Feldleistung nur an einem Ende ausgekoppelt wird. An seinen Enden weist das zylindrische Gehäuse 4 Anschlussflansche 4.1 auf. An die Anschlussflansche sind nur abschnittsweise dargestellte Mikrowellenleiter 5 angeflanscht. Ueber den Mikrowellenleiter 5 werden die im quasi-optischen Resonator erzeugten elektromagnetischen Wellen dem Ausgang des Gyrotrons zugeführt. Das Gehäuse 4 weist schliesslich noch Durchtrittsöffnungen 4.2 für den Elektronenstrahl 3 auf.The quasi-optical resonator of FIG. 1 is arranged in a housing 4. The housing 4 is a cylinder, the axis of which coincides with the optical axis of the
Durch das Gehäuse 4 wird die Abstrahlung von elektromagnetischer Strahlung in die Umgebung des quasi-optischen Resonators bzw. des Hochenergie-Gyrotrons praktisch vollständig verhindert und eine optimale Auskopplungs-Effizienz erreicht.Due to the housing 4, the radiation of electromagnetic radiation into the surroundings of the quasi-optical resonator or the high-energy gyrotron is practically completely prevented and an optimal decoupling efficiency is achieved.
Durch den gewählten Radius des zylindrischen Gehäuses 4 und den dadurch sich ergebenden Abstand der Gehäusewand von den Hohlspiegeln 1 und 2 sind die durch das Vorhandensein des Gehäuses 4 zusätzlich angeregten nicht gaus'schen Moden gegenüber den gewünschten gaus'schen TEMoop-Moden tolerierbar klein.Due to the selected radius of the cylindrical housing 4 and the resultant distance of the housing wall from the
Die erstrebte Modenreinheit lässt sich insbesondere dadurch verbessern, dass Hohlspiegel 1, 2 mit hohen negativen g-Faktoren bis zu -.8 verwendet werden. Der g-Faktor ist definiert durch g := 1-d/R, wobei d den gegenseitigen Abstand der Hohlspiegel 1 und 2 und R ihren Krümmungsradius bedeuten.The desired mode purity can be improved in particular by using
Weiter verbessern lässt sich die Modenreinheit durch selektive Dämpfung der unerwünschten, nichtgaus'schen Moden. Rechnungen zeigen, dass die stärksten dieser Moden vornehmlich in einem Abschnitt im Bereich der Mitte zwischen den beiden Hohlspiegeln 1, 2 an der inneren Wand des Gehäuses 4 einmal reflektiert werden. Durch Ausbildung zumindest der inneren Oberfläche des Gehäuses 4 in diesem Abschnitt in der Mitte zwischen den beiden Hohlspiegeln 1, 2 in einer elektromagnetische Wellen dämpfenden Weise, können demnach in einfacher Weise die unerwünschten nichtgaus'schen Moden selektiv unterdrückt werden.The mode purity can be further improved by selective damping of the undesirable, non-Gaussian modes. Calculations show that the strongest of these modes are primarily reflected in a section in the middle between the two
In Fig. 1 sind mehrere Möglichkeiten dargestellt, wie das Gehäuse 4 bzw. seine innere Oberfläche im genannten Abschnitt in der Mitte zwischen den beiden Hohlspiegeln 1, 2 ausgebildet werden kann. Es soll jedoch verstanden werden, dass jeweils nur eine der vier dargestellten Möglichkeiten tatsächlich verwendet wird. Die Möglichkeiten sind:
- Zur Erzielung einer Absorption kann die innere Oberfläche des Gehäuses 4 im genannten Abschnitt mit einer elektromagnetische Wellen gut absorbierenden Schicht 4.3 versehen sein. Die Absorptionsfähigkeit dieser Schicht sollte jedenfalls wesentlich grösser als die Absorptionsfähigkeit der Gehäusewand ausserhalb dieser Schicht sein. Alternativ kann die ganze Gehäusewand im genannten Abschnitt aus einem solchen Material bestehen, vgl. 4.4.
- Zur Erzielung eines Streuungseffektes kann die innere Oberfläche des Gehäuses 4 im genannten Abschnitt mit einer grösse - ren Rauhigkeit als ausserhalb dieses Abschnitts versehen sein, vgl. 4.5. Die Oberfläche könne auch gezahnt, profiliert oder in noch anderer Weise strukturiert sein.
- Die Gehäusewand kann im genannten Abschnitt auch mit Löchern oder Bohrungen 4.6 versehen sein.1 shows several possibilities of how the housing 4 or its inner surface can be formed in the section mentioned in the middle between the two
- In order to achieve absorption, the inner surface of the housing 4 can be provided in the section mentioned with a layer 4.3 that absorbs electromagnetic waves well. In any case, the absorption capacity of this layer should be significantly greater than the absorption capacity of the housing wall outside of this layer. Alternatively, the entire housing wall in the section mentioned can consist of such a material, cf. 4.4.
- In order to achieve a scattering effect, the inner surface of the housing 4 can be of a size in the section mentioned - If the roughness is outside of this section, cf. 4.5. The surface can also be serrated, profiled or structured in some other way.
- The housing wall can also be provided with holes or holes 4.6 in the section mentioned.
Die Ausdehnung D des genannten, in besonderer Weise ausgebildeten Abschnitts des Gehäuses 4 in Richtung Y der optischen Achse der beiden Hohlspiegel 1, 2 sollte sich vorzugsweise über maximal etwa 1/5 des Abstandsbereiches (d) zwischen den Hohlspiegeln erstrecken.The extension D of the mentioned, specially designed section of the housing 4 in the direction Y of the optical axis of the two
Eine entscheidende Verbesserung der Modenreinheit kann schliesslich noch dadurch erzielt werden, dass Hohlspiegel 1, 2 verwendet werden, die eine stufige Struktur aufweisen, wie dies für den Hohlspiegel 1 in Fig. 1 beispielsweise dargestellt ist. Die Hohlspiegel sollten insbesondere zwei um ein oder mehrere ganz Vielfache der halben Wellenlänge der gewünschten Strahlung stufenförmig gegeneinander versetzte Spiegelflächen aufweisen. Die Radien der gegeneinander versetzten Spiegelflächen, in Fig. 1 mit r₁₁ und r₁₂ bezeichnet, sollten relativ zueinander so bemessen sein, dass auf alle Spiegelflächen der gleiche Energiefluss entfällt.A decisive improvement in the mode purity can finally be achieved by using
Zusätzlich zur Verbesserung der Modenreinheit könnten die vorgenannten Massnahmen auch zu einer Optimierung anderer Parameter, beispielsweise zu einer Verringerung des Radius r₄ des Gehäuses 4 dienen.In addition to improving the mode purity, the aforementioned measures could also be used to optimize other parameters, for example to reduce the radius r₄ of the housing 4.
Durch Verwendung von Hohlspiegeln 1, 2 mit einer von der sphärischen Geometrie abweichenden Geometrie lässt sich der elektromagnetische Wirkungsgrad des Gyrotrons nach der Erfindung verbessern. Insbesondere sind Hohlspiegel von Vorteil, welche, wie in Fig. 2 beispielsweise dargestellt, in zwei zueinander senkrechten Richtungen X und Z unterschiedliche Krümmungsradien RX, RZ aufweisen. Die Richtung Z von Fig. 2 soll mit der Z-Richtung von Fig. 1 übereinstimmen.By using
Andererseits können die Hohlspiegel 1, 2 wie anhand des Hohlspiegels 2 in Fig. 1 beispielsweise dargestellt, in zwei Hälften in Z-Richtung unterschiedliche Krümmungsradien R₂₁, R₂₂ aufweisen.On the other hand, the
Claims (10)
- Die innere Oberfläche des genannten Abschnittes ist mit einer Schicht (4.3) aus einem Material versehen, welches elektromagnetische Wellen stärker absorbiert als das Material des Gehäuses ausserhalb des genannten Abschnittes;
- die innere Oberfläche des genannten Abschnittes ist profiliert, z.B. in Form einer sphärischen Einbuchtung, deren Radius mehrere Wellenlängen beträgt, oder mit einer grösseren Rauhigkeit versehen als die Oberfläche des Gehäuses (4) ausserhalb des genannten Abschnittes;
- im genannten Abschnitt sind Löcher (4.6) in der Gehäusewand vorgesehen.7. High-performance gyrotron according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the housing (4) in a in the direction of the optical axis of the two concave mirrors (1, 2) extending, arranged in the middle between the concave mirrors in a section is trained in the following ways:
- The inner surface of said section is provided with a layer (4.3) made of a material which absorbs electromagnetic waves more than the material of the housing outside of said section;
- The inner surface of said section is profiled, for example in the form of a spherical indentation whose radius is several wavelengths, or provided with a greater roughness than the surface of the housing (4) outside of said section;
- Holes (4.6) are provided in the housing wall in the section mentioned.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH79987 | 1987-03-03 | ||
| CH799/87 | 1987-03-03 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0281858A1 true EP0281858A1 (en) | 1988-09-14 |
| EP0281858B1 EP0281858B1 (en) | 1991-07-17 |
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ID=4195451
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88102786A Expired - Lifetime EP0281858B1 (en) | 1987-03-03 | 1988-02-25 | High-power gyrotron for generating electromagnetic millimeter or submillimeter waves |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4926094A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0281858B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3863661D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2023680B3 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009032759A1 (en) * | 2009-07-11 | 2011-01-27 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Device for avoiding parasitic oscillations in cathode ray tubes |
| CN102956415A (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-06 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | Ray representation method of gyrotron quasi-optical output system |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0393485A1 (en) * | 1989-04-19 | 1990-10-24 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Quasi-optical gyrotron |
| CH678244A5 (en) * | 1989-06-23 | 1991-08-15 | Asea Brown Boveri | |
| JP2892151B2 (en) * | 1990-11-27 | 1999-05-17 | 日本原子力研究所 | Gyrotron device |
| US5450041A (en) * | 1994-09-19 | 1995-09-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Quasi-optical oscillator using ring-resonator feedback |
| US7906492B2 (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2011-03-15 | Sloan-Kettering Institute For Cancer Research | Therapy-enhancing glucan |
| US7507724B2 (en) | 2001-01-16 | 2009-03-24 | Sloan-Kettering Institute For Cancer Research | Therapy-enhancing glucan |
| US8323644B2 (en) * | 2006-01-17 | 2012-12-04 | Sloan-Kettering Institute For Cancer Research | Therapy-enhancing glucan |
| US8453551B2 (en) * | 2007-02-20 | 2013-06-04 | Wavestream Corporation | Energy focusing system for active denial apparatus |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0124396A1 (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1984-11-07 | Thomson-Csf | Electron beam injection device for a microwave generator |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU497893A1 (en) * | 1973-02-27 | 1978-08-15 | Masalov S A | Diffractive radiation generator |
| US4491765A (en) * | 1982-09-02 | 1985-01-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Quasioptical gyroklystron |
| US4531076A (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1985-07-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Electron beam stimulated electromagnetic radiation generator |
| FR2542504B1 (en) * | 1983-03-11 | 1986-02-21 | Thomson Csf | RESONANT CAVITY FOR MICROWAVE, ESPECIALLY FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY GENERATORS |
| JPS603838A (en) * | 1983-06-22 | 1985-01-10 | Nec Corp | Cavity resonator for gyrotron |
| EP0141525B1 (en) * | 1983-09-30 | 1991-01-16 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Gyrotron device |
| US4553068A (en) * | 1983-10-26 | 1985-11-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | High power millimeter-wave source |
| JPS6113532A (en) * | 1984-06-28 | 1986-01-21 | Toshiba Corp | Gyrotron |
| US4559475A (en) * | 1984-07-12 | 1985-12-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Quasi-optical harmonic gyrotron and gyroklystron |
| JPS61281702A (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1986-12-12 | Hitachi Ltd | Device for extracting output of quasi-optical gyrotron |
-
1988
- 1988-02-25 ES ES88102786T patent/ES2023680B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-02-25 EP EP88102786A patent/EP0281858B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-02-25 DE DE8888102786T patent/DE3863661D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-01 US US07/162,510 patent/US4926094A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0124396A1 (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1984-11-07 | Thomson-Csf | Electron beam injection device for a microwave generator |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS, Band 57, Nr. 6, Dezember 1984, Seiten 977-984, London, GB; T.A. HARGREAVES et al.: "Experimental study of a single-mode quasi optical gyrotron" * |
| INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES, Band 7, Nr. 3, 1986, Seiten 427-446, Plenum Publishing Corp.; A. PERRENOUD et al.: "On the design of open resonators for quasi-optical gyrotrons" * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009032759A1 (en) * | 2009-07-11 | 2011-01-27 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Device for avoiding parasitic oscillations in cathode ray tubes |
| DE102009032759B4 (en) * | 2009-07-11 | 2011-12-15 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Device for avoiding parasitic oscillations in cathode ray tubes |
| CN102956415A (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-06 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | Ray representation method of gyrotron quasi-optical output system |
| CN102956415B (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2015-11-04 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | A kind of method for designing of curved surface of reflector of gyrotron quasi-optical output system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2023680B3 (en) | 1992-02-01 |
| DE3863661D1 (en) | 1991-08-22 |
| EP0281858B1 (en) | 1991-07-17 |
| US4926094A (en) | 1990-05-15 |
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