EP0281165A1 - Fluidised-bed installation - Google Patents

Abstract

A fluidized bed system formed from a fluidized bed reactor, solids separator and return line for carrying out exothermic processes in the circulating fluidized bed with lines for supplying primary gases containing oxygen through the bottom of the fluidized bed reactor and lines for supplying secondary gases containing oxygen to a height of at least 1 m above the reactor floor, but a maximum of 30% the reactor height and a fuel line that opens into the fluidized bed reactor between the primary and secondary gas supply has one or more, covering 40 to 75% of the bottom surface of the fluidized bed reactor (1), for the correct cross-mixing of secondary gas and fuel containing oxygen, especially in the case of reactors with large dimensions ) Displacement body (7), the maximum height of which is equal to half the height of the fluidized bed reactor (1). The displacement body or bodies (7) preferably have devices (11) for introducing secondary gases containing oxygen and / or a decrease in the cross-sectional area upwards.

Description

The invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor formed from a fluidized bed reactor, solids separator and return line for carrying out exothermic processes in the circulating fluidized bed with lines for supplying oxygen-containing primary gases through the bottom of the fluidized bed reactor and lines for supplying oxygen-containing secondary gases to a height of at least 1 m above the reactor floor, however a maximum of 30% of the reactor height, as well as a fuel line leading into the fluidized bed reactor between the primary and secondary gas supply.

Processes and devices which work with circulating fluidized beds, in particular also for the combustion of carbon-containing materials, have proven to be extremely advantageous. They are superior to those operated with so-called classic or conventional fluidized beds for a number of reasons.

The basic method is described in DE-AS 25 39 546 (corresponding to US Pat. No. 4,165,717) especially for combustion processes. It provides for the combustion to be carried out in two stages and to remove the heat of combustion with the aid of cooling surfaces which are arranged above the secondary gas supply in the fluidized bed reactor. The particular advantage of the method is that the combustion process can be adapted to the power requirement in a technically simple manner, in the upper reactor space the suspension density and thus the heat transfer to the cooling surfaces is regulated.

In the combustion process with circulating fluidized bed according to DE-OS 26 24 302 (corresponding to US Pat. No. 4,111,158), it is provided that some or all of the heat of combustion is removed in a fluidized bed cooler connected downstream of the fluidized bed reactor and returned to the cooled solid to keep the temperature constant in the fluidized bed reactor . The adaptation to the power requirement is carried out by increasing or decreasing the flow of solids via the fluidized bed cooler and then back into the fluidized bed reactor.

Although the processes outlined above have proven themselves to a great extent, the existing trend towards plant units with an increasingly greater heat output presents certain difficulties in the process management. They essentially consist of the fact that larger heat outputs require larger reactor dimensions, in particular larger reactor cross sections, in which the proper cross-mixing of fuel and the like or oxygen-containing secondary gas over the entire surface of the fluidized bed reactor in the area of the application location is no longer guaranteed . The result is that a considerable part of the reaction is shifted to the upper reactor space, possibly afterburning after separation of solid and gas in the solid separator.

The object of the invention is to provide a fluidized bed system formed from a fluidized bed reactor solid separator and return line for carrying out exothermic processes in the circulating fluidized bed, which ensures problem-free operation even with high combustion output.

The object is achieved by designing the fluidized bed system mentioned at the outset by one or more displacement bodies (7) covering 40 to 75% of the bottom surface of the fluidized bed reactor (1), the maximum height of which is equal to half the height of the fluidized bed reactor (1).

The geometric shape of the displacement body is largely arbitrary. For example, in the case of a circular cross section of the fluidized bed reactor, it can have the shape of a cylinder or truncated cone, the center of the lower circular surface resting approximately on the center of the base surface. In the case of a rectangular reactor cross section, the displacement body can have the shape of a dam, which optionally connects at its ends to the parallel reactor walls and thus divides the lower reactor space into two separate chambers. Two dams that run practically at right angles to each other are also possible, which - if they connect to the reactor walls - divide the lower reactor space into four separate chambers.

The displacement body can be made from fireproof material that is customary in furnace construction. It can also consist of diaphragm or fin walls through which coolant flows, for protection on the inside of the fluidized bed reactor facing side are covered with ramming compound.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the fluidized bed system has a displacement body with devices for the introduction of oxygen-containing secondary gas, which are optionally arranged in several planes. This embodiment of the invention creates the possibility of supplying the individual chambers or chamber regions with secondary gas both through entry elements located in the wall and inside the fluidized bed reactor. This ensures optimal mixing with secondary gas.

Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides displacement bodies whose cross-sectional area decreases upwards. As a result, and in connection with the aforementioned embodiment, it can be achieved that the flow velocity in the reactor area having the displacement body only fluctuates within certain limits despite the supply of secondary gas.

The principle of the circulating fluidized bed used in the fluidized bed system is characterized in that - in contrast to the "classic" fluidized bed, in which a dense phase is separated from the gas space above by a clear density jump - there are distribution states without a defined boundary layer. A leap in density between the dense phase and the dust space above it does not exist; however, the solids concentration within the reactor decreases continuously from bottom to top.

sind.
Es bedeuten:

u die relative Gasgeschwindigkeit in m/s
Ar die Archimedes-Zahl
Fr Froude-Zahl
ρg die Dichte des Gases in kg/m³
ρk die Dichte des Feststoffteilchens in kg/m³
d_k den Durchmesser des kugelförmigen Teilchens in m
ν die kinematische Zähigkeit in m²/s
g die Gravitationskonstante in m/s²
When defining the operating conditions using the key figures from Froude and Archimedes, the following areas result:

are.
It means:

u the relative gas velocity in m / s
Ar is the Archimedes number
For Froude number
ρg is the density of the gas in kg / m³
ρk is the density of the solid particle in kg / m³
d _{k is} the diameter of the spherical particle in m
ν the kinematic toughness in m² / s
g is the gravitational constant in m / s²

The exothermic reaction is carried out in two stages with different amounts of oxygen-containing gases. Their advantage lies in a "soft" implementation, in which local overheating phenomena be avoided and NO _x formation is largely suppressed. The upper supply point for oxygen-containing gas should be so far above the lower one that the oxygen content of the gas supplied at the lower point has already been largely consumed.

If steam is desired as process heat, an advantageous embodiment of the invention is to create an average suspension density of 15 to 100 kg / m³ above the upper gas supply by adjusting the amounts of fluidization and secondary gas and the heat of reaction by in the free space of the fluidized bed reactor above the top secondary gas supply and / or to remove heating surfaces arranged on the wall of the fluidized bed reactor.

Such a procedure is described in DE-AS 25 39 546 or in the corresponding US Pat. No. 4,165,717.

The gas velocities prevailing in the fluidized bed reactor above the secondary gas supply are usually above 5 m / s at normal pressure and can be up to 15 m / s, and the ratio of the diameter to the height of the fluidized bed reactor should be chosen such that gas residence times of 0.5 to 8 , 0 s, preferably 1 to 4 s, are obtained.

A plurality of supply openings for secondary gas are advantageous within each entry level.

The advantage of this mode of operation is in particular that a change in the simplest way Obtaining the amount of process heat is possible by changing the suspension density in the furnace space of the fluidized bed reactor located above the secondary gas supply.

A certain heat transfer is associated with a prevailing operating state under predetermined fluidizing gas and secondary gas volumes and the resulting, certain, average suspension density. The heat transfer to the cooling surfaces can be increased by increasing the suspension density by increasing the amount of fluidizing gas and possibly also the amount of secondary gas. With the increased heat transfer at a practically constant combustion temperature, there is the possibility of dissipating the amounts of heat generated with increased combustion output. The increased oxygen requirement required due to the higher combustion output is here virtually automatically due to the higher fluidization gas used to increase the suspension density and possibly secondary gas quantities.

Similarly, in order to adapt to a reduced process heat requirement, the combustion output can be regulated by reducing the suspension density in the furnace space of the fluidized bed reactor located above the secondary gas line. By lowering the suspension density, the heat transfer is also reduced, so that less heat is removed from the fluidized bed reactor. The combustion performance can be reduced essentially without a change in temperature.

The entry of the material capable of exothermic conversion is best carried out via one or more entry systems, e.g. by pneumatic blowing.

A further expedient, universally applicable embodiment of the invention consists in a fluidized bed arrangement with at least one fluidized bed cooler connected via solid feed and return lines. In the fluidized bed reactor, an average suspension density of 10 to 40 kg / m 3 is set above the upper secondary gas supply by suitable control of the fluidization and secondary gas quantities, hot solids are removed from the circulating fluidized bed, cooled in the fluidized state by direct and indirect heat exchange, and at least a partial flow of cooled solids into the circulating fluidized bed.

This embodiment is explained in DE-OS 26 24 302 or in the corresponding US-PS 4 111 158.

The temperature constancy can be achieved practically without changing the operating conditions in the fluidized bed reactor, that is to say, for example, without changing the suspension density, among other things, only by controlled removal of hot solid and controlled recycling of the cooled solid. Depending on the output and the set reaction temperature, the recirculation rate is more or less high. The temperatures can be anything from very low temperatures, which are close above the ignition limit, to very high temperatures, which are limited, for example, by softening the reaction residues to adjust. They can be between 450 and 950 ° C.

Since the heat generated in the exothermic reaction is mainly removed in the fluidized bed cooler connected downstream on the solids side, and heat transfer to the cooling register located in the fluidized bed reactor, which requires a sufficiently high suspension density, is of secondary importance, there is another advantage of this process that Suspension density in the area of the fluidized bed reactor above the secondary gas supply can be kept low and the pressure loss in the entire fluidized bed reactor is therefore comparatively low. Instead, the heat is extracted in the fluidized bed cooler under conditions which have an extremely high heat transfer, for example in the range from 300 to 500 watts / m². ° C.

The temperature in the fluidized bed reactor is controlled by recirculating at least a partial stream of cooled solid from the fluidized bed cooler. For example, the required partial flow of cooled solid can be fed directly into the fluidized bed reactor. In addition, the exhaust gas can also be cooled by introducing cooled solid matter, which is, for example, given to a pneumatic conveyor line or a floating exchanger stage, the solid matter which is subsequently separated off from the exhaust gas then being returned to the fluidized bed cooler. As a result, the exhaust gas heat ultimately ends up in the fluidized bed cooler. It is particularly advantageous cooled solid as a partial stream directly and as another indirectly after cooling the exhaust gases in the fluidized bed reactor.

In this embodiment of the invention, too, the gas dwell times, gas velocities above the secondary gas line at normal pressure and type of fluidization or secondary gas supply are in agreement with the same parameters of the previously discussed embodiment.

The recooling of the hot solid of the fluidized bed reactor should take place in a fluidized bed cooler with several cooling chambers flowing through one after the other, into which interconnected cooling registers are immersed, in countercurrent to the coolant. This makes it possible to bind the heat of combustion to a comparatively small amount of coolant.

Another embodiment of the fluidized bed system with a connected fluidized bed cooler is to connect it to the fluidized bed reactor to form a structural unit. In this case, the fluidized bed reactor and the fluidized bed cooler have a common, expediently cooled wall, which has a passage opening for cooled solid matter in the fluidized bed reactor. Here, the fluidized bed cooler - as discussed above - have several cooling chambers, but it can also consist of several units equipped with cooling surfaces, each with the fluidized bed reactor having a common wall with a passage opening for solids and its own Have solid supply line. Such a device is described in EP-A-206 066.

The universality of the design with a fluidized bed cooler is given in particular by the fact that almost any heat transfer media can be heated in the fluidized bed cooler. From a technical point of view, the production of steam of various forms and the heating of heat transfer salt are of particular importance.

Air or oxygen-enriched air or technically pure oxygen can be used as oxygen-containing gases within the invention. Finally, an increase in performance can be achieved if the reaction is carried out under pressure, for example up to 20 bar.

In principle, all self-combustible materials can be used in the fluidized bed system according to the invention. Examples are all types of coal, in particular those of inferior quality, such as coal washing mountains, mud coal, coal with a high salt content, but also lignite and oil shale. It can also be used to roast sulfide ores or ore concentrates.

The invention is illustrated by way of example and in more detail with reference to the attached figures and examples.

• Fig. 1 verschiedene Beispiele für die Ausgestaltung des Verdrängungskörpers bei Wirbelschichtreaktoren mit kreisförmigem oder rechteckigem Querschnitt in Form einer Draufsicht.
• Fig. 2 den unteren Bereich des Wirbelschichtreaktors mit Verdrängungskörper in perspektivischer Darstellung.
• Fig. 3 einen Längsschnitt durch den Wirbelschichtreaktor.

It illustrates:

• Fig. 1 shows various examples of the design of the displacement body in fluidized bed reactors with a circular or rectangular cross-section in the form of a top view.
• Fig. 2 shows the lower region of the fluidized bed reactor with displacement body in a perspective view.
• Fig. 3 shows a longitudinal section through the fluidized bed reactor.

In Fig. 2 the fluidized bed reactor is indicated schematically and designated 1. Its bottom surface is partially covered with a dam-shaped displacement body 7, so that two fluidization grids 6 are formed. The displacement body has secondary gas openings 11 in the upper region.

The fluidized bed reactor 1 according to FIG. 3 has heating surfaces 2 which are indicated as a membrane wall. The supply of the lower reactor chamber 8, which is divided into two areas by the displacement body 7, takes place via line 5 and fluidization grate 6 with oxygen-containing fluidizing gas, via lines 3 with fuel and via lines 9 with oxygen-containing secondary gas. Additional secondary gas is introduced via line 10 and secondary gas openings 11. The gas / solid suspension emerges via line 4.

example

Coal was burned with air to produce saturated steam.

The fluidized bed reactor 1 of the fluidized bed plant had a base area of 12.8 × 10 m and a height of 40 m. Its bottom surface was covered by a displacement body 7 with a base area of 7.6 × 10 m, so that two chambers with fluidization grids 6 of dimensions 2.6 × 10 m resulted. The displacement body 7 was in the form of a dam, the flanks of which were inclined at 75 ° to the horizontal. The dam crown was 1.5 m above the secondary gas supply 9, which in turn was arranged 8.5 m above the fluidizing grate 6.

The wall surface of the fluidized bed reactor 1 was completely lined with water-cooled membrane walls. The walls of the displacement body 7 were also designed as water-cooled membrane walls which were protected on the reactor side by means of refractory material.

In the fluidized bed reactor 1, 88 t / h of coal with a calorific value of H _u = 24.6 MJ / kg and an average grain diameter of 0.2 mm were introduced with the aid of 8800 Nm³ / h of air at 100 ° C. via lines 3. Air of 255 ° C. was used as the fluidizing gas, which was supplied in an amount of twice 144,000 Nm 3 / h through the fluidizing grates 6. A further supply of air of 260 ° C. in an amount of 250,000 Nm 3 / h was carried out via the secondary gas lines 9. Finally, a further 90,000 Nm 3 / h of air at 260 ° C. were fed in through the secondary gas openings 11, which were 7 m above the fluidizing grate 6.

Due to the selected operating conditions, the temperature in the fluidized bed reactor 1 was 850 ° C. The Suspension density below the secondary gas feeds 9 and 11 was 100 kg / m³ reactor volume. Saturated steam of 140 bar, corresponding to a thermal output of 120 MW, was generated via the heating surfaces 2. Additional saturated steam of 140 bar corresponding to a thermal output of 6 MW was obtained with the help of the membrane walls of the displacement body 7.

Claims (5)

1. A fluidized bed system formed from a fluidized bed reactor, solids separator and return line for carrying out exothermic processes in the circulating fluidized bed with lines for supplying primary gases containing oxygen through the bottom of the fluidized bed reactor and lines for supplying secondary gases containing oxygen at a height of at least 1 m above the reactor floor, but at most 30 % of the reactor height, as well as a fuel line opening into the fluidized bed reactor between the primary and secondary gas supply, characterized by one or more displacement bodies (7) covering 40 to 75% of the bottom surface of the fluidized bed reactor (1), the maximum height of which is half the height of the fluidized bed reactor (1). 2. Fluidized bed system according to claim 1, characterized by one or more displacement bodies (7) with optionally arranged in several levels devices (11) for the introduction of oxygen-containing secondary gases. 3. Fluidized bed system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by one or more displacement bodies (7), whose or their cross-sectional area decreases upwards. 4. Fluidized bed system according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that in the free space of the fluidized bed reactor (1) above the uppermost secondary gas supply (9) and / or on the wall of the fluidized bed reactor (1) arranged heating surfaces (2). 5. Fluidized bed system according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized by at least one fluid bed cooler connected via solid feed and solid return lines.

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