EP0278495B1 - Electromagnetic relay and method for its manufacture - Google Patents

Electromagnetic relay and method for its manufacture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0278495B1
EP0278495B1 EP88101962A EP88101962A EP0278495B1 EP 0278495 B1 EP0278495 B1 EP 0278495B1 EP 88101962 A EP88101962 A EP 88101962A EP 88101962 A EP88101962 A EP 88101962A EP 0278495 B1 EP0278495 B1 EP 0278495B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rivet
armature
contact spring
measuring point
relay
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88101962A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0278495A1 (en
Inventor
Wilfried Dipl.-Ing. Biehl
Florenz Dipl.-Ing. Guttenberg (Fh)
Horst Dipl.-Ing. Hendel (Fh)
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Publication of EP0278495A1 publication Critical patent/EP0278495A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
    • H01H50/60—Contact arrangements moving contact being rigidly combined with movable part of magnetic circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H49/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of relays or parts thereof

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electromagnetic relay with a coil, an angular yoke, the first leg of which is coupled to one end of a coil core and the second leg of which forms a bearing edge for a flat armature which forms a working air gap with the other end of the coil core, and with one the anchor connected, interacting with at least one counter-contact element contact spring.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such a relay.
  • a relay of the above type is described for example in DE-GM 82 35 283.
  • the contact spring attached to the armature serves at the same time to mount the armature and to return it to the rest position.
  • An essential quality feature of such a relay is that the force-displacement characteristic of the armature when tightened is in a predetermined range. In order to measure this force-displacement characteristic in production, it is customary to press the armature with a probe and to measure the force curve in the process. However, in order to obtain comparable values for this measurement, the probe must always engage the anchor at the same predetermined distance from the bearing point.
  • DE-U-18 62 118 describes an electromagnetically actuated relay with an angle armature for actuating separately fastened contact elements, the arm leg forming the working air gap having an inserted rivet with a dome-shaped head projecting towards the outside. The other end of the rivet is stamped flat on the inside in the form of a separating plate.
  • the object of the invention is to design a relay of the type mentioned in such a way that accurate scanning of the armature is possible in a simple manner and without complex positioning processes.
  • a method for the simplest possible manufacture of such a relay is to be specified.
  • the armature has, on its outside facing away from the coil core, a projection which is embossed from the armature material and which, with its convex surface, forms a defined highest point as a measuring point at a predetermined distance from the bearing axis of the armature.
  • a measuring point is therefore provided in the relay itself, which has the correct distance from the bearing point from the outset and is inevitably detected during the scanning.
  • no probe with a pointed end is required for scanning, but rather a probe with a flat end can be used, the positioning of which does not go into the measurement result and therefore does not require high accuracy.
  • it can be determined quickly and reliably in this way with a simple measuring step whether the force-displacement curve of the armature lies in the required range.
  • the relay has a coil core 1, which is coupled at one end to the first leg 2a of an angular yoke 2 and has a pole plate 3 at the other end.
  • a flat armature 4 is mounted, which forms a working air gap 5 with the pole plate 3.
  • An essentially angular contact spring 6 is fastened with a leg 6a on the outside of the armature 4, while it is fastened with its second leg 6b on the yoke 2 and thus simultaneously serves to hold and reset the armature 4. With the free end 6c, the contact spring can be switched between two mating contact elements 7 and 8. This design is generally known.
  • the relay In order to be able to measure the force-displacement curve on the armature during manufacture, the relay is held with a tensioning device 9, while a probe 10 presses against the armature 4.
  • the probe 10 has a flat end 10a, with which it presses against a raised measuring point 11, which in turn is formed on a rivet 12 of the armature.
  • This rivet wart 12 is expediently used at the same time for fastening the contact spring leg 6a on the armature.
  • the raised measuring point 11 is only shown schematically in FIG. It can be formed by the most varied shapes of the rivet 12 or another projection on the anchor. All that matters is that the raised point has the correct distance a from the bearing axis 14 of the armature.
  • An axis offset of the measuring probe 10 with its longitudinal axis 13 with respect to the measuring point 11 is irrelevant, as long as the measuring probe 11 somehow detects the measuring point 11 with its flat end 10a.
  • the positional spread of the relay via the clamping device 9 to the probe is taken up only by the flat end of the probe.
  • the shape of the measuring point 11 can be as desired, for example tapering to a point or rounded in the form of a dome.
  • FIG 2. 2 shows a detail of the armature 4 from FIG. 1, on which the spring section 6a rests.
  • a rivet pin 16 protruding upwards is embossed on the anchor, on which the spring 6 with the recess 17 is attached.
  • the dashed contour 16 'of the rivet pin is deformed from above such that a central rivet nipple 19 with a spherical surface is formed, which is surrounded by an annular rivet bead 20.
  • the most elevated point 24 forms the measuring point.
  • the support tool 21 is provided with a centering and embossing pin 22 which engages in the embossing recess 23 of the armature 4.
  • the central spherical cap surface of the rivet wart 19 could also be molded onto the rivet pin 16 during the manufacture of the anchor.
  • the rivet punch 18 only needs to be subjected to an annular deformation in order to produce the rivet bead 20.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein elektromagnetisches Relais mit einer Spule, einem winkelförmigen Joch, dessen erster Schenkel mit einem Ende eines Spulenkerns gekoppelt ist und dessen zweiter Schenkel eine Lagerkante für einen flachen, mit dem anderen Ende des Spulenkerns einen Arbeitsluftspalt bildenden Anker bildet, und mit einer mit dem Anker verbundenen, mit mindestens einem Gegenkontaktelement zusammenwirkenden Kontaktfeder. Außerdem betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Relais.The invention relates to an electromagnetic relay with a coil, an angular yoke, the first leg of which is coupled to one end of a coil core and the second leg of which forms a bearing edge for a flat armature which forms a working air gap with the other end of the coil core, and with one the anchor connected, interacting with at least one counter-contact element contact spring. The invention also relates to a method for producing such a relay.

Ein Relais der obengenannten Art ist beispielsweise in dem DE-GM 82 35 283 beschrieben. Bei diesem Relais dient die auf dem Anker befestigte Kontaktfeder gleichzeitig zur Lagerung des Ankers und zu dessen Rückstellung in die Ruhelage. Ein wesentliches Qualitätsmerkmal eines solchen Relais besteht darin, daß die Kraft-Weg-Charakteristik des Ankers beim Anziehen in einem vorgegebenen Bereich liegt. Um diese Kraft-Weg-Charakteristik in der Fertigung zu messen, ist es üblich, den Anker mit einem Meßtaster anzudrücken und dabei den Kraftverlauf zu messen. Um aber bei dieser Messung jeweils vergleichbare Werte zu erhalten, muß der Meßtaster immer im gleichen vorbestimmten Abstand von der Lagerstelle am Anker angreifen. Bisher werden für diesen Zweck Meßtaster mit einer Prüfspitze verwendet, die auf der Oberfläche der Kontaktfeder bzw. des Ankers oder auch auf der flachen Oberfläche einer Nietwarze angreifen. Dabei ist eine sehr genaue Positionierung der Meßspitze gegenüber der Ankerlagerung erforderlich, was in der Großserienfertigung nur mit erheblichem Aufwand möglich ist. Meßvorrichtungen mit einer derartigen Meßspitze sind beispielsweise in EP-A-11 952 und in Technical Digest, Nr. 44, Okt. 1976, Seiten 25 bis 26 beschrieben.A relay of the above type is described for example in DE-GM 82 35 283. In this relay, the contact spring attached to the armature serves at the same time to mount the armature and to return it to the rest position. An essential quality feature of such a relay is that the force-displacement characteristic of the armature when tightened is in a predetermined range. In order to measure this force-displacement characteristic in production, it is customary to press the armature with a probe and to measure the force curve in the process. However, in order to obtain comparable values for this measurement, the probe must always engage the anchor at the same predetermined distance from the bearing point. So far, probes with a test probe have been used for this purpose, which act on the surface of the contact spring or the armature or also on the flat surface of a rivet wart. A very precise positioning of the measuring tip relative to the armature bearing is required, which is only possible with considerable effort in large-scale production. Measuring devices with such a measuring tip are described, for example, in EP-A-11 952 and in Technical Digest, No. 44, Oct. 1976, pages 25 to 26.

Aus DE-U-18 62 118 ist ein elektromagnetisch betätigtes Relais mit einem Winkelanker zur Betätigung von getrennt befestigten Kontaktelementen beschrieben, wobei der den Arbeitsluftspalt bildende Ankerschenkel einen eingesetzten Niet mit kalottenförmig zur Außenseite vorspringendem Kopf besitzt. Das andere Ende des Niets ist auf der Innenseite in Form eines Trennbleches flachgeprägt.DE-U-18 62 118 describes an electromagnetically actuated relay with an angle armature for actuating separately fastened contact elements, the arm leg forming the working air gap having an inserted rivet with a dome-shaped head projecting towards the outside. The other end of the rivet is stamped flat on the inside in the form of a separating plate.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Relais der eingangs genannten Art so zu gestalten, daß eine genaue Abtastung am Anker auf einfache Weise und ohne aufwendige Positioniervorgänge möglich ist. Außerdem soll ein Verfahren zur möglichst einfachen Herstellung eines derartigen Relais angegeben werden.The object of the invention is to design a relay of the type mentioned in such a way that accurate scanning of the armature is possible in a simple manner and without complex positioning processes. In addition, a method for the simplest possible manufacture of such a relay is to be specified.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß der Anker auf seiner vom Spulenkern abgewandten Außenseite einen aus dem Ankermaterial geprägten Vorsprung aufweist, der mit seiner konvex ausgebildeten Oberfläche einen definierten höchsten Punkt als Meßpunkt in einem vorgegebenen Abstand von der Lagerachse des Ankers bildet.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the armature has, on its outside facing away from the coil core, a projection which is embossed from the armature material and which, with its convex surface, forms a defined highest point as a measuring point at a predetermined distance from the bearing axis of the armature.

Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Relais wird also im Relais selbst konstruktiv ein Meßpunkt vorgesehen, der von vornherein den richtigen Abstand von der Lagerstelle besitzt und bei der Abtastung zwangsläufig erfaßt wird. Zur Abtastung ist in diesem Fall dann auch kein Meßtaster mit einem spitzen Ende erforderlich, vielmehr kann ein Meßtaster mit einem flachen Ende verwendet werden, dessen Positionierung nicht in das Meßergebis eingeht und somit auch keine hohe Genauigkeit erfordert. Insbesondere für die Fertigung eines derartigen Relais in einer Großserie kann auf diese Weise mit einem einfachen Meßschritt schnell und zuverlässig ermittelt werden, ob der Kraft-Weg-Verlauf des Ankers im geforderten Bereich liegt.In the relay according to the invention, a measuring point is therefore provided in the relay itself, which has the correct distance from the bearing point from the outset and is inevitably detected during the scanning. In this case, no probe with a pointed end is required for scanning, but rather a probe with a flat end can be used, the positioning of which does not go into the measurement result and therefore does not require high accuracy. In particular for the production of such a relay in a large series, it can be determined quickly and reliably in this way with a simple measuring step whether the force-displacement curve of the armature lies in the required range.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an einem Ausführungsbeispiel näher erläutert. Es zeigt

  • FIG 1 eine Teildarstellung eines elektromagnetischen Relais mit auf dem Anker angebrachtem Meßpunkt,
  • FIG 2 eine ausschnittsweise Darstellung des Ankers aus FIG 1 mit einem Prägewerkzeug zur Herstellung des Meßpunktes.
The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. It shows
  • 1 shows a partial representation of an electromagnetic relay with a measuring point attached to the armature,
  • 2 shows a detail of the armature from FIG. 1 with an embossing tool for producing the measuring point.

In FIG 1 ist ein elektromagnetisches Relais dargestellt, wobei nur die wesentlichen Elemente des Magnetkreises und des Kontaktsystems gezeigt und verschiedene Einzelheiten, wie Spule, Grundkörper und dergleichen, weggelassen sind. Soweit zusätzliche Einzelheiten zum Verständnis erforderlich wären, könnten sie etwa dem eingangs genannten DE-GM 82 35 283 entnommen werden.1 shows an electromagnetic relay, only the essential elements of the magnetic circuit and the contact system being shown and various details such as the coil, base body and the like being omitted. As far as additional details for understanding would be necessary, they could be taken from the above-mentioned DE-GM 82 35 283.

Das Relais besitzt einen Spulenkern 1, der mit einem Ende an den ersten Schenkel 2a eines winkelförmigen Joches 2 angekoppelt ist und am anderen Ende eine Polplatte 3 aufweist. Am freien Ende 2a des Joches 2 ist ein flacher Anker 4 gelagert, der mit der Polplatte 3 einen Arbeitsluftspalt 5 bildet. Eine im wesentlichen winkelförmige Kontaktfeder 6 ist mit einem Schenkel 6a auf der Außenseite des Ankers 4 befestigt, während sie mit ihrem zweiten Schenkel 6b auf dem Joch 2 befestigt ist und damit gleichzeitig zur Halterung und Rückstellung des Ankers 4 dient. Mit dem freien Ende 6c ist die Kontaktfeder zwischen zwei Gegenkontaktelementen 7 und 8 umschaltbar. Diese Bauform ist grundsätzlich bekannt.The relay has a coil core 1, which is coupled at one end to the first leg 2a of an angular yoke 2 and has a pole plate 3 at the other end. At the free end 2a of the yoke 2, a flat armature 4 is mounted, which forms a working air gap 5 with the pole plate 3. An essentially angular contact spring 6 is fastened with a leg 6a on the outside of the armature 4, while it is fastened with its second leg 6b on the yoke 2 and thus simultaneously serves to hold and reset the armature 4. With the free end 6c, the contact spring can be switched between two mating contact elements 7 and 8. This design is generally known.

Um bei der Fertigung den Kraft-Weg-Verlauf am Anker messen zu können, wird das Relais mit einer Spannvorrichtung 9 gehalten, während ein Meßtaster 10 gegen den Anker 4 drückt. Der Meßtaster 10 besitzt ein flaches Ende 10a, mit welchem er gegen einen erhabenen Meßpunkt 11 drückt, der seinerseits auf einer Nietwarze 12 des Ankers ausgebildet ist. Zweckmäßigerweise dient diese Nietwarze 12 gleichzeitig zur Befestigung des Kontaktfederschenkels 6a auf dem Anker. Der erhabene Meßpunkt 11 ist in FIG 1 nur schematisch gezeigt. Er kann durch die verschiedensten Formen des Niets 12 oder eines sonstigen Vorsprungs am Anker gebildet sein. Es kommt lediglich darauf an, daß der erhabenste Punkt den richtigen Abstand ª von der Lagerachse 14 des Ankers besitzt. Ein Achsenversatz des Meßtasters 10 mit seiner Längsachse 13 gegenüber dem Meßpunkt 11 spielt dabei keine Rolle, solange der Meßtaster mit seinem Flachende 10a den Meßpunkt 11 irgendwie erfaßt. Die Lagestreuungen des Relais über die Spannvorrichtung 9 zum Meßtaster werden allein von dem Flachende des Meßtasters aufgenommen.In order to be able to measure the force-displacement curve on the armature during manufacture, the relay is held with a tensioning device 9, while a probe 10 presses against the armature 4. The probe 10 has a flat end 10a, with which it presses against a raised measuring point 11, which in turn is formed on a rivet 12 of the armature. This rivet wart 12 is expediently used at the same time for fastening the contact spring leg 6a on the armature. The raised measuring point 11 is only shown schematically in FIG. It can be formed by the most varied shapes of the rivet 12 or another projection on the anchor. All that matters is that the raised point has the correct distance ª from the bearing axis 14 of the armature. An axis offset of the measuring probe 10 with its longitudinal axis 13 with respect to the measuring point 11 is irrelevant, as long as the measuring probe 11 somehow detects the measuring point 11 with its flat end 10a. The positional spread of the relay via the clamping device 9 to the probe is taken up only by the flat end of the probe.

Die Form des Meßpunktes 11 kann beliebig sein, beispielsweise spitz zulaufend oder kalottenförmig abgerundet. Ein einfaches Herstellverfahren für einen solchen Meßpunkt sei anhand von FIG 2 kurz erläutert. FIG 2 zeigt einen Detailausschnitt des Ankers 4 aus FIG 1, auf welchem der Federabschnitt 6a aufliegt. Aus dem Anker ist ein nach oben vorstehender Nietzapfen 16 herausgeprägt, auf welchen die Feder 6 mit der Ausnehmung 17 aufgesteckt ist. Mit einem Nietwerkzeug 18 wird nun von oben die gestrichelt eingezeichnete Kontur 16ʹ des Nietzapfens so verformt, daß eine zentrische Nietwarze 19 mit einer kalottenförmigen Oberfläche entsteht, die von einem ringförmigen Nietwulst 20 umgeben ist. Der erhabenste Punkt 24 bildet den Meßpunkt. Für diese Ausformung ist das Auflagewerkzeug 21 mit einem Zentrier- und Prägezapfen 22 versehen, der in die Präge-Ausnehmung 23 des Ankers 4 eingreift.The shape of the measuring point 11 can be as desired, for example tapering to a point or rounded in the form of a dome. A simple manufacturing method for such a measuring point will be briefly explained with reference to FIG 2. 2 shows a detail of the armature 4 from FIG. 1, on which the spring section 6a rests. Out a rivet pin 16 protruding upwards is embossed on the anchor, on which the spring 6 with the recess 17 is attached. With a riveting tool 18, the dashed contour 16 'of the rivet pin is deformed from above such that a central rivet nipple 19 with a spherical surface is formed, which is surrounded by an annular rivet bead 20. The most elevated point 24 forms the measuring point. For this shape, the support tool 21 is provided with a centering and embossing pin 22 which engages in the embossing recess 23 of the armature 4.

Die zentrische Kalottenoberfläche der Nietwarze 19 könnte auch bereits bei der Ankerherstellung an dem Nietzapfen 16 angeformt werden. In diesem Fall bräuchte mit dem Nietstempel 18 lediglich eine ringförmige Deformation zur Erzeugung der Nietwulst 20 vorgenommen zu werden.The central spherical cap surface of the rivet wart 19 could also be molded onto the rivet pin 16 during the manufacture of the anchor. In this case, the rivet punch 18 only needs to be subjected to an annular deformation in order to produce the rivet bead 20.

Durch diese Art der Ausprägung eines Nietzapfens und dessen Deformation in einen zentrischen Teil mit vorstehendem Meßpunkt und eine ringförmige Nietwulst ergibt sich einerseits ein durch Formschluß realisierbarer Nietfestsitz zur spannungsfreien Halterung der Feder. Andererseits wird auf diese Weise ohne zusätzlichen Arbeitsgang der erhabene Meßpunkt mit den oben bereits geschilderten Vorteilen erhalten.This type of design of a rivet pin and its deformation into a central part with a protruding measuring point and an annular rivet bead results on the one hand in a rivet tight fit that can be realized by positive locking for tension-free mounting of the spring. On the other hand, the raised measuring point with the advantages already described above is obtained in this way without an additional operation.

Claims (6)

  1. Electromagnetic relay having a coil, an angled yoke (2) whose first leg (2a) is coupled to one end of a coil core (1) and whose second leg (2b) forms a bearing edge for a flat armature (4) which forms a working air gap (5) with the other end (3) of the coil core, and a contact spring (6), which is connected to the armature (4) and co-operates with at least one mating contact element (7, 8), characterised in that on its outside averted from the coil core (1) the armature (4) has a projection (12, 16), which is coined from the armature material and with its concavely constructed surface forms a defined highest point as the measuring point (11; 24) at a prescribed distance from the bearing axis (14) of the armature (4).
  2. Relay according to Claim 1, characterised in that the projection (12; 16) is formed by a rivet boss which serves simultaneously to fasten the contact spring (6) on the armature (4).
  3. Relay according to one of Claims 1 or 2, characterised in that the projection (16) has a surface (19) rounded in the form of a hemisphere.
  4. Process for producing a relay according to one of Claims 1 to 3, a rivet pin (16) being coined from the material of the armature, the contact spring with a recess (23) being laid over the rivet pin, and the rivet pin being formed into a rivet boss via the contact spring, characterised in that the rivet pin (16) is formed in the central region into a rivet boss (19) with a raised measuring point (24), and into an annular rivet collar (20) in the edge region.
  5. Process according to Claim 4, characterised in that the rivet boss (19) and the rivet collar (20) are formed in one operation after the provision of the contact spring.
  6. Process according to Claim 4, characterised in that the raised measuring point (24) is formed as early as during the coining of the rivet pin (16), and in that after the provision of the contact spring only the edge region of the rivet pin (16) is formed into the rivet collar (20).
EP88101962A 1987-02-13 1988-02-10 Electromagnetic relay and method for its manufacture Expired - Lifetime EP0278495B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3704621 1987-02-13
DE3704621 1987-02-13

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EP0278495A1 EP0278495A1 (en) 1988-08-17
EP0278495B1 true EP0278495B1 (en) 1992-06-03

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EP88101962A Expired - Lifetime EP0278495B1 (en) 1987-02-13 1988-02-10 Electromagnetic relay and method for its manufacture

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US (1) US4870378A (en)
EP (1) EP0278495B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0743991B2 (en)
DE (1) DE3871540D1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19843617C1 (en) * 1998-09-23 2000-06-29 Tyco Electronics Logistics Ag Electromagnetic relay

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4243841C1 (en) * 1992-12-23 1994-01-27 Hella Kg Hueck & Co Electromagnetic relay
DE4243852C1 (en) * 1992-12-23 1994-03-31 Hella Kg Hueck & Co EM switching relay with adjustable contact carrier - in form of leaf spring element fixed to flap armature with slide element to adjust position
DE4436404A1 (en) * 1994-10-12 1996-04-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Electromagnetic relay and process for its manufacture
US5872497A (en) * 1996-10-23 1999-02-16 Physio-Control Corporation High energy transfer relay
DE102014103247A1 (en) * 2014-03-11 2015-09-17 Tyco Electronics Austria Gmbh Electromagnetic relay
CN111933487B (en) * 2020-07-13 2022-11-11 温州佳捷电气有限公司 Automatic assembly device of movable contact spring and framework of relay

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1862118U (en) * 1962-09-15 1962-11-15 Magnetschultz Spezialfabrik Fu ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY.
JPS5815893B2 (en) * 1978-11-01 1983-03-28 オムロン株式会社 electromagnetic relay
ZA795916B (en) * 1978-11-25 1980-10-29 Lucas Industries Ltd Testing of enclosed electromagnetic relays
DE8235283U1 (en) * 1982-12-15 1983-06-09 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Electromagnetic relay
US4701734A (en) * 1986-03-27 1987-10-20 Niles Parts Co., Ltd. Hinge type relay

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19843617C1 (en) * 1998-09-23 2000-06-29 Tyco Electronics Logistics Ag Electromagnetic relay

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DE3871540D1 (en) 1992-07-09
JPS63202815A (en) 1988-08-22
JPH0743991B2 (en) 1995-05-15
US4870378A (en) 1989-09-26
EP0278495A1 (en) 1988-08-17

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