EP0275401B1 - Heater and process for operating this heater - Google Patents

Heater and process for operating this heater Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0275401B1
EP0275401B1 EP87117187A EP87117187A EP0275401B1 EP 0275401 B1 EP0275401 B1 EP 0275401B1 EP 87117187 A EP87117187 A EP 87117187A EP 87117187 A EP87117187 A EP 87117187A EP 0275401 B1 EP0275401 B1 EP 0275401B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
wall
boiler
burner
flue gas
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EP87117187A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0275401A3 (en
EP0275401A2 (en
Inventor
Rolf Bommer
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to AT87117187T priority Critical patent/ATE72319T1/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00Details
    • F24H9/20Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2007Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
    • F24H9/2035Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters using fluid fuel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/22Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating
    • F24H1/24Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water mantle surrounding the combustion chamber or chambers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/22Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating
    • F24H1/44Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups F24H1/24 - F24H1/40 , e.g. boilers having a combination of features covered by F24H1/24 - F24H1/40
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/355Control of heat-generating means in heaters
    • F24H15/36Control of heat-generating means in heaters of burners

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating a boiler according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and a boiler according to the preamble of patent claim 6.
  • a boiler is known in which a forced draft burner burns with a horizontally directed flame in a combustion chamber, which is arranged horizontally and on its lower side, which is essentially parallel to the axis of the flame of the forced draft burner, over its entire length and Width opens against a flue gas collecting space penetrated by heat exchangers.
  • the wall of the firebox is cooled by a water jacket through which the domestic water to be heated and the water from the heating system flow.
  • the water jacket cooling the wall of the combustion chamber absorbs the main part of the heat generated by the burner, while the heat exchangers arranged in the subsequent flue gas collecting chamber only act as a post-heating surface, which cool the flue gases to the temperature of around 160 to 180 ° C, with which the flue gases enter the fireplace.
  • the large volume of the water jacket surrounding the wall of the combustion chamber causes this wall to be strongly cooled, and the forced draft burner must therefore be operated with a constant burner output which is matched to the cooling of the combustion chamber wall.
  • a reduction in the burner output e.g. to adapt to a lower heating requirement in the transition period, would lead to subcooling of the flame, which would result in a high pollutant content in the flue gases and even condensation on the combustion chamber wall.
  • the capacity of the forced draft burner cannot be reduced to adapt to a reduced heating requirement.
  • the burner is operated intermittently at its full output. This intermittent operation in turn results in frequent burner starts, in each of which the entire volume of the water jacket cooling the combustion chamber wall must be warmed up. In this heating phase, there is always undercooling of the burner flame, which results in a high pollutant content and poor efficiency.
  • combustion aids are preferably installed in small boilers with a low output of up to approx. 40 kW.
  • the combustion chamber wall which is enclosed and cooled by the water jacket, is a cylindrical casting wall, into which a stainless steel tube is coaxially inserted, into which the burner flame burns.
  • the stainless steel tube is held at a distance from the cast wall by inwardly directed ribs.
  • the hot combustion chamber formed by the stainless steel tube is therefore practically not cooled. Due to the low heat capacity and the lack of cooling, this combustion chamber quickly becomes high when the burner is started Temperature on, so that a residue-free combustion of the fuels is ensured not only during continuous operation, but also very quickly when the burner is started. Only when the combustion gases flow between the combustion chamber and the casting wall of the combustion chamber are heat removed from them.
  • the high temperature in the hot combustion chamber and the long residence time of the combustion gases in the hot combustion chamber cause a strong conversion of the nitrogen in the air into NO x , so that the exhaust gases have a high proportion of harmful nitrogen oxides.
  • the combustion chamber wall coaxially surrounding the hot combustion chamber cannot adequately extract the heat from the hot flue gases.
  • downstream heating surfaces are still necessary in order to achieve sufficient efficiency.
  • the combustion chamber wall which is generally made of cast iron with the surrounding water jacket, has a high heat capacity, so that the boiler has a high inertia.
  • the heat capacity is particularly influenced by the fact that the combustion chamber has to be of large volume in order to accommodate the hot combustion chamber used and to form a sufficient heat exchanger surface.
  • a boiler which has a horizontally arranged hot combustion chamber in which the flame of a fan burner burns.
  • the combustion chamber wall surrounding the hot combustion chamber is enclosed by a jacket through which the combustion air is passed for preheating.
  • the entire length and breadth of the firebox is open and merges into a flue gas plenum with heat exchangers.
  • the heat is extracted from the flue gases essentially only by these heat exchangers arranged in the flue gas collecting space.
  • the uncooled hot combustion chamber inside the combustion chamber very quickly reaches a very high temperature, so that there is a strong conversion of the atmospheric nitrogen into NO x and the exhaust gases have a high proportion of harmful nitrogen oxides.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a boiler which has at residue free as possible combustion of fossil fuels the lowest possible NO x moiety of the exhaust gases, preferably also in an adjustment of the burner output in a changing heat demand.
  • the main idea of the invention is to extract the heat from the combustion gases not on the combustion chamber wall, but practically exclusively on the heat exchangers of the flue gas collecting space, and the wall of the combustion chamber will be cooled only very little, this cooling being dimensioned so that the temperature rises the inside of the wall of the combustion chamber does not rise above about 600 ° C even in continuous operation with full burner output.
  • This gentle cooling of the combustion chamber wall causes the combustion gases at the edge of the burner flame to be cooled very quickly to a temperature at which practically no appreciable formation of NO x occurs.
  • the cooling of the combustion chamber wall does not serve the purpose of heating the heating or service water, the cooling is kept so low that undercooling of the combustion gases on the combustion chamber wall does not occur even when the burner output is reduced.
  • the burner output can therefore be reduced to approximately 1/10 of the maximum output without the cooling of the wall of the combustion chamber leading to a cooling of the combustion gases below the temperature of approximately 180 ° C., at which the combustion of the fuels no longer takes place completely.
  • the burner output can therefore be varied within a very large range, preferably from 1 to 10, without the burner output being in the range of low an incomplete combustion and condensation occurs on the wall of the combustion chamber and without the NO x content of the exhaust gases increasing in the area of high burner output.
  • the hot combustion gases only come into contact with the heat exchangers through which the combustion heat is removed when they have already left the combustion chamber and have entered the flue gas collecting chamber. The cooling of the combustion gases at the heat exchangers can therefore not cause the flame to cool down.
  • the combustion chamber can have a particularly small volume. It only has to be so large that it essentially encloses the flame of the burner.
  • the small volume of the combustion chamber also shortens the residence time of the combustion gases near the flame and thus further reduces the NO x generation.
  • the combustion chamber encloses the flame of the burner on three long sides and on the end face opposite the burner, while it is open on the fourth long side against the flue gas collecting space. This flame surrounds the flame through the recirculation of the hot combustion gases against the direction of the flame in the manner of the reverse flame in boilers with a hot combustion chamber.
  • the lateral opening of the combustion chamber towards the flue gas collection chamber additionally causes the combustion gases to circulate about an axis parallel to the flame, so that two cylinders of the combustion gases circulating helically against the flame direction form in the combustion chamber on both sides of the flame.
  • the combustion gases are guided along the preferably barrel-shaped longitudinal wall of the combustion chamber and gently cooled in the process, so that their temperature does not rise above the temperature at which NO x formation begins to increase. Due to the roller-shaped circulation, the gases cooled on the combustion chamber wall are partially returned to the core of the flame, so that a complete residue-free combustion of the fossil fuels is guaranteed.
  • a part of the circulating gases continuously flows to the heat exchangers in the flue gas collecting space.
  • the flue gas collecting space is preferably arranged below the combustion chamber.
  • the flow of the flue gases increasingly cooled at the heat exchanger is favored and, in particular, an advantageous condensate discharge at the bottom of the flue gas collecting space is possible if the boiler is designed as a so-called condensing boiler, in which the flue gases on the outlet side of the heat exchanger are cooled to below the dew point that the water vapor contained in the exhaust gases is condensed and separated with the remaining pollutant (in particular sulfur oxides, ash, fuel oil residues).
  • the heat exchangers which preferably pass through the flue gas collecting space as pipe registers, can be designed with a relatively low heat capacity, so that the boiler reacts with low inertia and low energy losses.
  • the wall of the combustion chamber is thin-walled with a low heat capacity and is corrosion-resistant at least on the inside.
  • the low heat capacity causes a minimal inertia of the combustion chamber wall, so that it reaches the desired optimal temperature between about 300 and 500 ° C within seconds when the burner is ignited.
  • the supercooling of the flame and the associated pollutant emissions are therefore minimal even when the burner is started.
  • the burner output can also be varied without adversely affecting the efficiency and the pollutant content of the exhaust gases, the burner output can be reduced with less heat, so that the number of burner starts can be reduced considerably.
  • the corrosion-resistant, gently cooled firebox wall with low heat capacity required according to the invention can be implemented in different ways.
  • the wall of the firebox can consist of two layers.
  • the inner wall layer is thin-walled and consists of a corrosion-resistant material, preferably of a steel sheet with a thickness of about 0.5 to 2.5 mm or of a thin-walled ceramic material.
  • the outer wall layer is preferably loosely arranged on the inner wall layer and held on the inner wall layer with a pretension under uniform contact pressure.
  • the outer wall layer preferably consists of a copper or aluminum sheet with a wall thickness of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 mm, on which water-carrying coils are soldered or welded for cooling or are formed as embossed water channels.
  • the outer one releasably stretched over the inner wall layer Wall position has the advantage that the outer wall position can be replaced in order to adapt its cooling capacity to the burner.
  • the cooling capacity can be controlled by the contact pressure of the outer wall layer against the inner wall layer, for. B. is varied by hydraulic regulation of the bias. With increasing contact pressure, the contact area between the inner and outer wall layer and thus the heat transfer for cooling increases.
  • the good heat-conducting material of the outer wall layer ensures uniform cooling of the entire wall of the combustion chamber despite the small number of coils arranged at a mutual distance.
  • the wall of the firebox can also be made of cast material, e.g. B. cast iron exist, the cooling water leading water channels are cast, which are arranged in small numbers at a mutual distance.
  • cast material e.g. B. cast iron exist
  • the cooling water leading water channels are cast, which are arranged in small numbers at a mutual distance.
  • the burner output is varied over a wide range during operation to adapt to a different heat requirement, it is advantageous to also adapt the cooling of the combustion chamber wall in order to keep its temperature as optimal as possible from about 400 to 500 ° C.
  • the liquid throughput can be controlled through the water channels carrying the cooling water.
  • Water is preferably used to cool the combustion chamber wall, which is already preheated in the heat exchangers, preferably in the heat exchanger furthest from the burner is. This results from the fact that the combustion chamber wall is not intended for heating water, but should only be cooled gently so that the wall temperature does not rise too much.
  • the heat exchangers arranged under the combustion chamber are preferably designed such that they only guide the combustion gases from top to bottom and have no horizontal trains for the combustion gases. In addition to the favorable flow conditions for the combustion gases, this has the advantage that any combustion residues, such as soot and the like, cannot deposit on the heat exchangers, but fall down through the heat exchangers, so that they are collected and disposed of together with the condensate will. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is therefore not affected by deposits.
  • a spray device for a cleaning liquid preferably water
  • the cleaning liquid rinses both the wall of the Combustion chamber as well as the heat exchanger and flows down through the heat exchanger, where it is collected and disposed of.
  • the entire boiler can be cleaned in this way if necessary or automatically at predetermined time intervals in an extremely simple manner, without manual cleaning work or even a partial disassembly of the boiler is necessary.
  • the wall of the flue gas collecting space can be produced in one piece with the wall of the combustion chamber, and in the case of a double-layer wall of the combustion chamber with the inner wall layer. Since the combustion chamber is functionally completely separate from the heat exchanger and the flue gas collection chamber, it is also possible to design the heat exchanger and the flue gas collection chamber as separate components which are detachably connected to the combustion chamber in a gas-tight and water-tight manner. As a result, a heat exchanger adapted to the respective requirements can be used in a particularly simple manner in connection with a combustion chamber, which can be produced in series for a wide range of applications. It is also possible to replace the firebox without any other changes to the boiler if this is appropriate to adapt to a future improvement in the burner design. Finally, this has the advantage that the firebox can also be used in connection with heat exchangers and flue gas plenums from other manufacturers.
  • the combustion chamber can have a volume of preferably approx. 6 to 12 dm3.
  • the length to width ratio is preferably between 1.5 and 1.0, while the ratio length to height of the firebox is preferably in the range between 2.0 and 1.0.
  • the boiler consists of a barrel-shaped, curved combustion chamber 1, which is closed on its two axial end faces. In the middle of an end wall there is an opening 9 in which a compressed air oil or gas blower burner (according to DIN 4788, parts 2 to 5) can be used.
  • the flame 10 of the burner burns horizontally in the axial direction into the combustion chamber 1.
  • the combustion chamber 1 is open over its entire axial length and merges into a flue gas collecting chamber 11, which has the same length and width as the combustion chamber 1.
  • the open passage area between the combustion chamber and the flue gas collection space 11 is approximately 1/3 to 1/4 of the entire circumferential surface of the casing of the fire space 1.
  • the flue gas collection space 11 is penetrated horizontally by a heat exchanger 12, which has the shape of a pipe register. Below the heat exchanger 12 there is an outlet 13 through which the flue gas collecting space 11 can be connected to a chimney.
  • the length of the combustion chamber 11 is approximately 1.5 to 1.0 times its width and approximately 2.0 to 1.0 times its height.
  • the total volume of combustion chamber 1 is approximately 6 to 12 dm3.
  • the combustion chamber 1 and the flue gas collecting chamber 11 are enclosed in a gas-tight manner by a common wall 4 which consists of a 0.5 to 2.5 mm thick steel sheet.
  • a common wall 4 which consists of a 0.5 to 2.5 mm thick steel sheet.
  • an outer wall layer 5 is arranged on the outside of the wall 4, which lies in loose contact with the end faces and the peripheral surface areas of the wall 4.
  • the outer wall layer 5 is fixed to the wall 4 by means of screws or pins 14 in the region of the lower edge of the combustion chamber 1.
  • the outer wall layer 5 consists of a copper or aluminum sheet with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm. It is guided from the attachment points by the screws or pins 14 in two parts upwards over the combustion chamber 1 and z. B.
  • springs 8 seated on the bolts 15 tension the outer wall layer 5 over the wall 4 and cause a contact pressure of the outer wall layer 5 against the wall 4, which leads to a regionally heat-conducting contact between the wall 4 and the outer wall layer 5.
  • An increase in the pressure of the springs 8 causes a larger contact and thus a better heat transfer between the wall 4 and the outer wall layer 5, while a weaker pressure of the springs 8 leads to less contact and poorer heat transfer.
  • springs 8 preferably hydraulically controllable tensioning means can also be provided, which tension the outer wall layer 5 with an adjustable contact pressure and thus with an adjustable heat transfer over the wall 4.
  • meandering coils 7 are arranged, which are evenly distributed run at a mutual distance on the end and outer surfaces of the outer wall layer 5.
  • the mutual distance between the individual turns of the coils 7 is measured according to the required cooling capacity.
  • the coils 7 can be soldered and welded onto the outer wall layer 5, as shown in FIG. 4, and have a round or oval cross section, as shown in FIG. 4 by the cross sections 7 and 7 '.
  • the outer wall layer can also be a double-skin sheet with embossed channels as coils 7 ⁇ , as is indicated in FIG. 5.
  • a coolant is passed through the coils 7, for which purpose a fraction of the water preheated in the heat exchanger 12 is preferably used, which is branched off in a controllable flow rate via a control valve 6.
  • the hot combustion gases of the flame 10 flow back in an axial recirculation flow 2 against the direction of the flame 10.
  • This recirculation can be further promoted by a bulge 16, indicated in FIG. 1, in the end wall of the combustion chamber 1 opposite the burner.
  • the combustion gases flowing back axially additionally receive a movement component in the radial direction, which primarily leads the combustion gases flowing upwards from the flame 10 along the cooled combustion chamber wall 4 downwards.
  • a part of the combustion gases guided downward in this way with the radial circulation flow 3 flows through the heat exchanger 12 into the flue gas collecting space 11, while the other part is fed back into the flame 10 by the roller-shaped circulation 3.
  • the axial recirculation with the cylindrical rotation on both sides of the flame 10 along the cooled wall 4 results on the one hand in sufficient return of the combustion gases into the flame 10 to ensure complete combustion, and on the other hand a certain cooling of the combustion gases returned to the flame Too high a flame temperature prevents and thus counteracts the NO x formation.
  • the portion of the hot combustion gases flowing continuously downward into the flue gas collecting space, in conjunction with the small volume of the combustion chamber 1, causes the combustion gases in the combustion chamber 1 to dwell briefly, which likewise counteracts the formation of NO x in the exhaust gases.
  • FIG. 6 shows a second embodiment of the boiler.
  • the combustion chamber 1 with its wall 4 is a separate component, which is detachably connected to the heat exchanger 12 by means of screw bolts 14, which also serve to fasten the outer wall layer 5.
  • the heat exchanger 12 is in turn detachably connected to the subsequent flue gas collecting space 11 by screw bolts 14.
  • the connection between the combustion chamber 1 and the heat exchanger 12 and between the heat exchanger 12 and the flue gas collecting chamber 11 is gas-tight and liquid-tight.
  • a condensate drain 17 is provided in the floor of the flue gas collecting space 11.
  • Figure 7 shows a third embodiment in which the wall 4 of the combustion chamber 1 made of a thin-walled cast material, for. B. consists of a cast metal or a ceramic material.
  • the coils 7 are formed by channels cast onto the wall 4.
  • the heat exchanger 12, the flue gas collection chamber 11 and the connection of the combustion chamber 1 with the heat exchanger 12 and the heat exchanger 12 with the flue gas collection chamber 11 correspond to the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 6.
  • the cold return water of a heating system is fed to the heat exchanger 12 via a return line R1, in which it is fed heated and fed back into the heating system via the flow line V1.
  • a line R2 is branched off from the return line R1, via which a small partial flow of the cold return water is introduced into the coils 7 for cooling the combustion chamber wall 4.
  • a flow line V2 feeds the cooling water after flowing through the coil 7 into the flow line V1 and thus into the heating system.
  • a control valve 18 inserted in line V2 controls the flow rate of the cooling water through the coils 7 in accordance with the temperature of the return water in line R2 determined by means of a sensor 19. By controlling the flow rate by means of the control valve 18, it is ensured that the temperature inside the wall 4 does not rise above 600 ° C. and, when the burner is reduced in power, does not decrease to such an extent that the combustion gases in the combustion chamber 1 are subcooled.
  • FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment in which the wall 4 of the combustion chamber is constructed in the same way as in the embodiment in FIG. 7.
  • two heat exchangers 12 are arranged one behind the other in the direction of flow of the flue gases.
  • the return water of the heating system is fed to the upper heat exchanger 12 near the burner via the return line R1 and, after heating in the heat exchanger 12, is returned to the heating system via the flow line V1.
  • the lower heat exchanger 12 remote from the burner serves to further cool the flue gases which have already cooled on the upper heat exchanger until they condense, so that the boiler can be operated as a condensing boiler.
  • FIG. 9 shows a fifth embodiment of the boiler.
  • a spray device 22 is arranged at the top in the combustion chamber.
  • This spray device 22 consists of a heat-resistant pipeline extending in the longitudinal direction of the combustion chamber 1 with outlet openings for a cleaning liquid, preferably water, distributed over the circumference and the length.
  • a cleaning liquid preferably water
  • the sprayed-in water also flows from top to bottom through the heat exchanger 12 and also rinses off any combustion residues deposited thereon. All the flushing water from the wall 4 of the combustion chamber 1 and from the heat exchanger 12 with the flushed combustion residues is in the bottom of the flue gas collecting chamber 11 collected and derived via the condensate drain 17.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

A process for operating a furnace boiler with a firebox having a cooled wall and at least one blowpipe to direct flame into the firebox, and heat exchangers connected to the firebox through which the flue gases flow, consisting of the steps of extracting heat from the flue gases essentially only by the heat exchangers and cooling the wall of the firebox only to the extent that, at maximum burner output, the temperature on the inner side of the wall does not exceed approximately 600 DEG C. and, when the burner output is reduced to about 1/10 of maximum output, the temperature does not fall below approximately 180 DEG C.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Heizkessels gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 und einen Heizkessel gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 6.The invention relates to a method for operating a boiler according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and a boiler according to the preamble of patent claim 6.

Aus der DE-OS 35 37 704 ist ein Heizkessel bekannt, bei welchem ein Gebläsebrenner mit horizontal gerichteter Flamme in einem Feuerraum brennt, der horizontal angeordnet ist und sich an seiner zur Achse der Flamme des Gebläsebrenners im wesentlichen parallelen unteren Seite über seine gesamte Länge und Breite gegen einen von Wärmetauschern durchsetzten Rauchgassammelraum öffnet. Die Wand des Feuerraums ist durch einen Wassermantel gekühlt, durch welchen das zu erwärmende Brauchwasser und das Wasser des Heizungssystems strömen. Der die Wand des Feuerraums kühlende Wassermantel nimmt den Hauptteil der von dem Brenner erzeugten Wärme auf, während die im anschließenden Rauchgassammelraum angeordneten Wärmetauscher nur noch als Nachheizfläche wirken, die die Rauchgase auf die Temperatur von etwa 160 bis 180°C abkühlen, mit welcher die Rauchgase in den Kamin eintreten.From DE-OS 35 37 704 a boiler is known in which a forced draft burner burns with a horizontally directed flame in a combustion chamber, which is arranged horizontally and on its lower side, which is essentially parallel to the axis of the flame of the forced draft burner, over its entire length and Width opens against a flue gas collecting space penetrated by heat exchangers. The wall of the firebox is cooled by a water jacket through which the domestic water to be heated and the water from the heating system flow. The water jacket cooling the wall of the combustion chamber absorbs the main part of the heat generated by the burner, while the heat exchangers arranged in the subsequent flue gas collecting chamber only act as a post-heating surface, which cool the flue gases to the temperature of around 160 to 180 ° C, with which the flue gases enter the fireplace.

Das große Volumen des die Wand des Feuerraums umschließenden Wassermantels bewirkt eine starke Kühlung dieser Wand, der Gebläsebrenner muß daher mit einer konstanten Brennerleistung betrieben werden, die auf die Kühlung der Feuerraumwand abgestimmt ist. Eine Reduzierung der Brennerleistung, Z. B. zur Anpassung an einen geringeren Heizbedarf in der Übergangszeit, würde zu einer Unterkühlung der Flamme führen, was einen hohen Schadstoffgehalt der Rauchgase und sogar Kondensation an der Feuerraumwand zur Folge hat. Zur Anpassung an einen verringerten Heizbedarf kann dementsprechend die Leistung des Gebläsebrenners nicht reduziert werden. Der Brenner wird vielmehr mit seiner vollen Leistung intermittierend betrieben. Dieser intermittierende Betrieb hat wiederum häufige Brennerstarts zur Folge, bei welchen jeweils das gesamte Volumen des die Feuerraumwand kühlenden Wassermantels aufgewärmt werden muß. In dieser Anheizphase tritt dabei stets eine Unterkühlung der Brennerflamme mit der Folge eines hohen Schadstoffgehaltes und eines schlechten Wirkungsgrades auf.The large volume of the water jacket surrounding the wall of the combustion chamber causes this wall to be strongly cooled, and the forced draft burner must therefore be operated with a constant burner output which is matched to the cooling of the combustion chamber wall. A reduction in the burner output, e.g. to adapt to a lower heating requirement in the transition period, would lead to subcooling of the flame, which would result in a high pollutant content in the flue gases and even condensation on the combustion chamber wall. Accordingly, the capacity of the forced draft burner cannot be reduced to adapt to a reduced heating requirement. Rather, the burner is operated intermittently at its full output. This intermittent operation in turn results in frequent burner starts, in each of which the entire volume of the water jacket cooling the combustion chamber wall must be warmed up. In this heating phase, there is always undercooling of the burner flame, which results in a high pollutant content and poor efficiency.

Um die Nachteile der Unterkühlung der Flamme zu verhindern, werden bei kleinen Heizkesseln geringer Leistung bis ca. 40 kW vorzugsweise sogenannte Verbrennungshilfen eingebaut. Die von dem Wassermantel umschlossene und gekühlte Feuerraumwand ist eine zylindrische Gußwand, in welche koaxial ein Edelstahlrohr eingesetzt ist, in welches die Brennerflamme hineinbrennt. Das Edelstahlrohr wird von nach innen gerichteten Rippen der Gußwand im Abstand von dieser gehalten. Die durch das Edelstahlrohr gebildete heiße Brennkammer wird daher praktisch nicht gekühlt. Aufgrund der geringen Wärmekapazität und der fehlenden Kühlung nimmt diese Brennkammer beim Brennerstart sehr schnell eine hohe Temperatur an, so daß eine rückstandslose Verbrennung der Brennstoffe nicht nur während des Dauerbetriebs, sondern auch sehr schnell mach dem Brennerstart gewährleistet ist. Erst wenn die Verbrennungsgase zwischen der Brennkammer und der Gußwand des Feuerraums hindurchströmen, wird ihnen Wärme entzogen.In order to avoid the disadvantages of subcooling the flame, so-called combustion aids are preferably installed in small boilers with a low output of up to approx. 40 kW. The combustion chamber wall, which is enclosed and cooled by the water jacket, is a cylindrical casting wall, into which a stainless steel tube is coaxially inserted, into which the burner flame burns. The stainless steel tube is held at a distance from the cast wall by inwardly directed ribs. The hot combustion chamber formed by the stainless steel tube is therefore practically not cooled. Due to the low heat capacity and the lack of cooling, this combustion chamber quickly becomes high when the burner is started Temperature on, so that a residue-free combustion of the fuels is ensured not only during continuous operation, but also very quickly when the burner is started. Only when the combustion gases flow between the combustion chamber and the casting wall of the combustion chamber are heat removed from them.

Bei diesem Heizkessel bewirkt die hohe Temperatur in der heißen Brennkammer und die lange Verweildauer der Verbrennungsgase in der heißen Brennkammer eine starke Umwandlung des Stickstoffs der Luft in NOx, so daß die Abgase einen hohen Anteil an schädlichen Stickoxiden aufweisen. Die die heiße Brennkammer koaxial umgebende Feuerraumwand kann trotz ihrer Rippen den heißen Rauchgasen die Wärme nicht ausreichend entziehen. Daher sind in der Regel noch nachgeschaltete Heizflächen notwendig, um einen ausreichenden Wirkungsgrad zu erreichen. Diese machen den Heizkessel konstruktiv aufwendig. Die im allgemeinen aus Gußeisen bestehende Feuerraumwand mit dem umschließenden Wassermantel weist eine hohe Wärmekapazität auf, so daß der Heizkessel eine große Trägheit besitzt. Die Wärmekapazität wird insbesondere auch dadurch beeinflußt, daß der Feuerraum großvolumig ausgeführt sein muß, um die eingesetzte heiße Brennkammer aufzunehmen und eine ausreichende Wärmetauscherfläche zu bilden.In this boiler, the high temperature in the hot combustion chamber and the long residence time of the combustion gases in the hot combustion chamber cause a strong conversion of the nitrogen in the air into NO x , so that the exhaust gases have a high proportion of harmful nitrogen oxides. Despite its ribs, the combustion chamber wall coaxially surrounding the hot combustion chamber cannot adequately extract the heat from the hot flue gases. As a rule, downstream heating surfaces are still necessary in order to achieve sufficient efficiency. These make the boiler structurally complex. The combustion chamber wall, which is generally made of cast iron with the surrounding water jacket, has a high heat capacity, so that the boiler has a high inertia. The heat capacity is particularly influenced by the fact that the combustion chamber has to be of large volume in order to accommodate the hot combustion chamber used and to form a sufficient heat exchanger surface.

Aus JP-A-57-144842 ist ein Heizkessel bekannt, der eine horizontal angeordnete heiße Brennkammer aufweist, in welchen die Flamme eines Gebläsebrenners brennt. Die die heiße Brennkammer umschließende Feuerraumwand wird von einem Mantel umschlossen, durch welchen die Verbrennungsluft zur Vorwärmung hindurchgeleitet wird. Der Feuerraum ist nach unten über seine gesamte Länge und Breite offen und geht in einen von Wärmetauschern durchsetzten Rauchgassammelraum über. Den Rauchgasen wird die Wärme im wesentlichen nur durch diese im Rauchgassammelraum angeordneten Wärmetauscher entzogen. Auch bei diesem Heizkessel nimmt die ungekühlte heiße Brennkammer im Innern des Feuerraums sehr schnell eine sehr hohe Temperatur an, so daß eine starke Umwandlung des Luftstickstoffs in NOx erfolgt und die Abgase einen hohen Anteil an schädlichen Stickoxiden aufweisen.From JP-A-57-144842 a boiler is known which has a horizontally arranged hot combustion chamber in which the flame of a fan burner burns. The combustion chamber wall surrounding the hot combustion chamber is enclosed by a jacket through which the combustion air is passed for preheating. The entire length and breadth of the firebox is open and merges into a flue gas plenum with heat exchangers. The heat is extracted from the flue gases essentially only by these heat exchangers arranged in the flue gas collecting space. In this boiler too, the uncooled hot combustion chamber inside the combustion chamber very quickly reaches a very high temperature, so that there is a strong conversion of the atmospheric nitrogen into NO x and the exhaust gases have a high proportion of harmful nitrogen oxides.

Aus der DE-PS 32 05 121 ist es schließlich bekannt, die Wand des Feuerraums eines Heizkessels aus einer Blechdoppellage zu bilden, wobei sich die innere und die äußere Wandlage nur bereichsweise berühren, um den Wärmedurchgang von der inneren zur äußeren Wandlage zu verringern. Die innere Wandlage nimmt dadurch eine relativ hohe Temperatur an, während die äußere Wandlage durch den koaxial umschließenden Wassermantel des Heizkessels gekühlt wird.From DE-PS 32 05 121 it is finally known to form the wall of the combustion chamber of a boiler from a sheet metal layer, the inner and outer wall layers touching only in regions to reduce the heat transfer from the inner to the outer wall layer. The inner wall layer thereby takes on a relatively high temperature, while the outer wall layer is cooled by the coaxially surrounding water jacket of the boiler.

Die Verringerung des Wärmeübergangs von der inneren Wandlage zur äußeren Wandlage ist bei diesem Heizkessel problematisch, da bei einem zu geringen Wärmeübergang eine wirtschaftliche Erwärmung des die äußere Wandlage kühlenden Wassermantels nicht möglich ist, während bei zu starkem Wärmeübergang eine Unterkühlung der inneren Wandlage und damit der Flamme mit den oben beschriebenen Nachteilen auftritt. Da die Feuerraumwand zur Wärmeübertragung auf das Heizungswasser dient, kann auch dieser Heizkessel nur mit im wesentlichen konstanter Brennerleistung betrieben werden. Eine Absenkung der Brennerleistung zur Anpassung an einen verringerten Wärmebedarf ist insbesondere im Dauerbetrieb nicht möglich, da eine Unterkühlung der Flamme an der gekühlten Feuerraumwand auftritt.The reduction of the heat transfer from the inner wall layer to the outer wall layer is problematic with this boiler, since if the heat transfer is too low, the water jacket cooling the outer wall layer cannot be economically heated, while if the heat transfer is too strong, the inner wall layer and thus the flame will be hypothermic with the disadvantages described above. Since the combustion chamber wall serves to transfer heat to the heating water, this boiler too can only be operated with an essentially constant burner output. Lowering the burner output to adapt to a reduced heat requirement is not possible, especially in continuous operation, since the flame on the cooled combustion chamber wall is subcooled.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Heizkessel zu schaffen, der bei möglichst rückstandsloser Verbrennung der fossilen Brennstoffe einen möglichst geringen NOx-Anteil der Abgase aufweist, vorzugsweise auch bei einer Anpassung der Brennerleistung an einen sich ändernden Wärmebedarf.The invention has for its object to provide a boiler which has at residue free as possible combustion of fossil fuels the lowest possible NO x moiety of the exhaust gases, preferably also in an adjustment of the burner output in a changing heat demand.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Heizkessels gemäß der in Anspruch 1 genanten Gattung erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch die Merkmale des kennzeichnenden Teils des Patentanspruchs 1 und bei einem Heizkessel der in den Patentansprüchen 6 und 12 genannten Gattung erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch die Merkmale des kennzeichnenden Teils dieser Patentansprüche.This object is achieved according to the invention in a method for operating a boiler according to the type mentioned in claim 1 by the features of the characterizing part of patent claim 1 and in a boiler which is mentioned in claims 6 and 12 Genus solved according to the invention by the features of the characterizing part of these claims.

Vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung sind in den jeweils rückbezogenen Unteransprüchen angegeben.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the respective subordinate claims.

Der wesentliche Gedanke der Erfindung besteht darin, den Verbrennungsgasen die Wärme nicht an der Feuerraumwand, sondern praktisch ausschließlich an den Wärmetauschern des Rauchgassammelraums zu entziehen und die Wand des Feuerraums wird nur ganz wenig zu kühlen, wobei diese Kühlung so bemessen ist, daß die Temperatur an der Innenseite der Wand des Feuerraums auch im Dauerbetrieb bei voller Brennerleistung nicht über etwa 600°C ansteigt. Diese sanfte Kühlung der Feuerraumwand bewirkt, daß die Verbrennungsgase am Rand der Brennerflamme sehr schnell auf eine Temperatur abgekühlt werden, bei welcher praktisch keine nennenswerte NOx-Bildung auftritt. Da die Kühlung der Feuerraumwand jedoch nicht dem Zwecke der Erwärmung des Heizungs- oder Brauchwassers dient, wird die Kühlung so gering gehalten, daß auch bei einem Absenken der Brennerleistung eine Unterkühlung der Verbrennungsgase an der Feuerraumwand nicht auftritt. Die Brennerleistung kann daher auf etwa 1/10 der maximalen Leistung abgesenkt werden, ohne daß die Kühlung der Wand des Feuerraums zu einer Abkühlung der Verbrennungsgase unter die Temperatur von etwa 180°C führt, bei welcher die Verbrennung der Brennstoffe nicht mehr vollständig erfolgt. Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Heizkessel kann die Brennerleistung daher in einem sehr großen Bereich von vorzugsweise 1 zu 10 variiert werden, ohne daß im Bereich niedriger Brennerleistung eine unvollständige Verbrennung und Kondensation an der Wand des Feuerraums auftritt und ohne daß im Bereich hoher Brennerleistung der NOx-Gehalt der Abgase ansteigt. Mit den Wärmetauschern, durch welche die Verbrennungswärme abgeführt wird, kommen die heißen Verbrennungsgase erst dann in Berührung, wenn sie den Feuerraum bereits verlassen haben und in den Rauchgassammelraum eingetreten sind. Die Abkühlung der Verbrennungsgase an den Wärmetauschern kann also keine Abkühlung der Flamme verursachen.The main idea of the invention is to extract the heat from the combustion gases not on the combustion chamber wall, but practically exclusively on the heat exchangers of the flue gas collecting space, and the wall of the combustion chamber will be cooled only very little, this cooling being dimensioned so that the temperature rises the inside of the wall of the combustion chamber does not rise above about 600 ° C even in continuous operation with full burner output. This gentle cooling of the combustion chamber wall causes the combustion gases at the edge of the burner flame to be cooled very quickly to a temperature at which practically no appreciable formation of NO x occurs. However, since the cooling of the combustion chamber wall does not serve the purpose of heating the heating or service water, the cooling is kept so low that undercooling of the combustion gases on the combustion chamber wall does not occur even when the burner output is reduced. The burner output can therefore be reduced to approximately 1/10 of the maximum output without the cooling of the wall of the combustion chamber leading to a cooling of the combustion gases below the temperature of approximately 180 ° C., at which the combustion of the fuels no longer takes place completely. In the boiler according to the invention, the burner output can therefore be varied within a very large range, preferably from 1 to 10, without the burner output being in the range of low an incomplete combustion and condensation occurs on the wall of the combustion chamber and without the NO x content of the exhaust gases increasing in the area of high burner output. The hot combustion gases only come into contact with the heat exchangers through which the combustion heat is removed when they have already left the combustion chamber and have entered the flue gas collecting chamber. The cooling of the combustion gases at the heat exchangers can therefore not cause the flame to cool down.

Da der Feuerraum nicht dazu dient, den Verbrennungsgasen eine größere Wärmemenge zur Wassererwärmung zu entziehen, kann der Feuerraum ein besonders kleines Volumen aufweisen. Es muß nur so groß ausgebildet sein, daß er im wesentlichen gerade die Flamme des Brenners umschließt. Das kleine Volumen des Feuerraumes bringt zusätzlich eine Verkürzung der Verweilzeit der Verbrennungsgase in Flammennähe und damit eine weitere Verringerung der NOx-Erzeugung mit sich. Der Feuerraum umschließt die Flamme des Brenners an drei Längsseiten und an der dem Brenner gegenüberliegenden Stirnseite, während er an der vierten Längsseite gegen den Rauchgassammelraum offen ist. Diese Umschließung der Flamme durch den Feuerraum bewirkt eine Rezirkulation der heißen Verbrennungsgase gegen die Flammenrichtung nach Art der Umkehrflamme bei Heizkesseln mit heißer Brennkammer. Die seitliche Öffnung des Feuerraums zum Rauchgassammelraum hin bewirkt jedoch zusätzlich eine Zirkulation der Verbrennungsgase um eine zur Flamme parallele Achse, so daß sich in dem Feuerraum beiderseits der Flamme zwei gegen die Flammenrichtung schraubenförmig zirkulierend strömende Walzen der Verbrennungsgase bilden. Durch diese Zirkulation werden die Verbrennungsgase an der vorzugsweise tonnenförmig gewölbten Längswand des Feuerraums entlanggeführt und dabei sanft abgekühlt, so daß ihre Temperatur nicht über die Temperatur ansteigt, bei welcher die NOx-Bildung verstärkt einsetzt. Durch die walzenförmige Zirkulation werden die an der Feuerraumwand gekühlten Gase teilweise wieder in den Kern der Flamme zurückgeführt, so daß eine vollständige rückstandslose Verbrennung der fossilen Brennstoffe gewährleistet ist. Ein Teil der zirkulierenden Gase strömt kontinuierlich zu den Wärmetauschern in dem Rauchgassammelraum.Since the combustion chamber is not used to extract a larger amount of heat from the combustion gases for water heating, the combustion chamber can have a particularly small volume. It only has to be so large that it essentially encloses the flame of the burner. The small volume of the combustion chamber also shortens the residence time of the combustion gases near the flame and thus further reduces the NO x generation. The combustion chamber encloses the flame of the burner on three long sides and on the end face opposite the burner, while it is open on the fourth long side against the flue gas collecting space. This flame surrounds the flame through the recirculation of the hot combustion gases against the direction of the flame in the manner of the reverse flame in boilers with a hot combustion chamber. However, the lateral opening of the combustion chamber towards the flue gas collection chamber additionally causes the combustion gases to circulate about an axis parallel to the flame, so that two cylinders of the combustion gases circulating helically against the flame direction form in the combustion chamber on both sides of the flame. As a result of this circulation, the combustion gases are guided along the preferably barrel-shaped longitudinal wall of the combustion chamber and gently cooled in the process, so that their temperature does not rise above the temperature at which NO x formation begins to increase. Due to the roller-shaped circulation, the gases cooled on the combustion chamber wall are partially returned to the core of the flame, so that a complete residue-free combustion of the fossil fuels is guaranteed. A part of the circulating gases continuously flows to the heat exchangers in the flue gas collecting space.

Der Rauchgassammelraum ist vorzugsweise unterhalb des Feuerraums angeordnet. Dadurch wird die Strömung der an dem Wärmetauscher zunehmend abgekühlten Rauchgase begünstigt und insbesondere ist eine vorteilhafte Kondensatabführung am Boden des Rauchgassammelraumes möglich, wenn der Heizkessel als sogenannter Brennwertkessel ausgebildet ist, bei welchem die Abgase an der Austrittsseite des Wärmetauschers bis unter den Taupunkt abgekühlt werden, so daß der in den Abgasen enthaltene Wasserdampf mit den verbleibenden Schadstoff (insbesondere Schwefeloxide, Asche, Heizölrückstände) kondensiert und abgeschieden wird. Die Wärmetauscher, die vorzugsweise als Rohrregister den Rauchgassammelraum durchsetzen, können mit relativ geringer Wärmekapazität ausgebildet sein, so daß der Heizkessel mit geringer Trägheit und geringen Energieverlusten reagiert.The flue gas collecting space is preferably arranged below the combustion chamber. As a result, the flow of the flue gases increasingly cooled at the heat exchanger is favored and, in particular, an advantageous condensate discharge at the bottom of the flue gas collecting space is possible if the boiler is designed as a so-called condensing boiler, in which the flue gases on the outlet side of the heat exchanger are cooled to below the dew point that the water vapor contained in the exhaust gases is condensed and separated with the remaining pollutant (in particular sulfur oxides, ash, fuel oil residues). The heat exchangers, which preferably pass through the flue gas collecting space as pipe registers, can be designed with a relatively low heat capacity, so that the boiler reacts with low inertia and low energy losses.

Die Wand des Feuerraums ist mit geringer Wärmekapazität dünnwandig und zumindest an der Innenseite korrosionsbeständig ausgebildet. Die geringe Wärmekapazität bewirkt eine minimale Trägheit der Feuerraumwand, so daß diese beim Zünden des Brenners innerhalb von Sekunden auf die gewünschte optimale Temperatur zwischen etwa 300 und 500°C gelangt. Auch beim Brennerstart ist daher die Unterkühlung der Flamme und der damit verbundene Schadstoffausstoß minimal. Da erfindungsgemäß vor allem aber auch die Brennerleistung ohne nachteiligen Einfluß auf den Wirkungsgrad und den Schadstoffgehalt der Abgase variiert werden kann, kann die Brennerleistung bei geringerem Wärmebedarf reduziert werden, so daß auch die Zahl der Brennerstarts erheblich verringert werden kann.The wall of the combustion chamber is thin-walled with a low heat capacity and is corrosion-resistant at least on the inside. The low heat capacity causes a minimal inertia of the combustion chamber wall, so that it reaches the desired optimal temperature between about 300 and 500 ° C within seconds when the burner is ignited. The supercooling of the flame and the associated pollutant emissions are therefore minimal even when the burner is started. Since, according to the invention, the burner output can also be varied without adversely affecting the efficiency and the pollutant content of the exhaust gases, the burner output can be reduced with less heat, so that the number of burner starts can be reduced considerably.

Die erfindungsgemäß geforderte korrosionsbeständige, sanft gekühlte Feuerraumwand mit geringer Wärmekapazität kann in unterschiedlicher Weise realisiert werden.The corrosion-resistant, gently cooled firebox wall with low heat capacity required according to the invention can be implemented in different ways.

Die Wand des Feuerraums kann aus zwei Wandlagen bestehen. Die innere Wandlage ist dabei dünnwandig und besteht aus einem korrosionsfesten Material, vorzugsweise aus einem Stahlblech mit einer Stärke von etwa 0,5 bis 2,5 mm oder aus einem dünnwandigen keramischen Material. Die äußere Wandlage ist vorzugweise lose auf der inneren Wandlage angeordnet und mit einer Vorspannung unter gleichmäßigem Anpreßdruck an der inneren Wandlage gehalten. Die äußere Wandlage besteht vorzugsweise aus einem Kupfer- oder Aluminiumblech mit einer Wandstärke von etwa 0,5 bis 1,5 mm, auf welchem zur Kühlung wasserführende Rohrschlangen aufgelötet oder aufgeschweißt sind oder als eingeprägte Wasserkanäle ausgebildet sind. Die lösbar über die innere Wandlage gespannte äußere Wandlage hat den Vorteil, daß die äußere Wandlage ausgetauscht werden kann, um ihre Kühlleistung dem Brenner anzupassen. Außerdem kann die Kühlleistung gesteuert werden, indem der Anpreßdruck der äußeren Wandlage gegen die innere Wandlage, z. B. durch hydraulische Regulierung der Vorspannung, variiert wird. Mit zunehmendem Anpreßdruck nimmt die Berührungsfläche zwischen der inneren und der äußeren Wandlage und damit der Wärmeübergang für die Kühlung zu. Das gut wärmeleitende Material der äußeren Wandlage bewirkt eine gleichmäßige Kühlung der gesamten Wand des Feuerraums trotz der geringen Anzahl der im gegenseitigem Abstand angeordneten Rohrschlangen.The wall of the firebox can consist of two layers. The inner wall layer is thin-walled and consists of a corrosion-resistant material, preferably of a steel sheet with a thickness of about 0.5 to 2.5 mm or of a thin-walled ceramic material. The outer wall layer is preferably loosely arranged on the inner wall layer and held on the inner wall layer with a pretension under uniform contact pressure. The outer wall layer preferably consists of a copper or aluminum sheet with a wall thickness of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 mm, on which water-carrying coils are soldered or welded for cooling or are formed as embossed water channels. The outer one releasably stretched over the inner wall layer Wall position has the advantage that the outer wall position can be replaced in order to adapt its cooling capacity to the burner. In addition, the cooling capacity can be controlled by the contact pressure of the outer wall layer against the inner wall layer, for. B. is varied by hydraulic regulation of the bias. With increasing contact pressure, the contact area between the inner and outer wall layer and thus the heat transfer for cooling increases. The good heat-conducting material of the outer wall layer ensures uniform cooling of the entire wall of the combustion chamber despite the small number of coils arranged at a mutual distance.

In einer anderen Ausführungsform kann die Wand des Feuerraums auch aus Gußmaterial, z. B. Gußeisen, bestehen, wobei das Kühlwasser führende Wasserkanäle angegossen sind, die in geringer Anzahl im gegenseitigen Abstand angeordnet sind.In another embodiment, the wall of the firebox can also be made of cast material, e.g. B. cast iron exist, the cooling water leading water channels are cast, which are arranged in small numbers at a mutual distance.

Wird die Brennerleistung während des Betriebs zur Anpassung an einen unterschiedlichen Wärmebedarf in einem größeren Bereich variiert, so ist es vorteilhaft, auch die Kühlung der Feuerraumwand anzupassen, um deren Temperatur möglichst auf dem optimalen Wert von etwa 400 bis 500°C zu halten. Hierzu kann der Flüssigkeitsdurchsatz durch die das Kühlwasser führenden Wasserkanäle gesteuert werden.If the burner output is varied over a wide range during operation to adapt to a different heat requirement, it is advantageous to also adapt the cooling of the combustion chamber wall in order to keep its temperature as optimal as possible from about 400 to 500 ° C. For this purpose, the liquid throughput can be controlled through the water channels carrying the cooling water.

Zur Kühlung der Feuerraumwand wird vorzugsweise Wasser verwendet, welches bereits in den Wärmetauschern, vorzugsweise in dem brennerfernsten Wärmetauscher vorgewärmt ist. Dies ergibt sich daraus, daß die Feuerraumwand nicht für die Wassererwärmung vorgesehen ist, sondern nur sanft gekühlt werden soll, um die Wandtemperatur nicht zu stark ansteigen zu lassen.Water is preferably used to cool the combustion chamber wall, which is already preheated in the heat exchangers, preferably in the heat exchanger furthest from the burner is. This results from the fact that the combustion chamber wall is not intended for heating water, but should only be cooled gently so that the wall temperature does not rise too much.

Die unter dem Feuerraum angeordneten Wärmetauscher sind vorzugsweise so ausgebildet, daß sie die Verbrennungsgase nur von oben nach unten führen und keine waagerechten Züge für die Verbrennungsgase aufweisen. Außer den günstigen Strömungsverhältnissen für die Verbrennungsgase hat dies den Vorteil, daß sich evtl. Verbrennungsrückstände, wie Ruß und dgl., nicht an den Wärmetauschern ablagern können, sondern durch die Wärmetauscher hindurch nach unten fallen, so daß sie zusammen mit dem Kondensat gesammelt und entsorgt werden. Die Wirksamkeit der Wärmetauscher wird deshalb nicht durch Ablagerungen beeinträchtigt.The heat exchangers arranged under the combustion chamber are preferably designed such that they only guide the combustion gases from top to bottom and have no horizontal trains for the combustion gases. In addition to the favorable flow conditions for the combustion gases, this has the advantage that any combustion residues, such as soot and the like, cannot deposit on the heat exchangers, but fall down through the heat exchangers, so that they are collected and disposed of together with the condensate will. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is therefore not affected by deposits.

Der an seiner Unterseite offene Feueraum und die vertikale Führung der Verbrennungsgase in den Wärmetauschern ermöglicht eine besonders einfache Reinigung des Heizkessels. Es kann oben im Feuerraum eine Sprüheinrichtung für eine Reinigungsflüssigkeit, vorzugsweise Wasser, vorgesehen sein, durch welche die Reinigungflüssigkeit in den Feuerraum eingesprüht werden kann. Die Reinigungsflüssigkeit spült dabei sowohl die Wand des Feuerraums als auch die Wärmetauscher ab und fließt durch die Wärmetauscher nach unten ab, wo sie aufgefangen und entsorgt wird. Der gesamte Heizkessel kann auf diese Weise bei Bedarf oder automatisch in vorgegebenen Zeitintervallen in äußerst einfacher Weise gereinigt werden, ohne daß manuelle Reinigungsarbeiten oder sogar eine teilweise Demontage des Heizkessels notwendig sind.The open firebox on the underside and the vertical guidance of the combustion gases in the heat exchangers make the boiler particularly easy to clean. A spray device for a cleaning liquid, preferably water, can be provided at the top of the combustion chamber, through which the cleaning liquid can be sprayed into the combustion chamber. The cleaning liquid rinses both the wall of the Combustion chamber as well as the heat exchanger and flows down through the heat exchanger, where it is collected and disposed of. The entire boiler can be cleaned in this way if necessary or automatically at predetermined time intervals in an extremely simple manner, without manual cleaning work or even a partial disassembly of the boiler is necessary.

Die Wand des Rauchgassammelraumes kann mit der Wand des Feuerraums, bei einer doppellagigen Wand des Feuerraums mit der inneren Wandlage einstückig hergestellt werden. Da der Feuerraum von dem Wärmetauscher und dem Rauchgassammelraum funktionsmäßig völlig getrennt ist, ist es auch möglich, den Wärmetauscher und den Rauchgassammelraum als selbständige Bauteile auszubilden, die gas- und wasserdicht lösbar mit dem Feuerraum verbunden werden. Dadurch kann in besonders einfacher Weise ein den jeweiligen Anforderungen angepaßter Wärmetauscher in Verbindung mit einem Feuerraum verwendet werden, der für ein breites Spektrum von Anwendungsfällen einheitlich serienmäßig hergestellt werden kann. Außerdem ist es möglich, den Feuerraum ohne sonstige Änderungen des Heizkessels auszutauschen, wenn dies zur Anpassung an eine zukünftige Verbesserung der Brennerkonstruktion zweckmäßig ist. Schließlich hat dies den Vorteil, daß der Feuerraum auch in Verbindung mit Wärmetauschern und Rauchgassammelräumen anderer Hersteller verwendet werden kann.The wall of the flue gas collecting space can be produced in one piece with the wall of the combustion chamber, and in the case of a double-layer wall of the combustion chamber with the inner wall layer. Since the combustion chamber is functionally completely separate from the heat exchanger and the flue gas collection chamber, it is also possible to design the heat exchanger and the flue gas collection chamber as separate components which are detachably connected to the combustion chamber in a gas-tight and water-tight manner. As a result, a heat exchanger adapted to the respective requirements can be used in a particularly simple manner in connection with a combustion chamber, which can be produced in series for a wide range of applications. It is also possible to replace the firebox without any other changes to the boiler if this is appropriate to adapt to a future improvement in the burner design. Finally, this has the advantage that the firebox can also be used in connection with heat exchangers and flue gas plenums from other manufacturers.

Bei Heizkesselleistungen bis ca. 40 kW kann der Feuerraum ein Volumen von vorzugsweise ca. 6 bis 12 dm³ haben. Das Verhältnis Länge zu Breite liegt dabei vorzugsweise zwischen 1,5 und 1,0, während das Verhältnis von Länge zu Höhe des Feuerraumes vorzugsweise im Bereich zwischen 2,0 und 1,0 liegt. Bei diesen Abmessungen ergibt sich eine besonders günstige Ausbildung der zirkulierenden Verbrennungsgaswalzen und ein günstiges Verhältnis von walzenförmig in die Flamme rückzirkulierenden Verbrennungsgasen zu in den Rauchgassammelraum austretenden Verbrennungsgasen.With boiler outputs up to approx. 40 kW, the combustion chamber can have a volume of preferably approx. 6 to 12 dm³. The length to width ratio is preferably between 1.5 and 1.0, while the ratio length to height of the firebox is preferably in the range between 2.0 and 1.0. With these dimensions, there is a particularly favorable design of the circulating combustion gas rollers and a favorable ratio of combustion gases recirculating in the flame to the combustion gases exiting into the flue gas collecting space.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Figur 1 -
schematisch einen Längsschnitt des Heizkessels mit Darstellung der Zirkulationsströmung der Verbrennungsgase,
Figur 2 -
schematisch einen Querschnitt des Heizkessels mit Darstellung der Zirkulationsströmung der Verbrennungsgase,
Figur 3 -
schematisch einen Querschnitt des Heizkessels mit äußerer Wandlage,
Figur 4 und 5 -
unterschiedliche Ausführungen der Rohrschlangen der äußeren Wandschale,
Figur 6 -
einen Querschnitt einer zweiten Ausführungsform,
Figur 7 -
einen Querschnitt einer dritten Ausführungsform,
Figur 8 -
einen Querschnitt einer vierten Ausführungsform,
Figur 9 -
einen Querschnitt einer fünften Ausführungsform.
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing. Show it:
Figure 1 -
schematically shows a longitudinal section of the boiler showing the circulation flow of the combustion gases,
Figure 2 -
schematically shows a cross section of the boiler showing the circulation flow of the combustion gases,
Figure 3 -
schematically a cross section of the boiler with the outer wall layer,
Figure 4 and 5 -
different versions of the coils of the outer wall shell,
Figure 6 -
3 shows a cross section of a second embodiment,
Figure 7 -
3 shows a cross section of a third embodiment,
Figure 8 -
3 shows a cross section of a fourth embodiment,
Figure 9 -
a cross section of a fifth embodiment.

Wie in den Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellt ist, besteht der Heizkessel aus einem tonnenförmig gewölbten Feuerraum 1, der an seinen beiden axialen Stirnseiten geschlossen ist. Mittig in einer Stirnwand ist eine Öffnung 9 vorgesehen, in welcher ein Preßluft-Öl- oder Gasgebläsebrenner (nach DIN 4788, Teil 2 bis 5) eingesetzt werden kann. Die Flamme 10 des Brenners brennt dabei horizontal in axialer Richtung in den Feuerraum 1.As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the boiler consists of a barrel-shaped, curved combustion chamber 1, which is closed on its two axial end faces. In the middle of an end wall there is an opening 9 in which a compressed air oil or gas blower burner (according to DIN 4788, parts 2 to 5) can be used. The flame 10 of the burner burns horizontally in the axial direction into the combustion chamber 1.

An der Unterseite ist der Feuerraum 1 über seine gesamte axiale Länge offen und geht in einen Rauchgassammelraum 11 über, der die gleiche Länge und Breite wie der Feuerraum 1 aufweist. Die offene Durchtrittsfläche zwischen dem Feuerraum und dem Rauchgassammelraum 11 beträgt etwa 1/3 bis 1/4 der gesamten Mantelumfangsfläche des Feuerraums 1. Der Rauchgassammelraum 11 wird von einem Wärmetauscher 12 horizontal durchsetzt, der die Form eines Rohrregisters aufweist. Unterhalb des Wärmetauschers 12 ist ein Abzugstutzen 13 vorgesehen, über den der Rauchgassammelraum 11 an einen Kamin angeschlossen werden kann.At the bottom, the combustion chamber 1 is open over its entire axial length and merges into a flue gas collecting chamber 11, which has the same length and width as the combustion chamber 1. The open passage area between the combustion chamber and the flue gas collection space 11 is approximately 1/3 to 1/4 of the entire circumferential surface of the casing of the fire space 1. The flue gas collection space 11 is penetrated horizontally by a heat exchanger 12, which has the shape of a pipe register. Below the heat exchanger 12 there is an outlet 13 through which the flue gas collecting space 11 can be connected to a chimney.

Die Länge des Feuerraumes 11 beträgt etwa das 1,5- bis 1,0fache seiner Breite und etwa das 2,0- bis 1,0fache seiner Höhe. Das gesamte Volumen des Feuerraums 1 beträgt ca. 6 bis 12 dm³.The length of the combustion chamber 11 is approximately 1.5 to 1.0 times its width and approximately 2.0 to 1.0 times its height. The total volume of combustion chamber 1 is approximately 6 to 12 dm³.

Im dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Figuren 1 bis 3 werden der Feuerraum 1 und der Rauchgassammelraum 11 gasdicht von einer gemeinsamen Wand 4 umschlossen, die aus einem 0,5 bis 2,5 mm starken Stahlblech besteht. Im Bereich des Feuerraumes 1 ist außen auf der Wand 4 eine äußere Wandlage 5 angeordnet, die sich in loser Berührung an die Stirnflächen und die Umfangsmantelflächen der Wand 4 anlegt. Die äußere Wandlage 5 ist mittels Schrauben oder Zapfen 14 im Bereich des unteren Randes des Feuerraums 1 an der Wand 4 festgelegt. Die äußere Wandlage 5 besteht aus einem Kupfer- oder Aluminium-Blech einer Stärke von 0,5 bis 1,5 mm. Sie ist von den Befestigungspunkten durch die Schrauben oder Zapfen 14 ausgehend in zwei Teilen nach oben über den Feuerraum 1 geführt und wird z. B. oben auf dem Scheitel des Feuerraums 1 durch Bolzen 15 zusammengehalten. Auf den Bolzen 15 sitzende Federn 8 spannen die äußere Wandlage 5 über die Wand 4 und bewirken einen Anpreßdruck der äußeren Wandlage 5 gegen die Wand 4, der zu einer bereichsweisen wärmeleitenden Berührung zwischen der Wand 4 und der äußeren Wandlage 5 führt. Eine Verstärkung des Druckes der Federn 8 bewirkt eine großflächigere Berührung und damit einen besseren Wärmeübergang zwischen der Wand 4 und der äußeren Wandlage 5, während ein schwächerer Druck der Federn 8 zu einer geringeren Berührung und einem schlechterem Wärmeübergang führt. Anstelle von Federn 8 können auch vorzugsweise hydraulisch steuerbare Spannmittel vorgesehen sein, die die äußere Wandlage 5 mit einstellbarem Anpreßdruck und damit mit einstellbarem Wärmeübergang über die Wand 4 spannen.In the exemplary embodiment in FIGS. 1 to 3, the combustion chamber 1 and the flue gas collecting chamber 11 are enclosed in a gas-tight manner by a common wall 4 which consists of a 0.5 to 2.5 mm thick steel sheet. In the area of the combustion chamber 1, an outer wall layer 5 is arranged on the outside of the wall 4, which lies in loose contact with the end faces and the peripheral surface areas of the wall 4. The outer wall layer 5 is fixed to the wall 4 by means of screws or pins 14 in the region of the lower edge of the combustion chamber 1. The outer wall layer 5 consists of a copper or aluminum sheet with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm. It is guided from the attachment points by the screws or pins 14 in two parts upwards over the combustion chamber 1 and z. B. held together at the top of the top of the combustion chamber 1 by bolts 15. Springs 8 seated on the bolts 15 tension the outer wall layer 5 over the wall 4 and cause a contact pressure of the outer wall layer 5 against the wall 4, which leads to a regionally heat-conducting contact between the wall 4 and the outer wall layer 5. An increase in the pressure of the springs 8 causes a larger contact and thus a better heat transfer between the wall 4 and the outer wall layer 5, while a weaker pressure of the springs 8 leads to less contact and poorer heat transfer. Instead of springs 8, preferably hydraulically controllable tensioning means can also be provided, which tension the outer wall layer 5 with an adjustable contact pressure and thus with an adjustable heat transfer over the wall 4.

Auf der äußeren Wandlage sind mäanderförmige Rohrschlangen 7 angeordnet, die in gleichmäßiger Verteilung mit gegenseitigem Abstand auf den Stirn- und Mantelflächen der äußeren Wandlage 5 verlaufen. Der gegenseitige Abstand der einzelnen Windungen der Rohrschlangen 7 wird nach der erforderlichen Kühlleistung bemessen. Die Rohrschlangen 7 können auf die äußere Wandlage 5 aufgelötet und aufgeschweißt sein, wie dies in Figur 4 dargestellt ist und runden oder ovalen Querschnitt aufweisen, wie dies in Figur 4 durch die Querschnitte 7 bzw. 7ʹ dargestellt ist. Die äußere Wandlage kann auch ein zweischaliges Blech mit eingeprägten Kanälen als Rohrschlangen 7ʺ sein, wie dies in Figur 5 angedeutet ist.On the outer wall layer meandering coils 7 are arranged, which are evenly distributed run at a mutual distance on the end and outer surfaces of the outer wall layer 5. The mutual distance between the individual turns of the coils 7 is measured according to the required cooling capacity. The coils 7 can be soldered and welded onto the outer wall layer 5, as shown in FIG. 4, and have a round or oval cross section, as shown in FIG. 4 by the cross sections 7 and 7 '. The outer wall layer can also be a double-skin sheet with embossed channels as coils 7ʺ, as is indicated in FIG. 5.

Durch die Rohrschlangen 7 wird ein Kühlmittel geleitet, wozu vorzugsweise ein Bruchteil des in dem Wärmetauscher 12 vorgewärmten Wassers verwendet wird, das über ein Regelventil 6 in steuerbarer Durchflußmenge abgezweigt wird.A coolant is passed through the coils 7, for which purpose a fraction of the water preheated in the heat exchanger 12 is preferably used, which is branched off in a controllable flow rate via a control valve 6.

Wie aus den Figuren 1 und 2 zu erkennen ist, strömen die heißen Verbrennungsgase der Flamme 10 in einer axialen Rezirkulationsströmung 2 gegen die Richtung der Flamme 10 zurück . Diese Rezirkulation kann noch durch eine in Figur 1 angedeutete Auswölbung 16 der dem Brenner gegenüberliegenden Stirnwand des Feuerraumes 1 begünstigt werden. Aufgrund der asymmetrischen Öffnung des Feuerraumes 1 gegen den Rauchgassammelraum 11 erhalten die axial zurückströmenden Verbrennungsgase zusätzlich eine Bewegungskomponente in radialer Richtung, die vor allem die von der Flamme 10 nach oben strömenden Verbrennungsgase entlang der gekühlten Feuerraumwand 4 nach unten führt. Ein Teil der auf diese Weise mit der radialen Zirkulationsströmung 3 nach unten geführten Verbrennungsgase strömt durch den Wärmetauscher 12 in den Rauchgassammelraum 11, während der andere Teil durch die walzenförmige Zirkulation 3 wieder in die Flamme 10 zurückgeführt wird.As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the hot combustion gases of the flame 10 flow back in an axial recirculation flow 2 against the direction of the flame 10. This recirculation can be further promoted by a bulge 16, indicated in FIG. 1, in the end wall of the combustion chamber 1 opposite the burner. Due to the asymmetrical opening of the combustion chamber 1 against the flue gas collecting chamber 11, the combustion gases flowing back axially additionally receive a movement component in the radial direction, which primarily leads the combustion gases flowing upwards from the flame 10 along the cooled combustion chamber wall 4 downwards. A part of the combustion gases guided downward in this way with the radial circulation flow 3 flows through the heat exchanger 12 into the flue gas collecting space 11, while the other part is fed back into the flame 10 by the roller-shaped circulation 3.

Durch die axiale Rezirkulation mit der walzenförmigen Drehung beiderseits der Flamme 10 entlang der gekühlten Wand 4 ergibt sich einerseits eine ausreichende Rückführung der Verbrennungsgase in die Flamme 10, um eine vollständige Verbrennung zu gewährleisten, und andererseits eine gewisse Kühlung der in die Flamme zurückgeführten Verbrennungsgase, die eine zu hohe Flammentemperatur verhindert und damit der NOx-Bildung entgegenwirkt. Der ständig nach unten in den Rauchgassammelraum strömende Anteil der heißen Verbrennungsgase bewirkt in Verbindung mit dem kleinen Volumen des Feuerraums 1 eine kurze Verweilzeit der Verbrennungsgase im Feuerraum 1, was ebenfalls die Entstehung von NOx in den Abgasen entgegenwirkt.The axial recirculation with the cylindrical rotation on both sides of the flame 10 along the cooled wall 4 results on the one hand in sufficient return of the combustion gases into the flame 10 to ensure complete combustion, and on the other hand a certain cooling of the combustion gases returned to the flame Too high a flame temperature prevents and thus counteracts the NO x formation. The portion of the hot combustion gases flowing continuously downward into the flue gas collecting space, in conjunction with the small volume of the combustion chamber 1, causes the combustion gases in the combustion chamber 1 to dwell briefly, which likewise counteracts the formation of NO x in the exhaust gases.

In Figur 6 ist eine zweite Ausführungsform des Heizkessels dargestellt. In dieser Ausführungsform ist der Feuerraum 1 mit seiner Wand 4 ein gesondertes Bauteil, das mittels Schraubbolzen 14, die auch zur Befestigung der äußeren Wandlage 5 dienen, lösbar mit dem Wärmetauscher 12 verbunden ist. Der Wärmetauscher 12 ist wiederum durch Schraubbolzen 14 lösbar mit dem anschließenden Rauchgassammelraum 11 verbunden . Die Verbindung zwischen dem Feuerraum 1 und dem Wärmetauscher 12 sowie zwischen dem Wärmetauscher 12 und dem Rauchgassammelraum 11 ist gasdicht und flüssigkeitsdicht. Zur Verwendung als Brennwertkessel, bei welchem die Rauchgase unter den Taupunkt abgekühlt werden und kondensieren, ist ein Kondensatablaß 17 im Boden des Rauchgassammelraumes 11 vorgesehen.FIG. 6 shows a second embodiment of the boiler. In this embodiment, the combustion chamber 1 with its wall 4 is a separate component, which is detachably connected to the heat exchanger 12 by means of screw bolts 14, which also serve to fasten the outer wall layer 5. The heat exchanger 12 is in turn detachably connected to the subsequent flue gas collecting space 11 by screw bolts 14. The connection between the combustion chamber 1 and the heat exchanger 12 and between the heat exchanger 12 and the flue gas collecting chamber 11 is gas-tight and liquid-tight. For use as a condensing boiler, in which the flue gases are cooled below the dew point and condense, a condensate drain 17 is provided in the floor of the flue gas collecting space 11.

Figur 7 zeigt ein drittes Ausführungsbeispiel, bei welchem die Wand 4 des Feuerraums 1 aus einem dünnwandigen gegossenen Material, z. B. aus einem Gußmetall oder aus einem keramischen Material besteht. Die Rohrschlangen 7 sind durch an die Wand 4 angegossene Kanäle gebildet. Der Wärmetauscher 12, die Rauchgassammelkammer 11 und die Verbindung des Feuerraumes 1 mit dem Wärmetauscher 12 und des Wärmetauschers 12 mit der Rauchgassammelkammer 11 entsprechen dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Figur 6. Über eine Rücklaufleitung R1 wird das kalte Rücklaufwasser einer Heizungsanlage dem Wärmetauscher 12 zugeführt,wird in diesem erwärmt und über die Vorlaufleitung V1 wieder in die Heizungsanlage eingespeist. Von der Rücklaufleitung R1 ist eine Leitung R2 abgezweigt, über welche ein geringer Teilstrom des kalten Rücklaufwassers zur Kühlung der Feuerraumwand 4 in die Rohrschlangen 7 eingeleitet wird. Eine Vorlaufleitung V2 speist das Kühlwasser nach dem Durchströmen der Rohrschlange 7 in die Vorlaufleitung V1 und damit in die Heizungsanlage. Ein in die Leitung V2 eingesetztes Regelventil 18 steuert die Durchflußmenge des Kühlwassers durch die Rohrschlangen 7 entsprechend der mittels eines Fühlers 19 ermittelten Temperatur des Rücklaufwassers in der Leitung R2. Durch die Steuerung der Durchflußmenge mittels des Regelventils 18 wird gewährleistet, daß die Temperatur innen an der Wand 4 nicht über 600°C ansteigt und bei einer Leistungsabsenkung des Brenners nicht soweit absinkt, daß eine Unterkühlung der Verbrennungsgase im Feuerraum 1 auftritt.Figure 7 shows a third embodiment in which the wall 4 of the combustion chamber 1 made of a thin-walled cast material, for. B. consists of a cast metal or a ceramic material. The coils 7 are formed by channels cast onto the wall 4. The heat exchanger 12, the flue gas collection chamber 11 and the connection of the combustion chamber 1 with the heat exchanger 12 and the heat exchanger 12 with the flue gas collection chamber 11 correspond to the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 6. The cold return water of a heating system is fed to the heat exchanger 12 via a return line R1, in which it is fed heated and fed back into the heating system via the flow line V1. A line R2 is branched off from the return line R1, via which a small partial flow of the cold return water is introduced into the coils 7 for cooling the combustion chamber wall 4. A flow line V2 feeds the cooling water after flowing through the coil 7 into the flow line V1 and thus into the heating system. A control valve 18 inserted in line V2 controls the flow rate of the cooling water through the coils 7 in accordance with the temperature of the return water in line R2 determined by means of a sensor 19. By controlling the flow rate by means of the control valve 18, it is ensured that the temperature inside the wall 4 does not rise above 600 ° C. and, when the burner is reduced in power, does not decrease to such an extent that the combustion gases in the combustion chamber 1 are subcooled.

Figur 8 zeigt eine weitere Ausführungsform, bei welcher die Wand 4 des Feuerraums in gleicher Weise aufgebaut ist, wie bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Figur 7. Im Gegensatz zu dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Figur 7 sind jedoch zwei Wärmetauscher 12 in Strömungsrichtung der Rauchgase hintereinander angeordnet. Dem brennernahen oberen Wärmetauscher 12 wird über die Rücklaufleitung R1 das Rücklaufwasser der Heizungsanlage zugeführt, das nach Erwärmung im Wärmetauscher 12 über die Vorlaufleitung V1 wieder der Heizungsanlage zugeführt wird. Der brennerferne untere Wärmetauscher 12 dient dazu, die bereits am oberen Wärmetauscher abgekühlten Rauchgase weiter bis zur Kondensation abzukühlen, so daß der Heizkessel als Brennwertkessel betrieben werden kann. Um an dem unteren Wärmetauscher 12 die notwendige Abkühlung der Rauchgase unter den Kondensationspunkt zu erreichen, wird dem unteren Wärmetauscher 12 über die Leitung R2 kaltes Wasser aus der untersten kältesten Schicht eines Schichtenspeichers zugeführt. Dieses in dem unteren Wärmetauscher 12 vorgewärmte Wasser wird über die Leitung V2 den Rohrschlangen 7 zur Kühlung der Wand 4 des Feuerraums 1 zugeführt. Auch hier wird die Durchflußmenge durch das Regelventil 18 entsprechend der mittels des Fühlers 19 ermittelten Wassertemperatur in der Rohrleitung V2 eingestellt. Da durch den unteren Wärmetauscher 12 den Rauchgasen für die Kondensation nur noch eine geringe Restwärme entzogen werden muß, muß nur eine geringe Menge des kalten Wassers dem unteren Wärmetauscher 12 zugeführt werden. Diese geringe Durchflußmenge ist ausreichend für die Kühlung der Feuerraumwand 4, da diese nur so wenig gekühlt werden muß, daß die Temperatur an der Innenseite der Wand 4 nicht über etwa 600°C ansteigt.FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment in which the wall 4 of the combustion chamber is constructed in the same way as in the embodiment in FIG. 7. In contrast to the embodiment in FIG however, two heat exchangers 12 are arranged one behind the other in the direction of flow of the flue gases. The return water of the heating system is fed to the upper heat exchanger 12 near the burner via the return line R1 and, after heating in the heat exchanger 12, is returned to the heating system via the flow line V1. The lower heat exchanger 12 remote from the burner serves to further cool the flue gases which have already cooled on the upper heat exchanger until they condense, so that the boiler can be operated as a condensing boiler. In order to achieve the necessary cooling of the flue gases below the condensation point on the lower heat exchanger 12, cold water from the lowest coldest layer of a stratified storage tank is fed to the lower heat exchanger 12 via the line R2. This water, which has been preheated in the lower heat exchanger 12, is fed to the coils 7 for cooling the wall 4 of the combustion chamber 1 via the line V2. The flow rate through the control valve 18 is also set here in accordance with the water temperature in the pipeline V2 determined by the sensor 19. Since only a small amount of residual heat has to be extracted from the flue gases for the condensation by the lower heat exchanger 12, only a small amount of the cold water has to be supplied to the lower heat exchanger 12. This small flow rate is sufficient for cooling the combustion chamber wall 4, since it only has to be cooled so little that the temperature on the inside of the wall 4 does not rise above approximately 600.degree.

Figur 9 zeigt ein fünftes Ausführungsbeispiel des Heizkessels. Um den Heizkessel einfach reinigen zu können, ist oben in dem Feuerraum eine Sprüheinrichtung 22 angeordnet. Diese Sprüheinrichtung 22 besteht aus einer sich in Längsrichtung des Feuerraums 1 erstreckenden hitzebeständigen Rohrleitung mit über den Umfang und die Länge verteilten Austrittsöffnungen für eine Reinigungsflüssigkeit, vorzugsweise Wasser. Zur Reinigung des gesamten Heizkessels wird bei Bedarf oder automatisch in vorgegebenen Zeitintervallen Wasser oder eine sonstige Reinigungsflüssigkeit durch die Sprüheinrichtung 22 versprüht, wie dies in Figur 9 durch Pfeile angedeutet ist. Das Wasser spült evtl. vorhandene Verbrennungsrückstände von der Wand 4 des Feuerraums 1 ab. Da die Führungen für die Verbrennungsgase den Wärmetauscher 12 vertikal von oben nach unten durchsetzen, fließt das eingesprühte Wasser auch von oben nach unten durch den Wärmetauscher 12 und spült auch an diesem evtl. abgelagerte Verbrennungsrückstände ab. Das gesamte Spülwasser von der Wand 4 des Feuerraums 1 und von dem Wärmetauscher 12 mit den abgespülten Verbrennungsrückständen wird unten in der Rauchgassammelkammer 11 aufgefangen und über den Kondensatablaß 17 abgeleitet.Figure 9 shows a fifth embodiment of the boiler. In order to be able to easily clean the boiler, a spray device 22 is arranged at the top in the combustion chamber. This spray device 22 consists of a heat-resistant pipeline extending in the longitudinal direction of the combustion chamber 1 with outlet openings for a cleaning liquid, preferably water, distributed over the circumference and the length. To clean the entire boiler, water or another cleaning liquid is sprayed through the spray device 22 as required or automatically at predetermined time intervals, as is indicated by arrows in FIG. 9. The water rinses off any combustion residues from the wall 4 of the combustion chamber 1. Since the guides for the combustion gases penetrate the heat exchanger 12 vertically from top to bottom, the sprayed-in water also flows from top to bottom through the heat exchanger 12 and also rinses off any combustion residues deposited thereon. All the flushing water from the wall 4 of the combustion chamber 1 and from the heat exchanger 12 with the flushed combustion residues is in the bottom of the flue gas collecting chamber 11 collected and derived via the condensate drain 17.

Claims (21)

  1. A method of operating a boiler comprising a combustion chamber the wall of which is cooled and comprising at least one fan burner the flame of which is directed into the combustion chamber, and having heat exchangers through which the flue gases flow attached to the combustion chamber wherein the heat in the flue gases is removed substantially only by the heat exchangers, characterized in that the wall of the combustion chamber is cooled in dependence on the burner firing rate in such a way that at the maximal burner firing rate the temperature on the inner side of the wall does not exceed ca. 600°C and on reducing the burner firing rate to about 1/10th of the maximal burner firing rate it does not exceed ca. 180°C.
  2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the cooling of the wall of the combustion chamber is controlled during operation in order to adapt it to the varying firing rate.
  3. A method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the wall of the combustion chamber is fluid-cooled, preferably water-cooled, and the cooling is controlled in accordance with the temperature of the cooling fluid.
  4. A method as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the rate at which the cooling fluid flows through is controlled in accordance with the temperature of the cooling fluid.
  5. A method as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the heat transfer from the wall of the combustion chamber to the cooling fluid is controlled in accordance with the temperature of the cooling fluid.
  6. A boiler comprising at least one fan burner and comprising a combustion chamber (1) which contains the flame (10) of the fan burner within a cooled wall (4) and is open over its entire length and breadth on a side substantially parallel to the axis of the flame (10) which side merges into a flue gas collection chamber (11) through which heat exchangers (12) pass, and comprising an outlet connection (13) attached to the flue gas collection chamber (11), characterized in that the wall (4) of the combustion chamber (1) is enclosed by an outer wall layer (5) which bears against the wall (4) as a result of an adjustable pressing force and which comprises coiled tubes (7, 7', 7") spaced apart from one another through which fluid flows, the layer contacting the wall (4) only in places.
  7. A boiler as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the outer wall layer (5) consists of a heat conductive sheet of metal applied loosely against the wall (4).
  8. A boiler as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that the sheet of metal is applied removably against the wall (4).
  9. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that water previously warmed in the heat exchanger (12) flows through the coiled tubes (7, 7', 7").
  10. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the amount of fluid flowing through the coiled tubes (7, 7', 7") can be adjusted in dependence on the burner firing rate by means of a control valve (6).
  11. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the wall (4) of the combustion chamber (1) is made of a corrosion resistant steel sheet or of a ceramic material.
  12. A boiler comprising at least one fan burner and comprising a combustion chamber (1) which contains the flame (10) of the fan burner within a cooled wall (4) and is open over its entire length and breadth on a side substantially parallel to the axis of the flame (10) which side merges into a flue gas collection chamber (11) through which heat exchangers (12) pass, and comprising an outlet connection (13) attached to the flue gas collection chamber (11), characterized in that the wall (4) of the combustion chamber (1) consists of a thin-walled cast material, preferably cast metal, comprising coiled tubes (7), through which fluid flows, integrally cast on arranged spaced apart from one another and in that the amount of fluid flowing through the coiled tubes (7) can be adjusted in dependence on the burner firing rate by means of a control valve (18).
  13. A boiler as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that water previously warmed in the heat exchanger (12) flows through the coiled tubes (7).
  14. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 13, characterized in that the combustion chamber (1) is curved into a barrel shape, the flame (10) of the burner burns substantially in the middle axis of the combustion chamber (1), the flue gas collection chamber is disposed beneath the combustion chamber (1) and the surface area of passage between the combustion chamber (1) and the flue gas collection chamber (11) occupies about 1/4 to 1/3 of the peripheral surface area of the combustion chamber (1).
  15. A boiler as claimed in claim 14, characterized in that the length of the combustion chamber (1) is about 1.5 to 1.0 times its width.
  16. A boiler as claimed in claim 14 or 15, characterized in that the length of the combustion chamber (1) is about 2.0 to 1.0 times its height.
  17. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 16, characterized in that the volume of the combustion chamber (1) is ca. 6 to 12 dm³.
  18. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 17, characterized in that the wall (4) of the combustion chamber (1) encloses the heat exchangers (12) together with the flue gas collection chamber (11) in a gas tight manner.
  19. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 17, characterized in that the wall (4) of the combustion chamber (1) is connected removably to the heat exchangers (12) in a gas tight and liquid tight manner, where preferably the heat exchangers (12) are also connected removably to the flue gas collection chamber (11) in a gas tight and liquid tight manner.
  20. A boiler as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 19, characterized in that the heat exchangers (12) comprise only combustion gas channels leading vertically downwards from above.
  21. A boiler as claimed in claim 20, characterized in that a spraying device (22) is provided in the combustion chamber (1) in order to introduce a cleaning fluid into the boiler.
EP87117187A 1987-01-20 1987-11-21 Heater and process for operating this heater Expired - Lifetime EP0275401B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87117187T ATE72319T1 (en) 1987-01-20 1987-11-21 BOILER AND METHOD OF OPERATING THE BOILER.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3701439A DE3701439C3 (en) 1987-01-20 1987-01-20 Method of operating a boiler and boiler operated according to this method
DE3701439 1987-01-20

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0275401A2 EP0275401A2 (en) 1988-07-27
EP0275401A3 EP0275401A3 (en) 1988-11-09
EP0275401B1 true EP0275401B1 (en) 1992-01-29

Family

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87117187A Expired - Lifetime EP0275401B1 (en) 1987-01-20 1987-11-21 Heater and process for operating this heater

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US (1) US4796569A (en)
EP (1) EP0275401B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE72319T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3701439C3 (en)

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CN107702320A (en) * 2016-09-30 2018-02-16 重庆重锅能源科技有限公司 Energy-saving environmental protection boiler
US20190353402A1 (en) * 2018-05-17 2019-11-21 Dong Yong Hot Water System Inc. Temperature control system of gas-fired water heater

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE72319T1 (en) 1992-02-15
DE3701439A1 (en) 1988-07-28
US4796569A (en) 1989-01-10
EP0275401A3 (en) 1988-11-09
DE3701439C2 (en) 1989-05-24
DE3776543D1 (en) 1992-03-12
EP0275401A2 (en) 1988-07-27
DE3701439C3 (en) 1994-07-28

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