EP0268348A2 - Closed container opener - Google Patents
Closed container opener Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0268348A2 EP0268348A2 EP87305862A EP87305862A EP0268348A2 EP 0268348 A2 EP0268348 A2 EP 0268348A2 EP 87305862 A EP87305862 A EP 87305862A EP 87305862 A EP87305862 A EP 87305862A EP 0268348 A2 EP0268348 A2 EP 0268348A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lip
- container
- lid
- projection
- recess
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
- B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
- B67B7/00—Hand- or power-operated devices for opening closed containers
- B67B7/16—Hand- or power-operated devices for opening closed containers for removing flanged caps, e.g. crown caps
Definitions
- This invention relates to openers for closed containers such as microcentrifuge tubes, and a method of opening a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube.
- Microcentrifuge tubes are small plastic tubes, generally capable of holding 0.4-1.7 cm3 liquid. They are used widely in biotechnology laboratories for handling radioactively labelled chemicals, and as vessels for storing biochemicals, or for performing biochemical reactions. They have tightly fitting lids with a lip, an example of which is shown in the figures. Generally they are opened by pressing upward on the lip, using a thumb or a conventional beer bottle opener.
- This invention features a microcentrifuge tube opener, and method of using the opener, adapted to open a microcentrifuge tube.
- a microcentrifuge tube opener adapted to open a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube, which microcentrifuge tube comprises a container with an opening, and a lid for the container.
- the lid has a lip projection extending past the outer perimeter of the opening, when the lid is placed above the opening, and a downwardly extending annular portion shaped to sealing fit inside the opening.
- the opener comprises a base, having a recess shaped to accept the lip projection, comprising a lower projection below and adjacent to the recess, and an upper projection above and adjacent the recess.
- the lower projection is positioned to engage the lip
- the upper projection is positioned to engage the lid.
- the lid can be moved from the container by positioning the lip in the recess and causing the lower projection to apply pressure to the lip away from the cup and, at the same time causing the upper projection to apply pressure to the lid at a position distant from the lip in a direction toward the container.
- a closed container opener adapted to open a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube comprising a container with a top opening and a lid to seal the opening, the lid comprising a generally circular portion shaped to cover the opening and a lip projecting away from the circular portion, the opener comprising: a head having a recess, the recess having a upper surface and a lower surface, the surfaces being spaced from each other a distance to allow the lip to be engagingly received therebetween, whereby the lid can be removed from the container opening by engaging the lip in the recess and controlling the upward pressure applied to the lip.
- the opener comprises a handle attached to the base.
- the base cannot touch the annular portion of the lid when the lid is removed from the container and positioned in the recess.
- the upper projection extends further from the handle than the lower projection, and, preferably, the longitudinal axis of the handle lies at an acute angle to the plane of the lower surface.
- the lip projection projects from the lid a distance greater than the distance the recess extends into the base.
- a further aspect of the present invention comprises a method of opening a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube comprising using an opener as described above, which method comprises the steps of: positioning the lip in the recess, causing the lower projection to apply pressure to the lip away from the container and, at the same time causing the upper projection to apply pressure to the tube at a position distant from the lip in a direction towards the container.
- the opener of this invention permits the ready opening and closing of microcentrifuge tubes even when they have tightly fitting lids. It is important when using these tubes that the inner portion of the lid not be touched by anything which is non-sterile since the enzymes or other chemicals which are commonly present in such tubes are sensitive to contaminating agents (e.g. RNAases and proteases) present on either human fingers or articles touched by humans. In addition, some microcentrifuge tubes must be kept at a constant specific temperature (e.g., -20°C or 0°C) when they are used for certain reactions, and it is useful to be able to open them quickly without altering these conditions.
- a constant specific temperature e.g., -20°C or 0°C
- the opener preferably does not touch the inner portion of the lid and thus does not contaminate the contents of the tube. It allows quick opening of tubes, even when held in racks, thus permitting these tubes to be opened without disturbing the temperature of the tube.
- the opener can be used so that the lid does not fly open, but rather is gently removed from the tube. This prevents the formation of aerosols which occur when the pressure inside a tube is rapidly decreased and thus the contents become airborne. Such an occurence can be extremely dangerous when there is a radioactive solution in the tube; or when bacterial or viral solutions are present in the tube. Further, the opener does not distort or deform the shape of the lid during opening of the microcentrifuge tube.
- opener 10 has a handle 12, of length A, about 5 cm, and a base 14.
- Handle 12 is shaped to fit the contours of the under part of an index finger.
- Base 14 is shaped to fit snugly around a microcentrifuge tube 16, having a semi-oval shaped recess 18 (of depth B, about 0.5 cm; length C, about 1 cm; and width D, about 1 cm), and a largely rectangular recess 20 (of depth E, about 0.2 cm; width F, about 0.7 cm; and length G about 0.2 cm).
- Base 14 consists of a lower projection 22 below recess 20 and an upper projection 24 above recesses 18 and 20. Arm 24 also defines the sides of recesses 18 and 20 and is fused to lower projection 22.
- Opener 10 is manufactured from a hard autoclavable plastic, such a acrylic, by standard procedures.
- Opener 10 is useful for opening microcentrifuge tubes having a lid with a lip projection, such as tube 16 having a lid 36 with lip 38 extending past the outer perimeter 39 of the tube, shown in the figures.
- Microcentrifuge tube 16 consists of a container 30 with an opening 32 in which an inner portion 34 of lid 36 fits snug. Lip projection 38 projects about 0.2 cm from the outer perimeter 39 of lid 36. Lid 36 is attached by a hinge 40 to container 30.
- a closed microcentrifuge tube 16 (Fig. 2a), held in a tube rack 37, opener 10 is positioned so that lip 38 of the tube 16 is facing toward recess 20 of the opener, and upper projection 24 is then pressed down as shown by arrow 41 onto lid 36. Opener 16 is then slid, as shown by arrow 42, towards lip 38 until lower projection 22 approaches the outer perimeter of container 30 (Fig. 2b). The two sides of upper projection 24 aid in making sure that lip 38 is positioned to enter recesses 18 and 20 in turn.
- opener 16 When lip 38 is positioned inside recess 20, opener 16 is caused to turn, as shown by arrow 44, so that lower projection 22 exerts upward pressure on lip 38, and upper projection 24 exerts slight downward pressure on lid 36. In this way lid 36 is removed from opening 32 in container 30 (Fig. 2c).
- the microcentrifuge tube 16 may be closed by reversing this action, as shown by arrow 46, or by pressing it shut using a finger.
- Opener 10 can be readily used when tube 16 is held in an operator's hand rather than in a rack 37. When a plurality of tubes 16 are held in a rack 37, as shown in Fig. 2, then opener 10 can be used to open each tube in turn without the other tubes interfering with the process.
- the handle 12 may, for example, be short and hollow to allow insertion of a finger into the handle.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Devices For Opening Bottles Or Cans (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to openers for closed containers such as microcentrifuge tubes, and a method of opening a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube.
- Microcentrifuge tubes are small plastic tubes, generally capable of holding 0.4-1.7 cm³ liquid. They are used widely in biotechnology laboratories for handling radioactively labelled chemicals, and as vessels for storing biochemicals, or for performing biochemical reactions. They have tightly fitting lids with a lip, an example of which is shown in the figures. Generally they are opened by pressing upward on the lip, using a thumb or a conventional beer bottle opener.
- This invention features a microcentrifuge tube opener, and method of using the opener, adapted to open a microcentrifuge tube.
- According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a microcentrifuge tube opener adapted to open a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube, which microcentrifuge tube comprises a container with an opening, and a lid for the container. The lid has a lip projection extending past the outer perimeter of the opening, when the lid is placed above the opening, and a downwardly extending annular portion shaped to sealing fit inside the opening. The opener comprises a base, having a recess shaped to accept the lip projection, comprising a lower projection below and adjacent to the recess, and an upper projection above and adjacent the recess. The lower projection is positioned to engage the lip, and the upper projection is positioned to engage the lid. The lid can be moved from the container by positioning the lip in the recess and causing the lower projection to apply pressure to the lip away from the cup and, at the same time causing the upper projection to apply pressure to the lid at a position distant from the lip in a direction toward the container.
- Another aspect of the present invention features a closed container opener adapted to open a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube comprising a container with a top opening and a lid to seal the opening, the lid comprising a generally circular portion shaped to cover the opening and a lip projecting away from the circular portion, the opener comprising:
a head having a recess, the recess having a upper surface and a lower surface, the surfaces being spaced from each other a distance to allow the lip to be engagingly received therebetween,
whereby the lid can be removed from the container opening by engaging the lip in the recess and controlling the upward pressure applied to the lip. - In preferred embodiments, the opener comprises a handle attached to the base.
- It is preferred that the base cannot touch the annular portion of the lid when the lid is removed from the container and positioned in the recess.
- Preferably, the upper projection extends further from the handle than the lower projection, and, preferably, the longitudinal axis of the handle lies at an acute angle to the plane of the lower surface.
- Preferably the lip projection projects from the lid a distance greater than the distance the recess extends into the base.
- A further aspect of the present invention comprises a method of opening a closed container such as a microcentrifuge tube comprising using an opener as described above, which method comprises the steps of: positioning the lip in the recess, causing the lower projection to apply pressure to the lip away from the container and, at the same time causing the upper projection to apply pressure to the tube at a position distant from the lip in a direction towards the container.
- The opener of this invention permits the ready opening and closing of microcentrifuge tubes even when they have tightly fitting lids. It is important when using these tubes that the inner portion of the lid not be touched by anything which is non-sterile since the enzymes or other chemicals which are commonly present in such tubes are sensitive to contaminating agents (e.g. RNAases and proteases) present on either human fingers or articles touched by humans. In addition, some microcentrifuge tubes must be kept at a constant specific temperature (e.g., -20°C or 0°C) when they are used for certain reactions, and it is useful to be able to open them quickly without altering these conditions.
- The opener preferably does not touch the inner portion of the lid and thus does not contaminate the contents of the tube. It allows quick opening of tubes, even when held in racks, thus permitting these tubes to be opened without disturbing the temperature of the tube. The opener can be used so that the lid does not fly open, but rather is gently removed from the tube. This prevents the formation of aerosols which occur when the pressure inside a tube is rapidly decreased and thus the contents become airborne. Such an occurence can be extremely dangerous when there is a radioactive solution in the tube; or when bacterial or viral solutions are present in the tube. Further, the opener does not distort or deform the shape of the lid during opening of the microcentrifuge tube.
- Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment thereof which is by way of example only.
- The drawings will first briefly be described.
- Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an opener;
- Fig. 2 is a sectional view of a series of microcentrifuge tubes and an opener;
- Fig. 3 is a plan view of the top of tubes and opener at 3-3 in Fig. 1; and
- Fig. 4 is a frontal view of the base of an opener.
- Referring to the Figures,
opener 10 has ahandle 12, of length A, about 5 cm, and abase 14.Handle 12 is shaped to fit the contours of the under part of an index finger.Base 14 is shaped to fit snugly around amicrocentrifuge tube 16, having a semi-oval shaped recess 18 (of depth B, about 0.5 cm; length C, about 1 cm; and width D, about 1 cm), and a largely rectangular recess 20 (of depth E, about 0.2 cm; width F, about 0.7 cm; and length G about 0.2 cm).Base 14 consists of alower projection 22 belowrecess 20 and anupper projection 24 aboverecesses Arm 24 also defines the sides ofrecesses lower projection 22. - Opener 10 is manufactured from a hard autoclavable plastic, such a acrylic, by standard procedures.
-
Opener 10 is useful for opening microcentrifuge tubes having a lid with a lip projection, such astube 16 having alid 36 withlip 38 extending past theouter perimeter 39 of the tube, shown in the figures.Microcentrifuge tube 16 consists of acontainer 30 with an opening 32 in which aninner portion 34 oflid 36 fits snug.Lip projection 38 projects about 0.2 cm from theouter perimeter 39 oflid 36.Lid 36 is attached by ahinge 40 tocontainer 30. - Referring to Figs. 2, 3, in order to open a closed microcentrifuge tube 16 (Fig. 2a), held in a
tube rack 37,opener 10 is positioned so thatlip 38 of thetube 16 is facing towardrecess 20 of the opener, andupper projection 24 is then pressed down as shown byarrow 41 ontolid 36.Opener 16 is then slid, as shown byarrow 42, towardslip 38 untillower projection 22 approaches the outer perimeter of container 30 (Fig. 2b). The two sides ofupper projection 24 aid in making sure thatlip 38 is positioned to enterrecesses lip 38 is positioned insiderecess 20,opener 16 is caused to turn, as shown byarrow 44, so thatlower projection 22 exerts upward pressure onlip 38, andupper projection 24 exerts slight downward pressure onlid 36. In thisway lid 36 is removed from opening 32 in container 30 (Fig. 2c). Themicrocentrifuge tube 16 may be closed by reversing this action, as shown byarrow 46, or by pressing it shut using a finger. -
Opener 10 can be readily used whentube 16 is held in an operator's hand rather than in arack 37. When a plurality oftubes 16 are held in arack 37, as shown in Fig. 2, thenopener 10 can be used to open each tube in turn without the other tubes interfering with the process. - The
handle 12 may, for example, be short and hollow to allow insertion of a finger into the handle.
Claims (10)
a base (14), having a recess (20) shaped to accept the lip projection, the base comprising:
a lower projection (22) below and adjacent the recess, and an upper projection (24) above and adjacent the recess,
wherein the lower projection is positioned to engage the lip, and the upper projection is positioned to engage the lid,
wherein the lid can be moved from the container by positioning the lip in the recess and causing the lower projection to apply pressure to the lip away from the container and, at the same time causing the upper projection to apply pressure to the lid at a position distant from the lip in a direction towards the container.
a head (14) having a recess (20), the recess having an upper surface (24) and a lower surface (22), the surfaces being spaced from each other a distance to allow the lip to be engagingly received therebetween,
whereby the lid can be removed from the container opening by engaging the lip in the recess and controlling the upward pressure applied to the lip.
positioning the lip in the recess,
causing the lower projection to apply pressure to the lip away from the container and, at the same time causing the upper projection to apply pressure to the tube at a position distant from the lip in a direction towards the container.
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT87305862T ATE82163T1 (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-07-02 | DEVICE FOR OPENING LOCKED CONTAINERS. |
IL84464A IL84464A (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-11-13 | Closed container opener |
CA000551894A CA1271927A (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-11-16 | Closed container opener |
PT8614087A PT86140B (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-11-16 | CLOSED CONTAINER OPENING AND PROCESS FOR THE OPENING OF THE SAME |
ES8703264A ES2008768A6 (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-11-16 | An opener of microcentrifuge tubes and a corresponding method (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
CN 87107914 CN1012267B (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-11-17 | Closed container opener |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US931710 | 1986-11-17 | ||
US06/931,710 US4683782A (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1986-11-17 | Microcentrifuge tube opener |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0268348A2 true EP0268348A2 (en) | 1988-05-25 |
EP0268348A3 EP0268348A3 (en) | 1988-11-02 |
EP0268348B1 EP0268348B1 (en) | 1992-11-11 |
Family
ID=25461221
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87305862A Expired EP0268348B1 (en) | 1986-11-17 | 1987-07-02 | Closed container opener |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US4683782A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0268348B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH02500265A (en) |
AU (1) | AU606650B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3782616T2 (en) |
SU (1) | SU1762760A3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1988003908A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008003338A1 (en) * | 2006-07-04 | 2008-01-10 | Eppendorf Ag | Modular storage system for laboratory fluids |
US20160376137A1 (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2016-12-29 | John Kenneth Alexander Bell | Laboratory Test Tube Handling Device |
CN106365089A (en) * | 2016-10-20 | 2017-02-01 | 姚翠英 | Device used for opening and closing of cover body and method of device |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5253551A (en) * | 1990-07-12 | 1993-10-19 | Bio-Pias, Inc. | Centrifuge tube and centrifuge tube cap removing and installing tool and method |
DK10892A (en) * | 1992-01-29 | 1993-09-12 | Brix Hansen Helge | VACUUM trigger |
US5225165A (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1993-07-06 | Brandeis University | Microcentrifuge tube with upwardly projecting lid extension |
JP2955613B2 (en) * | 1994-09-21 | 1999-10-04 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Analysis equipment |
WO1996009554A1 (en) * | 1994-09-21 | 1996-03-28 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Device for opening flip cap containers |
WO2000021667A1 (en) * | 1997-10-10 | 2000-04-20 | Shaffer John V | Pliable centrifuge tube array |
US5967001A (en) * | 1998-01-26 | 1999-10-19 | Qualicon | Cap removing tool |
FR2775623A1 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 1999-09-10 | D Autry Eric Marteau | PIPETTE FOR COLLECTING LIQUID SAMPLES COMPRISING AN ACTUATING MEMB |
US5950504A (en) * | 1998-06-03 | 1999-09-14 | Italia; James A. | Pipettor attachable/integrateable microcentrifuge tube opener |
US6170359B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2001-01-09 | Michael Hoffman | Micro tube cap opening device with tube holder and slidable lifting bar |
DE19926937A1 (en) * | 1999-06-14 | 2001-01-04 | Biopsytec Gmbh | Holder for standard laboratory reaction tube with captive lid uses lid to assist fixing in holder |
DE10307597B4 (en) * | 2003-02-22 | 2005-01-27 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Reaktionsgefäßöffner |
EP2739558B1 (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2021-09-29 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cap handling tool and method of use |
JP6275037B2 (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2018-02-07 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | Cap handling tool and usage |
TWM494031U (en) * | 2014-09-15 | 2015-01-21 | Violet Bioscience Inc | Continuous arranged tube opening and closing device |
CN104962461B (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2017-01-04 | 柳州市妇幼保健院 | PCR pipe and eight unions are uncapped pass lid arrangement |
KR101878725B1 (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2018-08-20 | 주식회사 바이오인프라 | Device for opening tube and dispensing system including the same |
CN106829823B (en) * | 2017-01-13 | 2019-05-07 | 河南省奶牛生产性能测定中心 | Interlinked bottle automatic capping device |
USD850874S1 (en) | 2017-05-16 | 2019-06-11 | Fiberlite Centrifuge, Llc | Closure tool |
US10815109B2 (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2020-10-27 | Fiberlite Centrifuge Llc | Closure tool for a centrifuge sample container and method for removing a closure from a centrifuge sample container |
CN108424841B (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2021-11-30 | 北京博奥医学检验所有限公司 | Molecular detection laboratory is with supplementary pipe apparatus of opening |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1156967A (en) * | 1956-07-19 | 1958-05-23 | Advanced bottle opener tool | |
FR2044949A5 (en) * | 1969-05-27 | 1971-02-26 | Rigaud Robert | |
FR2420506A1 (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1979-10-19 | Geistlich Soehne Ag | LEVER DEVICE FOR OPENING BOTTLES CONTAINING STERILE LIQUID |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE527306A (en) * | ||||
US807380A (en) * | 1905-03-15 | 1905-12-12 | Auto Stopper Company | Sealing-cap for vessels. |
FR931226A (en) * | 1946-07-24 | 1948-02-17 | Tool for opening jars with capsule closure | |
DE2508459A1 (en) * | 1975-02-27 | 1976-09-02 | Demag Kunststofftech | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE CAST MANUFACTURING OF MOLDED PARTS FROM FOAMED PLASTICS |
DE2508499A1 (en) * | 1975-02-27 | 1976-09-09 | Granini Gmbh Getraenkeindustri | Bottle opener with lifting and twisting tool - has seats of different diameters and lifting hook near handle |
-
1986
- 1986-11-17 US US06/931,710 patent/US4683782A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1987
- 1987-07-02 EP EP87305862A patent/EP0268348B1/en not_active Expired
- 1987-07-02 DE DE8787305862T patent/DE3782616T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-11-09 AU AU11062/88A patent/AU606650B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-11-09 US US07/261,731 patent/US4858502A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-11-09 JP JP63500941A patent/JPH02500265A/en active Pending
- 1987-11-09 WO PCT/US1987/002927 patent/WO1988003908A1/en unknown
-
1989
- 1989-05-16 SU SU894614250A patent/SU1762760A3/en active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1156967A (en) * | 1956-07-19 | 1958-05-23 | Advanced bottle opener tool | |
FR2044949A5 (en) * | 1969-05-27 | 1971-02-26 | Rigaud Robert | |
FR2420506A1 (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1979-10-19 | Geistlich Soehne Ag | LEVER DEVICE FOR OPENING BOTTLES CONTAINING STERILE LIQUID |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
NTIS TECHNICAL NOTES, 19th October 1981, no. PB-970641, Springfield, US; "Automatic test-tube-stopper remover" * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008003338A1 (en) * | 2006-07-04 | 2008-01-10 | Eppendorf Ag | Modular storage system for laboratory fluids |
EP2260944A1 (en) * | 2006-07-04 | 2010-12-15 | Eppendorf Ag | Modular storage system for laboratory liquids |
US20160376137A1 (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2016-12-29 | John Kenneth Alexander Bell | Laboratory Test Tube Handling Device |
US9896317B2 (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2018-02-20 | John Kenneth Alexander Bell | Laboratory test tube handling device |
CN106365089A (en) * | 2016-10-20 | 2017-02-01 | 姚翠英 | Device used for opening and closing of cover body and method of device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US4858502A (en) | 1989-08-22 |
DE3782616D1 (en) | 1992-12-17 |
DE3782616T2 (en) | 1993-04-22 |
SU1762760A3 (en) | 1992-09-15 |
EP0268348B1 (en) | 1992-11-11 |
US4683782A (en) | 1987-08-04 |
JPH02500265A (en) | 1990-02-01 |
AU1106288A (en) | 1988-06-16 |
AU606650B2 (en) | 1991-02-14 |
WO1988003908A1 (en) | 1988-06-02 |
EP0268348A3 (en) | 1988-11-02 |
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