EP0229605B1 - Joint connection for space frames - Google Patents

Joint connection for space frames Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0229605B1
EP0229605B1 EP86890345A EP86890345A EP0229605B1 EP 0229605 B1 EP0229605 B1 EP 0229605B1 EP 86890345 A EP86890345 A EP 86890345A EP 86890345 A EP86890345 A EP 86890345A EP 0229605 B1 EP0229605 B1 EP 0229605B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rods
metal box
projections
joint connection
project
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP86890345A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0229605A1 (en
Inventor
Erich Frantl
Peter Hofstätter
Werner Frantl
Willibald Dipl.-Ing. Zemler
Albert P. Dipl.-Ing. Raunicher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BEER, MANFRED, DIPL.-ING.
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0229605A1 publication Critical patent/EP0229605A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0229605B1 publication Critical patent/EP0229605B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B1/1903—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor
    • E04B1/1906—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor with central spherical, semispherical or polyhedral connecting element
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/1927—Struts specially adapted therefor of essentially circular cross section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/1933—Struts specially adapted therefor of polygonal, e.g. square, cross section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1957—Details of connections between nodes and struts
    • E04B2001/196—Screw connections with axis parallel to the main axis of the strut
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1957—Details of connections between nodes and struts
    • E04B2001/1972—Welded or glued connection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/34—Branched
    • Y10T403/341—Three or more radiating members
    • Y10T403/342—Polyhedral
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/44—Three or more members connected at single locus
    • Y10T403/443—All encompassed
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/47—Molded joint
    • Y10T403/473—Socket or open cup for bonding material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a knot connection for rod structures with more than two bars connected in a knot, which protrude into a metal box which can be filled with a hardening casting compound and which end in the metal box with a form-fitting end section, the section of which may be deformed, in particular constricted.
  • node connections such as e.g. has become known from GB-A 271 709
  • a relatively large metal box is required so that the tensile forces acting on the rods can be absorbed.
  • the outer radius of e.g. a metal box shaped as a sphere or similar convex shell must be at least as large as the dimension with which the rods protrude into the metal box.
  • the resulting bulky knots are not only a visual disadvantage, but also cause problems with the filling by the potting compound.
  • a corresponding amount of the expensive casting compound is required, the weight of which plays a significant role in larger rod structures, particularly in steel structures, and increases the overall expenditure.
  • AT-A 339 094 The same problem exists with a node connection as is known from AT-A 339 094.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a node connection of the type mentioned that manages with smaller nodes.
  • the projections of the metal box taper in a step-like manner.
  • the projections start in a star shape from a convex central part of the metal box, which is preferably approximately spherical or flattened spherical.
  • the projections tapering towards the openings of the metal box are composed of a series of hollow prisms with a cross section decreasing towards the openings and are firmly connected to one another and to the convex central part of the metal box or are formed integrally therewith.
  • the tensile forces acting on the rods can be transmitted from the form-fitting end sections of the rods to the metal box via the pressure cone formed in the hardened sealing compound, as if it had the dimensions of the projections as a whole.
  • the steps of the step-like projections take over the tensile forces as such from one step to the other.
  • the compressive forces acting on the rods are directly introduced into the hard sealing compound via their closed ends, which are supported on the ends of the other rods and on the inside of the metal box.
  • a node connection comprises a metal box 1 with a convex central part, approximately in the form of a flattened ball. From the central part, projections 3 tapering in a star shape extend to openings 2 of the metal box 1.
  • an opening 2 for a rod 4 in the form of a square tube and a further opening 2 for a rod 4 in the form of a round tube are shown.
  • An advantage of the knot connection according to the invention is that the rods 4 do not need to have the same cross section. Diagonal bars can e.g. are designed to be weaker than belt rods.
  • rods 4 end in the metal box 1 with a form-fitting end section which is constricted. From the sectional representations of constricted end sections of rods 4 in FIGS. 2 to 4, it can be seen that the constriction is formed by folding the tube wall without weakening or changing its cross-sectional area.
  • each constricted end section of the rods 4 two oppositely conical insertion parts 5 and 6 are arranged on opposite sides of the constriction.
  • the constriction is adapted to the shape of the insert parts 5 and 6.
  • the two insertion parts 5 and 6 are clamped longitudinally displaceably by a tension member 7 in the form of a high-strength screw or several such screws (FIG. 4) within the end section of the rod 4, so that they fit snugly against the inner wall of the pipe on opposite sides of the constriction .
  • a filling opening 8 is provided for the filling of the hardening casting compound.

Abstract

1. Joint connection for frameworks with more than two rods (4) connected in a joint, which rods project into a metal box (1) which can be filled with a hardening cast mass and terminate with an interlocking end section, which is if required deformed, especially necked in, characterized in that the metal box (1) has outwardly tapering projections (3) and in that openings (2) are located at the outer ends of the projections (3), through which the rods (4) project.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Knotenverbindung für Stabwerke mit mehr als zwei in einem Knoten verbundenen Stäben, die in einen mit einer erhärtenden Vergußmasse füllbaren Metallkasten ragen und im Metallkasten mit einem formschlußbildenden Endabschnitt enden, deren ggf. verformt, insbesondere eingeschnürt ist.The invention relates to a knot connection for rod structures with more than two bars connected in a knot, which protrude into a metal box which can be filled with a hardening casting compound and which end in the metal box with a form-fitting end section, the section of which may be deformed, in particular constricted.

Bei den bekannten Knotenverbindungen, wie sie z.B. aus der GB-A 271 709 bekannt geworden ist, ist ein relativ großer Metallkasten erforderlich, damit die auf die Stäbe wirkenden Zugkräfte aufgefangen werden können. Der Außenradius des z.B. als Kugel oder ähnliche konvexe Hülle geformten Metallkastens muß mindestens so groß sein wie das Maß, mit dem die Stäbe in den Metallkasten hineinragen. Die dadurch notwendigen voluminösen Knoten sind nicht nur optisch ein Nachteil, sondern verursachen auch Probleme mit der Füllung durch die Vergußmasse. Es ist entsprechend viel der teuren Vergußmasse erforderlich, deren Gewicht spielt bei größeren Stabwerken, insbesondere in Stahlbaukonstruktionen, eine erhebliche Rolle und erhöht den Gesamtaufwand. Dieselbe Problematik existiert bei einer Knotenverbindung, wie sie aus der AT-A 339 094 bekannt ist.In the known node connections, such as e.g. has become known from GB-A 271 709, a relatively large metal box is required so that the tensile forces acting on the rods can be absorbed. The outer radius of e.g. a metal box shaped as a sphere or similar convex shell must be at least as large as the dimension with which the rods protrude into the metal box. The resulting bulky knots are not only a visual disadvantage, but also cause problems with the filling by the potting compound. A corresponding amount of the expensive casting compound is required, the weight of which plays a significant role in larger rod structures, particularly in steel structures, and increases the overall expenditure. The same problem exists with a node connection as is known from AT-A 339 094.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Knotenverbindung der eingangs genannten Gattung bereitzustellen, die mit kleineren Knoten auskommt.The invention has for its object to provide a node connection of the type mentioned that manages with smaller nodes.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einer Knotenverbindung der eingangs genannten Art dadurch gelöst, daß der Metallkasten sich nach außen verjüngende Vorsprünge aufweist, und daß sich an den äußeren Enden der Vorsprünge Öffnungen befinden, durch welche die Stäbe ragen. Dadurch ist nur für einen kleinen Teil des Metallkastens, nämlich für dessen die Öffnungen aufweisenden Vorsprünge, die durch das Maß des Hineinragens der Stäbe in den Metallkasten vorgegebene Außenabmessung erforderlich. Alle von den Öffnungen des Metallkastens weiter entfernten Bereiche desselben können wesentlich kleinere Außenabmessungen haben.This object is achieved in a node connection of the type mentioned in that the metal box has outwardly tapering projections and that there are openings at the outer ends of the projections through which the rods protrude. As a result, only for a small part of the metal box, namely for its projections having the openings, is the outer dimension predetermined by the extent of the protrusion of the rods in the metal box. All areas of the metal box that are further away from the openings of the metal box can have significantly smaller external dimensions.

Erfindungsgemäß kann vorgesehen sein, daß sich die Vorsprünge des Metallkastens treppenförmig verjüngen.According to the invention it can be provided that the projections of the metal box taper in a step-like manner.

Bei einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, daß die Vorsprünge von einem vorzugsweise etwa kugelförmig oder abgeflacht kugelförmig ausgebildeten, konvexen Mittelteil des Metallkastens sternförmig ausgehen.In one embodiment of the invention it is provided that the projections start in a star shape from a convex central part of the metal box, which is preferably approximately spherical or flattened spherical.

Die sich zu den Öffnungen des Metallkastens hin verjüngenden Vorsprünge sind aus einer Reihe von Hohlprismen mit zu den Öffnungen hin abnehmenden Querschnitt zusammengesetzt und untereinander sowie mit dem konvexen Mittelteil des Metallkastens fest verbunden bzw. mit diesem einstückig ausgebildet. Dadurch können die auf die Stäbe wirkenden Zugkräfte von den formschlußbildenden Endabschnitten der Stäbe über den in der erhärteten Vergußmasse entstehenden Druckkegel auf den Metallkasten genauso übertragen werden, wie wenn dieser in seiner Gesamtheit das Maß der Vorsprünge hätte. Die Stufen der treppenförmigen Vorsprünge übernehmen die Zugkräfte als solche von einer Stufe zur anderen. Die auf die Stäbe wirkenden Druckkräfte werden über deren abgeschlossene Enden direkt in die harte Vergußmasse eingeleitet, die sich an den Enden der anderen Stäbe und am Metallkasten innen abstützen.The projections tapering towards the openings of the metal box are composed of a series of hollow prisms with a cross section decreasing towards the openings and are firmly connected to one another and to the convex central part of the metal box or are formed integrally therewith. As a result, the tensile forces acting on the rods can be transmitted from the form-fitting end sections of the rods to the metal box via the pressure cone formed in the hardened sealing compound, as if it had the dimensions of the projections as a whole. The steps of the step-like projections take over the tensile forces as such from one step to the other. The compressive forces acting on the rods are directly introduced into the hard sealing compound via their closed ends, which are supported on the ends of the other rods and on the inside of the metal box.

Die Erfindung wird an Hand der in der Zeichnung beispielsweise dargestellten Knotenverbindung näher erläutert. Es zeigt:

  • Figur 1 die Knotenverbindung in Ansicht und teilweise im Schnitt entlang der Achse eines der zu einem Knoten verbundenen Stäbe und die
  • Figuren 2 bis 4 Querschnitte durch verschiedene Ausführungsformen eines Details der Knotenverbindung entlang der Linie 11-11 der Figur 1.
The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the node connection shown in the drawing, for example. It shows:
  • Figure 1 shows the node connection in view and partially in section along the axis of one of the rods connected to a node and the
  • Figures 2 to 4 cross sections through various embodiments of a detail of the node connection along the line 11-11 of Figure 1.

Eine Knotenverbindung umfaßt einen Metalikasten 1 mit konvexem Mittelteil etwa in Form einer abgeflachten Kugel. Vom Mittelteil gehen sternförmig sich zu Öffnungen 2 des Metallkastens 1 hin treppenförmig verjüngende Vorsprünge 3 aus.A node connection comprises a metal box 1 with a convex central part, approximately in the form of a flattened ball. From the central part, projections 3 tapering in a star shape extend to openings 2 of the metal box 1.

In der rechten - ungeschnittenen - Hälfte der Figur 1 ist eine Öffnung 2 für einen Stab 4 in Form eines Vierkantrohres sowie eine weitere Öffnung 2 für einen Stab 4 in Form eines Rundrohres dargestellt. Ein Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen Knotenverbindung besteht darin, daß die Stäbe 4 nicht denselben Querschnitt zu haben brauchen. Diagonalstäbe können z.B. schwächer als Gurtstäbe ausgebildet werden.In the right - uncut - half of FIG. 1, an opening 2 for a rod 4 in the form of a square tube and a further opening 2 for a rod 4 in the form of a round tube are shown. An advantage of the knot connection according to the invention is that the rods 4 do not need to have the same cross section. Diagonal bars can e.g. are designed to be weaker than belt rods.

In der linken Hälfte der Figur 1 sind zwei zu dem Knoten verbundene Stäbe 4 eingezeichnet, deren Achse in der Zeichnungsebene liegt. Dabei ist am oberen Teil der linken Hälfte der Figur 1 die Füllung des Metallkastens 1 eingezeichnet. Im unteren Teil der linken Hälfte der Figur 1 ist diese Füllung nicht dargestellt, und der Endabschnitt des dort angeordneten Stabes 4 ist nicht geschnitten dargestellt.In the left half of FIG. 1 two rods 4 are drawn to form the node, the axis of which lies in the plane of the drawing. The filling of the metal box 1 is shown on the upper part of the left half of FIG. This filling is not shown in the lower part of the left half of FIG. 1, and the end section of the rod 4 arranged there is not shown in section.

Man sieht, daß die Stäbe 4 im Metallkasten 1 mit einem formschlußbildenden Endabschnitt enden, der eingeschnürt ist. Aus den Schnittdarstellungen eingeschnürter Endabschnitte von Stäben 4 in den Figuren 2 bis 4 ist ersichtlich, daß die Einschnürung mit einer Faltung der Rohrwand ohne Schwächung oder Veränderung ihrer Querschnittsfläche ausgebildet ist.It can be seen that the rods 4 end in the metal box 1 with a form-fitting end section which is constricted. From the sectional representations of constricted end sections of rods 4 in FIGS. 2 to 4, it can be seen that the constriction is formed by folding the tube wall without weakening or changing its cross-sectional area.

In jedem eingeschnürten Endabschnitt der Stäbe 4 sind zwei entgegengesetzt konische Einschubteile 5 und 6 an gegenüberliegenden Seiten der Einschnürung angeordnet. Die Einschnürung ist der Form der Einschubteile 5 und 6 angepaßt. Die beiden Einschubteile 5 und 6 sind durch ein in der Rohrachse befindliches Zugglied 7 in Form einer hochfesten Schraube oder mehrerer solcher Schrauben (Figur 4) innerhalb des Endabschnittes des Stabes 4 längsverschiebbar zusammengespannt, so daß sie an der Rohrinnenwand an gegenüberliegenden Seiten der Einschnürung satt anliegen.In each constricted end section of the rods 4, two oppositely conical insertion parts 5 and 6 are arranged on opposite sides of the constriction. The constriction is adapted to the shape of the insert parts 5 and 6. The two insertion parts 5 and 6 are clamped longitudinally displaceably by a tension member 7 in the form of a high-strength screw or several such screws (FIG. 4) within the end section of the rod 4, so that they fit snugly against the inner wall of the pipe on opposite sides of the constriction .

An der Oberseite des Metallkastens 1 ist eine Füllöffnung 8 für das Einfüllen der erhärtenden Vergußmasse vorgesehen.At the top of the metal box 1, a filling opening 8 is provided for the filling of the hardening casting compound.

Claims (3)

1. Joint connection for frameworks with more than two rods (4) connected in a joint, which rods project into a metal box (1) which can be filled with a hardening cast mass and terminate with an interlocking end section, which is if required deformed, especially necked in, characterized in that the metal box (1) has outwardly tapering projections (3) and in that openings (2) are located at the outer ends of the projections (3), through which the rods (4) project.
2. Joint connection according to claim 1, characterized in that the projections (3) taper stepwise.
3. Joint connection according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the projections (3) radiate starlike from a convex middle part of the metal box (1) preferably approximately ball shaped or flatted ball shaped.
EP86890345A 1986-01-14 1986-12-18 Joint connection for space frames Expired - Lifetime EP0229605B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT67/86 1986-01-14
AT0006786A AT383842B (en) 1986-01-14 1986-01-14 NODE CONNECTION FOR RODWORKS

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0229605A1 EP0229605A1 (en) 1987-07-22
EP0229605B1 true EP0229605B1 (en) 1990-06-06

Family

ID=3480648

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86890345A Expired - Lifetime EP0229605B1 (en) 1986-01-14 1986-12-18 Joint connection for space frames

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4902159A (en)
EP (1) EP0229605B1 (en)
AT (2) AT383842B (en)
CA (1) CA1284572C (en)
DE (1) DE3671770D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2015271B3 (en)
GR (1) GR3000531T3 (en)
ZA (1) ZA869703B (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19814313A1 (en) * 1998-03-31 1999-10-07 Volkswagen Ag Node connection for profiles
ES2387143B1 (en) * 2010-10-21 2013-04-15 Europea De Construcciones Metalicas, S.A. "DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN A TUBE AND A FLAT ELEMENT"
US20190055729A1 (en) * 2017-08-15 2019-02-21 Jon Dietz Unitary hubs for domes or spheres

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US639948A (en) * 1899-08-12 1899-12-26 August Sundh Junction-box or other coupling for casings for electric cables or wires.
FR960909A (en) * 1947-02-14 1950-04-27
NL6712041A (en) * 1967-09-01 1969-03-04
DE2260417A1 (en) * 1972-12-07 1974-06-20 Mannesmann Roehren Werke Ag NODE CONNECTION
AT339094B (en) * 1974-02-20 1977-09-26 Frantl Conprojekt NODE CONNECTION FOR FRAMEWORKS
DE2613682A1 (en) * 1976-03-31 1977-10-13 Rosenthal Technik Ag DEVICE FOR THE ELASTIC CLAMPING OF GLASS FIBER RODS
US4194851A (en) * 1977-11-10 1980-03-25 Polyproducts Corp. Universal hub for geodesic domes
US4591286A (en) * 1984-03-02 1986-05-27 Galan Inchaurbe Jose M J Spacial structure
US4776721A (en) * 1985-09-13 1988-10-11 Interlock Structures International, Inc. Connecting apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA869703B (en) 1987-08-26
ATA6786A (en) 1987-01-15
US4902159A (en) 1990-02-20
ATE53417T1 (en) 1990-06-15
EP0229605A1 (en) 1987-07-22
AT383842B (en) 1987-08-25
GR3000531T3 (en) 1991-07-31
DE3671770D1 (en) 1990-07-12
ES2015271B3 (en) 1990-08-16
CA1284572C (en) 1991-06-04

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