EP0217712A1 - Entmagnetisierungsanlage, insbesondere für Schiffe - Google Patents

Entmagnetisierungsanlage, insbesondere für Schiffe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0217712A1
EP0217712A1 EP86402086A EP86402086A EP0217712A1 EP 0217712 A1 EP0217712 A1 EP 0217712A1 EP 86402086 A EP86402086 A EP 86402086A EP 86402086 A EP86402086 A EP 86402086A EP 0217712 A1 EP0217712 A1 EP 0217712A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conductors
magnetization
value
ship
capacitors
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP86402086A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0217712B1 (de
Inventor
Germain Guillemin
Jean-Jacques Periou
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0217712A1 publication Critical patent/EP0217712A1/de
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Publication of EP0217712B1 publication Critical patent/EP0217712B1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
    • B63G9/00—Other offensive or defensive arrangements on vessels against submarines, torpedoes, or mines
    • B63G9/06—Other offensive or defensive arrangements on vessels against submarines, torpedoes, or mines for degaussing vessels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F13/00—Apparatus or processes for magnetising or demagnetising
    • H01F13/006—Methods and devices for demagnetising of magnetic bodies, e.g. workpieces, sheet material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a demagnetization device for canceling or modifying the magnetization of an object, in particular a naval vessel, an airplane, or a combat tank.
  • This disturbance is called the magnetic signature of this object and is used in the military field for the detection of this object. It is in particular a phenomenon used for the detection of submarines and for the triggering of mines. It is therefore of great interest to minimize the disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field caused by military vehicles, in particular submarines and ships.
  • the magnetization of a ship for example, consists of a permanent magnetization which is independent of the place where the ship is located and of the orientation of the ship relative to the Earth's magnetic field, and of a magnetization induced by the terrestrial magnetic field and which is a function of the place where the ship is located and its orientation relative to the terrestrial magnetic field. It is not possible to definitively and completely neutralize the magnetization of a ship because of the variations of the terrestrial magnetic field according to the place and because of the movements of the ship in this field. On the other hand, the magnetization of a very large object such as a ship is not evenly distributed in this object, therefore it should be neutralized at each point of the ship to obtain a zero magnetic signature. In practice, it is therefore not possible to completely cancel the magnetic signature of a ship. In the best case, it is possible to cancel its vertical component by creating a vertical magnetization exactly compensating for the vertical component of the magnetization induced by the earth's magnetic field, and it is possible to reduce its horizontal components by canceling the horizontal components of permanent magnetization.
  • a device of the first type constitutes a large installation located in a port and makes it possible to treat different ships at regular intervals.
  • a device of the second type makes it possible to permanently neutralize the magnetic signature of a ship by opposing to it a variable magnetic field as a function of the geographic position of the ship and as a function of its attitude with respect to the earth's magnetic field.
  • This second type of device is efficient but expensive in material and energy.
  • Ships fitted with a magnetic immunization device are also periodically treated in a demagnetization station to reduce their permanent magnetization to a perfectly defined value, which facilitates the adjustment of their magnetic immunization device and makes it possible to reduce its consumption. of energy.
  • the device according to the invention is a device of the first type.
  • a first known device comprises: a current pulse generator; conductors connected to this generator and forming turns surrounding the ship by forming a solenoid whose major axis corresponds to the major axis of the vessel; and magnetometers placed at the bottom of the sea to measure the magnetization of the ship.
  • An operator manually controls the current pulse generator according to the measurements provided by the magnetometers.
  • the current pulses have a duration of the order of 30 seconds each, an alternately positive and negative polarity, and a decreasing amplitude from a value of approximately 4000 amperes.
  • the intensity of the current is constant and it is supplied by a rectifying device receiving its energy from the public electrical network.
  • This device has the disadvantage of a very long implementation time because it takes several days to set up and interconnect the conductors, which are large very heavy cables, and because it then takes a day of treatment to obtain demagnetization.
  • this device requires an electrical installation of very large power, of the order of a megawatt, because it consumes a very high power for the duration of the current pulses. During the rest of the time, the high-power electrical installation has no use.
  • a second known device comprises: conductors placed at the bottom of the sea and forming turns having a vertical axis, and a sinusoidal alternating current generator having a frequency of the order of 1 Hz and an intensity of several thousand amps.
  • the demagnetizing vessel passes over these turns in order to approach and then move away from them.
  • the growth then the decrease of the magnetic field caused by the approaching then the distance of the ship realize a neutralization of the three components of the magnetization of this ship.
  • This device also requires a high-power electrical installation because of the large size of the turns, for example 20 m ⁇ 20 m, and because of their distance from the ship.
  • demagnetization can be badly done if the ship does not pass exactly in the plane of symmetry of the turns, and this device only allows demagnetization: it does not allow to apply a determined magnetization to neutralize the vertical component of l magnetization induced by the Earth's magnetic field.
  • a third known device comprises conductors forming turns folded in the shape of a double U surrounding a portion of the hull of the ship and moved continuously along this hull for a time interval of the order of six minutes; and a generator of alternating positive and negative current pulses, having a frequency of the order of 0.5 Hz.
  • This device is generally used to treat small boats, with an electrical power involved greater than 200 kw.
  • this device does not make it possible to apply a determined magnetization to also compensate for the vertical component of the magnetization induced in the ship by the terrestrial magnetic field.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a demagnetization device requiring an electrical installation of lower power than the known devices, in order to lower the cost of this electrical installation; reducing the processing time for each vessel; and making it possible to create a permanent magnetization determined to neutralize the vertical component of the magnetization induced in the ship by the terrestrial magnetic field.
  • the device comprises: a capacitor bank which is charged slowly by a relatively low power electrical installation and which is discharged quickly, in a few hundred milliseconds; electrical conductors forming turns much smaller than the length of the ship, for localized treatment of each portion of the ship; and a control device for automating the processing, by controlling the charge voltage of the capacitors and the direction of the discharge current as a function of the magnetization measured by magnetometers, and as a function of a set value.
  • a demagnetization device in particular for ships, comprising conductors forming turns placed near an object to be demagnetized and a generator for injecting current pulses into these conductors, comprising: - capacitors; - Means for charging these capacitors at a determined voltage; - means for discharging the capacitors in the conductors, characterized in that it further comprises at least one magnetometer for measuring the magnetization of the object, and means for controlling the charge voltage of the capacitors as a function of the magnetization of the object to be demagnetized.
  • the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is intended to demagnetise a ship 1 in the horizontal directions and to impart to it a predetermined magnetization, not zero, in the vertical direction in order to compensate for the magnetization induced by the terrestrial magnetic field.
  • This example comprises conductors 2 to 6 forming three sets of turns whose axes are orthogonal two by two; five magnetometers 7 to 11; an input terminal 16 connected to a public electrical distribution network; a generator 17 of direct current; a capacitor bank 18; a bridge switching device 19; an inductor 20; a switch 21 with two inputs and six outputs; a device 22 for controlling the charging voltage of the capacitor bank 18; a computing device mainly consisting of a microprocessor 23; a screen and a keyboard 24.
  • the vessel 1 is treated in portions of a length of the order of 20 meters.
  • the conductors are moved to treat a neighboring portion or the ship is moved relative to these conductors.
  • the device makes it possible to carry out demagnetization successively along three orthogonal axes corresponding to the three axes of the sets of turns.
  • the screen and the keyboard 24 make it possible to supply the demagnetization device with a set value determining the desired residual magnetization in the vertical direction to compensate for the magnetization induced by the earth's magnetic field.
  • a first set of turns is formed of conductors 6 installed at the bottom of the sea and forming a square of 20m ⁇ 20m.
  • a second set of turns consists of two halves symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the ship 1 and formed of square turns of 20m ⁇ 20m whose plane is parallel to the plane of symmetry of the ship and which are located near the sides of that -this.
  • a third set of conductors 4 and 5 is located in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ship and passing through the centers of the turns formed by conductors 2, 3 and 6. This third set of conductors comprises incomplete square turns formed by the conductors 4 and other incomplete square turns formed by the conductors 5 and intended to close the circuits of the conductors 4.
  • the conductors 4 form three sides of square turns of dimensions 20m ⁇ 20m, the upper side missing. All of the conductors 5 form incomplete square turns distant from the conductors 4 so as not to counter the magnetic field created by the conductors 4.
  • the conductors 4 are intended to create a magnetic field in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the ship 1
  • the conductors 2 and 3 are intended to create a magnetic field in the direction of the transverse axis of the ship 1.
  • the conductors 6 are intended to create a magnetic field in the vertical direction.
  • the switch 21 receives on its two inputs current pulses which it transmits to one of the sets of conductors according to a selection signal applied to a control input by microprocessor 23.
  • the five magnetometers 7 to 11 make it possible to measure the magnetic field created by the magnetization of the ship 1.
  • Each magnetometer provides three measurement signals corresponding respectively to three components of the magnetic field, orthogonal two by two and parallel to the directions of the three magnetic fields created respectively by the three sets of conductors.
  • the magnetometers are integral with the three sets of conductors and are located below the vessel, at a level below the horizontal part of the turns formed by the conductors 4.
  • the lower part of the turns formed by the conductors 4 , the lower part of the turns formed by conductors 2 and 3, and all of the turns formed by conductors 6 are located in the same plane which is lower than the keel of the ship.
  • the magnetometer 7 is placed on the axis of symmetry of the turns formed by the conductors 6, and the other four magnetometers are located at the same distance, of the order of 15m, from the magnetometer 7 and are in a horizontal passing plane by this one.
  • the magnetometers 8 and 10 are located on a straight line passing through the magnetometer 7 and parallel to the ship's longitudinal axis while the magnetometers 9 and 11 are located on a straight line passing through the magnetometer 7 and perpendicular to this axis.
  • the screen and the keyboard 24 are coupled to the microprocessor 23 to receive information to be displayed on the screen and to transmit the orders given by the operator by typing on the keyboard.
  • the microprocessor 23 has a multiple input coupled to the magnetometers 7 to 11 to receive their measurement signals, and an input connected to an output of the device 22 providing a logic signal when the capacitor bank 18 is sufficiently charged. It has an output connected to a control input of the device 22 for controlling the charging voltage to provide it with a value signal V o determining the charging voltage of the capacitor bank 18; an output providing a binary word P to a control input of the bridge switching device 19, to trigger the passage of current in the sets of conductors 2 to 6 with a chosen direction, by controlling the closing of two branches of the bridge.
  • the generator 17 receives the electrical energy supplied at 16 by the public network. It has two outputs connected respectively to two inputs of the capacitor bank 18. This has two outputs connected respectively to two inputs of the device 19 and to two inputs of the servo device 22.
  • the device 19 is a bridge switching device, produced for example by means of thyristors. It has two outputs connected respectively to a first terminal of the inductor 20 and to a first input of the switch 21. A second terminal of the inductor 20 is connected to a second input of the switch 21.
  • the switch 21 can be achieved by means thyristors, according to conventional techniques.
  • the device 22 for controlling the charging voltage of the capacitor bank 18 has an output connected to a control input of the generator 17 for charging the capacitor bank 18 at a voltage corresponding to the value V o of the signal supplied by the microprocessor 23. This charge is carried out approximately at constant current.
  • the device 22 sends a logic signal to the microprocessor 23 and the latter can then trigger the sending of a current pulse in one of the sets of conductors by controlling the device 19.
  • the discharge circuit of the capacitor bank 18 is constituted by the device 19, the inductor 20, the switch 21, and the ohmic resistance of the set of conductors which is put into the circuit by means of the switch 21.
  • the inductance of the conductors constituting the turns is negligible compared to the value of the inductance 20 and the presence of the vessel 1 near the conductors has little influence on the total inductance of the circuit.
  • the current pulse obtained is not rectangular but its duration can nevertheless be defined by considering the time interval during which the current intensity is equal to i max minus 3dB. This duration is equal to 1.7. ⁇ .
  • a period of the order of a few hundred milliseconds is necessary to obtain an effective demagnetization treatment. For example, 500 ms is a duration achieving a good compromise between the efficiency of demagnetization and the electrical energy necessary to create this current pulse.
  • the maximum intensity is equal to 31.12.CV o . If this maximum intensity is set at 1000 amperes, the initial charge CV o of the capacitor bank 18 is equal to 800 coulombs. For an end-of-charge voltage equal to 1000 volts, the capacity C must then have the value 0.8 0.8 Farads. In an exemplary embodiment, the charging time to obtain this voltage is equal to 1.5 minutes and the initial charging current has an intensity of 50 amps. The electrical power supplied by the installation is therefore of the order of 50 kw during the charging of the capacitor bank 18.
  • the device according to the invention can of course operate with a damping greater or less than the critical damping.
  • the pulses of maximum efficiency are obtained when the discharge circuit has a damping close to the critical damping.
  • each portion of the ship is treated along three axes in succession.
  • demagnetization simultaneously along three axes by providing three independent capacitor banks, three independent charging devices and three independent discharge devices, controlled in parallel by the same calculation device.
  • the magnetometers 7 to 11 make it possible to measure the magnetization of the portion of the ship being processed.
  • the magnetometers 8 and 10 make it possible to take account respectively of the magnetization of the portion which has been treated immediately previously and of the magnetization of the portion which will be treated immediately after.
  • the magnetometers 9 and 11, which are offset transversely with respect to the magnetometer 7, make it possible to take account of the non-homogeneity of the magnetization in the portion of the ship being processed.
  • the processing of a portion of a ship begins with the measurement of its magnetization.
  • the measurement signals supplied by the magnetometers 7 to 11 allow the calculation device 23 to determine, for the three directions, the polarity and the intensity i max of the current for a first demagnetization pulse. This intensity is proportional to the magnetization measured in the corresponding direction.
  • the formula (2) makes it possible to correspond to i max a value V o of the end of charge voltage of the capacitor bank 18. When this charge voltage is reached the servo device 22 supplies a logic signal to the microprocessor 23 The latter can then trigger the discharge.
  • the microprocessor 23 determines an intensity value i max for a second demagnetization pulse and deduces therefrom the value V o of the end of charge voltage of the capacitor bank 18.
  • the device servo 22 warns the microprocessor 23 which can then trigger the discharge of a second pulse. This sequence is repeated until the magnetization, in the direction considered, has been brought back to the set value set by the operator. This setpoint is zero for the horizontal components and not zero for the vertical component.
  • the value of the vertical component of the permanent magnetization is chosen according to the region where the ship is to sail.
  • the magnetization of the portion of the vessel to be treated is estimated from measurements of the magnetic field, in three directions, by the five magnetometers 8 to 11, assuming that the barycenter of the magnetic masses corresponds to the barycenter G of the ship's hull.
  • the components Mx, My, Mz of the magnetization at this point G are linked to the values B x , B y , B z of the magnetic field measured by one of the magnetometers, by the known relationships: where x, y, z are the coordinates of the magnetometer in an orthonormal coordinate system located in G and where r is the distance between the magnetometer and the point G.
  • this coefficient is determined by a very rough calculation or by a test, in each of the three directions. It is stored in the microprocessor's memory. The imprecision of this coefficient is not a problem since the device demagnetizes the portion of the ship by successive approximations by making the horizontal components of the magnetization tend towards zero and by making the vertical component tend towards the set value.
  • k x , k y , k z are three constant coefficients corresponding respectively to the two horizontal directions and to the vertical direction.
  • the constant C is a non-zero reference value supplied by the operator by means of the keyboard 24 to obtain a determined vertical component.
  • the sequence of the current pulses for processing each portion of the ship can be controlled automatically by the microprocessor 23, without the intervention of an operator, or else the microprocessor 23 can wait for an order given by the operator before triggering each pulse.
  • the microprocessor 23 can display on the screen 24 the values of the measured magnetization, to allow the operator to monitor the progress of the demagnetization treatment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Rear-View Mirror Devices That Are Mounted On The Exterior Of The Vehicle (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
EP86402086A 1985-09-27 1986-09-23 Entmagnetisierungsanlage, insbesondere für Schiffe Expired - Lifetime EP0217712B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8514374 1985-09-27
FR8514374A FR2587969B1 (fr) 1985-09-27 1985-09-27 Dispositif de desaimantation, notamment pour batiments navals

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0217712A1 true EP0217712A1 (de) 1987-04-08
EP0217712B1 EP0217712B1 (de) 1991-01-02

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EP86402086A Expired - Lifetime EP0217712B1 (de) 1985-09-27 1986-09-23 Entmagnetisierungsanlage, insbesondere für Schiffe

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US4734816A (de)
EP (1) EP0217712B1 (de)
CA (1) CA1283163C (de)
DE (1) DE3676412D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2587969B1 (de)
NO (1) NO165991C (de)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0247367A1 (de) * 1986-04-29 1987-12-02 Bundesrepublik Deutschland vertr. durch d. Bundesm. d. Vert. vertr. durch den Präs. d. Bundesamt. für Wehrtech. u. Beschaffung Verfahren zur Einstellung einer magnetischen Eigenschutz (MES)-Anlage zur Kompensation des magnetischen Störfeldes eines Fahrzeuges, insbesondere Schiffes
EP0356146A2 (de) * 1988-08-19 1990-02-28 The Marconi Company Limited Magnetanordnung
WO2000054293A1 (de) * 1999-03-06 2000-09-14 Imo Institut Fur Mikrostrukturtechnologie Und Opt Oelektronik E.V. Anordnung zum schreiben von magnetischen massstaben
CN104361974A (zh) * 2014-11-07 2015-02-18 中国人民解放军海军工程大学 移动式消磁装置
RU2616508C2 (ru) * 2015-09-17 2017-04-17 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Крыловский государственный научный центр" Способ размагничивания судна и устройство для его реализации
EP2755217A3 (de) * 2013-01-14 2018-01-24 Albert Maurer Entmagnetisierverfahren

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5189590A (en) * 1990-07-25 1993-02-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Closed-loop multi-sensor control system and method
ES2071562B1 (es) * 1992-06-15 1997-11-01 Selter S A Unidad electronica para magnetizar y desmagnetizar aparatos electropermanentes. (procede del modelo utilidad 9201899)
US5463523A (en) * 1993-09-01 1995-10-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Zero field degaussing system and method
US5483410A (en) * 1994-03-25 1996-01-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Advanced degaussing coil system
RU2119690C1 (ru) * 1997-08-22 1998-09-27 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственный центр "Технология и эффективность" Многофункциональная система размагничивания ферромагнитных объектов
US6798632B1 (en) * 2002-06-13 2004-09-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Power frequency electromagnetic field compensation system
US6965505B1 (en) * 2003-05-30 2005-11-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Ship degaussing system and algorithm
US7451719B1 (en) * 2006-04-19 2008-11-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy High temperature superconducting degaussing system
RU2583257C1 (ru) * 2014-12-05 2016-05-10 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Крыловский государственный научный центр" (ФГУП "Крыловский государственный научный центр") Способ размагничивания судна
DE102018131564B4 (de) * 2018-12-10 2024-02-08 Stl Systems Ag Entmagnetisierungs- und Signaturvermessungsanlage
JP7144312B2 (ja) * 2018-12-21 2022-09-29 三菱重工業株式会社 船舶および電源システム

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2730063A (en) * 1952-11-10 1956-01-10 Richard W Gebs Degaussing system
US2933059A (en) * 1953-10-28 1960-04-19 Sperry Rand Corp Shipboard degaussing system
US3215904A (en) * 1961-12-22 1965-11-02 Wayne E Burt Mine counter measure ships degaussing status indicator
GB1303801A (de) * 1965-07-28 1973-01-24
EP0021274A1 (de) * 1979-06-25 1981-01-07 RIV-SKF OFFICINE DI VILLAR PEROSA S.p.A Entmagnetisierungsvorrichtung

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3110282A (en) * 1960-08-24 1963-11-12 Friedrich M O Foerster Degaussing control

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2730063A (en) * 1952-11-10 1956-01-10 Richard W Gebs Degaussing system
US2933059A (en) * 1953-10-28 1960-04-19 Sperry Rand Corp Shipboard degaussing system
US3215904A (en) * 1961-12-22 1965-11-02 Wayne E Burt Mine counter measure ships degaussing status indicator
GB1303801A (de) * 1965-07-28 1973-01-24
EP0021274A1 (de) * 1979-06-25 1981-01-07 RIV-SKF OFFICINE DI VILLAR PEROSA S.p.A Entmagnetisierungsvorrichtung

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0247367A1 (de) * 1986-04-29 1987-12-02 Bundesrepublik Deutschland vertr. durch d. Bundesm. d. Vert. vertr. durch den Präs. d. Bundesamt. für Wehrtech. u. Beschaffung Verfahren zur Einstellung einer magnetischen Eigenschutz (MES)-Anlage zur Kompensation des magnetischen Störfeldes eines Fahrzeuges, insbesondere Schiffes
EP0356146A2 (de) * 1988-08-19 1990-02-28 The Marconi Company Limited Magnetanordnung
EP0356146A3 (de) * 1988-08-19 1990-07-04 The Marconi Company Limited Magnetanordnung
WO2000054293A1 (de) * 1999-03-06 2000-09-14 Imo Institut Fur Mikrostrukturtechnologie Und Opt Oelektronik E.V. Anordnung zum schreiben von magnetischen massstaben
EP2755217A3 (de) * 2013-01-14 2018-01-24 Albert Maurer Entmagnetisierverfahren
CN104361974A (zh) * 2014-11-07 2015-02-18 中国人民解放军海军工程大学 移动式消磁装置
CN104361974B (zh) * 2014-11-07 2017-01-18 中国人民解放军海军工程大学 移动式消磁装置
RU2616508C2 (ru) * 2015-09-17 2017-04-17 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Крыловский государственный научный центр" Способ размагничивания судна и устройство для его реализации

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4734816A (en) 1988-03-29
FR2587969A1 (fr) 1987-04-03
NO863829D0 (no) 1986-09-25
DE3676412D1 (de) 1991-02-07
NO165991B (no) 1991-02-04
CA1283163C (en) 1991-04-16
NO863829L (no) 1987-03-30
EP0217712B1 (de) 1991-01-02
NO165991C (no) 1991-05-15
FR2587969B1 (fr) 1991-10-11

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