EP0205600A1 - Fixing element. - Google Patents
Fixing element.Info
- Publication number
- EP0205600A1 EP0205600A1 EP86900647A EP86900647A EP0205600A1 EP 0205600 A1 EP0205600 A1 EP 0205600A1 EP 86900647 A EP86900647 A EP 86900647A EP 86900647 A EP86900647 A EP 86900647A EP 0205600 A1 EP0205600 A1 EP 0205600A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hook
- adhesive
- adhesive according
- carrier
- hook elements
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A44—HABERDASHERY; JEWELLERY
- A44B—BUTTONS, PINS, BUCKLES, SLIDE FASTENERS, OR THE LIKE
- A44B18/00—Fasteners of the touch-and-close type; Making such fasteners
- A44B18/0003—Fastener constructions
- A44B18/0015—Male or hook elements
Definitions
- the invention relates to one-piece arrangements for flat, usually releasable connection with or of objects.
- Velcro straps to be considered as known fasteners. Their specific disadvantage is that they are in two parts, ie the object to be connected must always be glued with a Velcro counterpart. Sewing or staples are prepared, which means a corresponding effort and for certain objects, eg with living skin, is not possible.
- the two-part construction of the Velcro tape in connection with the usually only striped covering of the object also requires a correspondingly precise attachment and contacting, often when the object is obscuring the view.
- the invention is based on the likewise one-piece adhesive film and solves the problem of producing a surface connection with or of suitable objects which resists a separating force which acts perpendicularly or tangentially to the object surface up to the functionally provided limit force, which under a. to g . avoids disadvantages mentioned and brings new advantages. It thus leads to a number of inventive applications, which are described under A. to D.
- the object is achieved in that a plurality of hook elements attached to a carrier - e.g. a film, a grid, net or fabric - are attached in a flat distribution, brought into contact with the surface of an object to be connected and hooked to it in a form-fitting, if necessary additionally non-positive, manner. It is of inventive importance that this interlocking takes place in the contact area without a necessary positive fit in large, i.e. without the connection presupposing a large form of the object favoring the connection with an at least partial enclosure.
- the two-dimensional connection of the adhesive and the object thus takes place essentially in the small area at the location of the hook element that comes into engagement.
- a prerequisite for the connection is a hookable surface of the contacted object. 1 shows examples of this.
- the hook 1 of a spring clip 7 penetrate the surface of a homogeneous
- Item 4 in a substance-separating manner (e.g. in the Skin).
- Fig. 1b the surface penetration and
- the clip can be hooked through the surface profile of the homogeneous object (e.g. rough, porous surfaces).
- the clip penetrates a thread or wire mesh, which is exemplary for all flat thread, fiber and wire arrangements or designs made of different materials such as textile fabrics and knitted fabrics, metal or plastic wire mesh and the like.
- the GB patent specification 1392711 should be mentioned, in which hook elements, which are fastened to a toupee vertically by means of a band, get caught in the natural residual hair or in a thin hair braid.
- This patent does not conflict with the subject matter of the invention, since - apart from the very special application and shape of the hook element - the hooking object does not have the planar arrangement required in claim 1, i.e. Has surface character.
- Fig. 1d shows a similar hooking as in Fig. 1b, but with the difference that the object surface takes on a hookable shape only by the hooking process inform of material displacement and crushing.
- Examples of objects that combine with the subject matter of the invention are: skin, leather, rubber, foam rubber, rigid foam, soft plastics, textiles, fabrics, knitted fabrics, felt, cardboard, wood and paper with a rough surface, plants and their fruit.
- FIG. 2 some basic examples of hook elements are shown. Usually from hooks or
- Barb 1 and hook arm 2 existing hook element is connected to the carrier 3 (eg net).
- the hooks have indentation forms for the material penetration of the surface (eg skin) or for penetration into the surface created by flat arrangement or formation of object parts (eg textile fabric) the object 4.
- Fig. 2a shows a rigid hook element which can penetrate in the drawn, but also in any other position.
- 2b shows a rigid or resilient spit with a rigid or spreading barb.
- a hook element is sketched in FIG. 2c, which penetrates the object like a hook and, in the example, rotating in the carrier (for example due to web torsion).
- the lever 5 is also an example.
- Fig. 2d finally shows a spring element in the hook arm resilient. (Drag hook).
- a hook element can also have more than one hook or barb. The more or less flat position of the hooks in relation to the object surface in these examples promotes flat hooking, which can be particularly important for living skin (see applications A. and B.).
- the arrows in FIG. 2 indicate the direction of force and movement of the hook that is conducive to surface penetration.
- the interlocking is achieved primarily by mechanical force. If the hook elements are all aligned and the hook tips are arranged essentially flat to the surface of the object, the hooking can be carried out by force-transmitting stroking movements, e.g. can be reached by hand over the carrier along the surface of the object. The separation from the object takes place in the reverse direction.
- the division between two or more hook elements creates brackets.
- the interlocking in the object requires a relative mobility of either the clamp hook by springing and / or rotation or the
- brackets When brackets are formed, the hooks do not have to face each other directly. They can also interact with each other across carrier routes.
- Fig. 5 shows a bracket shape, in which the bracket-forming hook elements are offset from one another and the carrier web lying between them serves as a torsion spring.
- arrangements are provided in which all hook elements point in one direction in a connecting zone, in a second direction in a second zone, etc., so that far-away hook elements form groups of clips work together.
- This also includes the basic arrangement example, in which the hook elements are aligned in strips and reverse in the direction from strip to strip.
- Brackets or groups of hook elements that form brackets can also be created by rigid hook elements, for which resilient support sections are provided.
- the carrier suspension can, among other things, be bending or stretchable in the direction of the carrier surface.
- connection can basically be released again.
- an injury to the surface of the object which corresponds to the hook dimension and which is not particularly noticeable in the case of micro-hooks is accepted as insignificant, and is also corrected automatically in living tissue such as skin and plants.
- thread fabrics, for example textiles, and other loose structures in which the connecting force only has to be small anyway one becomes injury-free solution of the connection possible by means of corresponding slightly spring-loaded hooks.
- a hook movement e.g. the opening and closing of clamps, with the result that the object becomes entangled due to temperature-dependent bending of the hook element or a change in the shape of the carrier, or hygroscopic adhesive material reacts to changes in moisture with changes in shape and position.
- the subject matter of the invention is suitable for a number of applications, some of which are described below.
- the adhesive must have a small or microstructure.
- the principle of adhesive described is suitable for hair replacement / hair pieces / toupees.
- the hook element carrier here is in particular a net or grid.
- the replacement hair has a network of e.g. synthetic material and which are held on the bald scalp with adhesive strips.
- the disadvantage here is that the adhesive strips loosen after a short time due to the sweating and the toupee has to be prepared again. Due to the connection only in places, the toupee can e.g. be lifted off the wind especially in the forehead area or it slips.
- foil toupee is known, which adheres adhesively.
- a typical example is a method in which the individual hair is looped through an end loop in the adipose tissue
- Scalp is anchored.
- the hygienic side is satisfactory here, but not the low hair density, the losses due to rejection, which have to be compensated for by transplants, the risk of scalp inflammation, the need for surgery and finally the high costs.
- a hair replacement technique (known from DE-OS 2015721) is finally proposed, in which a hair part based on a network is sewn to the scalp.
- threads are drawn in at certain points on the scalp and formed into loops, to which the net is then attached.
- unsatisfactory hygiene including residual hair matting
- the invention like the latter technique, also provides for permanent, at least long-term attachment of a hair part to the scalp.
- it is intended to remedy all of the disadvantages of the known techniques mentioned above. It is based on the task of training a hair replacement so that that a particularly simple and permanent, but fundamentally reversible attachment of the same to the scalp of the user is made possible without surgery and in a hygienically and aesthetically satisfactory manner.
- a replacement hair-bearing network (or grid) is connected to the upper scalp layer. This is done using hook elements that protrude from the top of the net and get caught in the skin - preferably in the epidermis that regenerates in about a month or, if possible, in the cornea.
- the low permissible tensile force per hook element due to its shallow penetration into the skin (the epidermis thickness is of the order of 100 ⁇ m) is compensated for by a large number of hook elements with the consequence of a corresponding microstructure of the hair replacement construction.
- the penetration of the hook elements into the skin is separated by tissue. Fig. 1a or tissue displacing according to Fig. 1d and undercuts like pores using Fig. 1b.
- the hook elements are distributed evenly or depending on the need for hooking force over the network. It may make sense to connect a ring strip around the area to be covered.
- the net is designed so that the natural residual hair - as far as it is still present in the net area - can grow through the mesh holes unhindered. This is achieved by means of mesh constructions with little head area coverage through the mesh material and - as a consequence of the microstructure mentioned - by a small distance of the mesh from the head, so that the (previously shaved) natural residual hair in the covered area grows completely through the mesh and mixes with the replacement hair .
- the unhindered growth of the net means that a natural hair advancing from the scalp is not prevented from penetrating the net even if it does not, as in most cases, grow directly into a mesh hole, but bumps into mesh material in the way.
- the hair under consideration is so stiff due to the small distance between head and net that it pushes past the net material and reaches the upper side of the net.
- the prevention of the kinking and backward growth of the remaining hair is important because it prevents matting under the net due to the accumulation of natural remaining hair. This and the light-held net create the hygienic requirement that the hair replacement does not have to be removed from the head periodically.
- the hair replacement is as follows:
- the net is placed on the bald, light head or part of the head that is only at risk of hair loss and is pre-shaved if necessary, and pressed on by hand everywhere, thus achieving a permanent connection.
- the net can only become detached from the head if there is excessive pull on the replacement hair (use of force) or the natural rejection of the epidermal cells. In this case, a short hand pressure on the loosening area restores the adhesion by hooking again for a long time.
- the subject of the invention has the following advantageous properties:
- Fig. 6 shows the principle of a wire mesh with clips and hair.
- FIGS. 7 to 12 Examples of the design and manufacture of the hook elements with carrier can be found below after the description of the applications and in the form of the drawings, FIGS. 7 to 12, since these examples apply not only to the "hair replacement" application, but also in principle to other applications .
- the invented adhesive has many uses in medicine.
- the following examples are aimed at body adhesion with or without electrical contact, body covering and body attachment.
- the recording of the EKG is associated with the attachment and detachment of electrodes on the patient's body.
- the electrodes are usually attached with adhesive strips, seat belts or suction cups.
- the attachment and the electrical contact of the electrodes supported by gel can be problematic.
- the detachment of the adhesive strips on hair is usually painful, and suction cups can lead to skin spots.
- the preparation and post-processing of the ECG recording which may also be associated with shaving, is complex and time-consuming relative to the measuring time.
- the EKG measurement is improved as follows:
- An adhesive with electrically conductive, in particular with metallic hook elements combines the function of the attachment with that of the electrical contact.
- the connection with the skin is similar to A .. Hair and sweat are not disturbing. The disadvantages of today's EKG method are eliminated.
- the EEG recording is analogous to the EKG.
- a special advantage is the adhesion and electrical contact also through the hair.
- the advantage of the subject matter of the invention also lies in the combination of mechanical adhesion and electrical contacting and in the bridging of otherwise disruptive intermediate media such as hair, sweat and moisture, in particular in the possibility of using the electrodes under water, e.g. in bathrooms.
- the medical applications of the subject of the invention are not limited to the examples described above and to skin as an adhesive agent.
- the subject of the invention can be used in a variety of ways as an advantageous adhesive on the skin. Examples: C1. Strapless or cordless attachment of beach,
- Bathing, diving utensils and textiles on the body e.g. Bathing and beach shoes, which consist only of a light shoe sole adhering to the sole of the foot, fashion attributes, garter belt without a constricting elastic band (e.g. for medical reasons), bras and similar applications.
- the general-purpose adhesive film (adhesive tape) is a consistent addition to the usual adhesive films
- Adhesive film does not mean that the support of the adhesive elements is in any case a closed film. Fabrics, grids, nets etc. are also meant.
- the range of applications can be divided into categories of the objects to be connected.
- the object categories lead to corresponding adhesive function categories of the adhesive film, i.e. for a gradual adaptation of the design of the adhesive film, in particular the hook elements.
- An important category of objects includes thread fabrics, in particular textile fabrics and fabrics, as well as nonwovens, felt and other flat threads and fibrous materials.
- a second category includes leather, synthetic leather and soft plastics.
- Adhesive tape either on the cover or on the upholstery.
- a combination of several hook element categories with different shapes and different dimensions is provided on a film (tape). This is done by mixing or strip-like distribution of hook elements of different categories on the adhesive film (adhesive tape). Differential features include the spring strength and the angle between the hook and the object surface.
- the adhesive film can adhere on one or both sides, i.e. be covered with hook elements.
- FIGS. 1 to 6 are basic drawings already discussed
- Fig. 1 hooking in objects of different types.
- 2 different hook elements on the carrier.
- 3 cloth-separating hooking process in three phases with a spit clip.
- 4 cloth-separating hooking process in three phases with a tow hook clip.
- 6 wire mesh with Braces and hair
- Fig. 7 flat clips made of foil by bending perpendicular to the foil
- a net or generally a carrier with wire clips can be based on the production of a triangular profile winding or a round profile or spiral winding with subsequent profile pressing to form a triangle or ellipse.
- the axially stretched winding is then distributed on the carrier in a surface-covering distribution - e.g. by line or spiral arrangement - fastened and the winding on the side facing away from the carrier opened into clips, e.g. by grinding.
- wire clip network Another way of producing a wire clip network is based on a wire mesh or wire mesh (for example made of metal or plastic), the mesh webs of which are separated at certain points and formed into clips, or by forming loops during weaving, which can then be opened into clips, e.g. by grinding or laser.
- a wire mesh or wire mesh for example made of metal or plastic
- a resilient film (e.g. made of plastic or metal) is cut to the pattern shown in Fig. 7a, e.g. by punching or form etching.
- the pattern is repeated periodically or - if the distribution of the brackets is adapted to the requirement for adhesion - not periodically over the film surface.
- Deformation in the case of thermoplastics, for example with a hot air stream
- the staple tips are ground if necessary.
- spikes 11 are integrated in the pattern for receiving the replacement hair 6.
- a resilient film (e.g. made of metal) is cut through (e.g. by
- Form etching or laser This pattern is repeated periodically or non-periodically across the film surface. If this severed film is stretched in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 8a, it merges into a three-dimensional structure, namely into a grid with the webs 12 and 13, from which clips 14 protrude almost vertically on one side, as shown in FIG. 8b .
- the transition region 15 between the grid and the clamp results in a torsion spring for the return of the clamp.
- a foil perforated (e.g. by form etching), as shown in the lower part of Fig. 9, is drawn over an edge.
- the V-shaped structures 17 emerging from the edge of the film surface are combed up against the pulling movement to form arms, like the upper one
- FIG. 9 Part of FIG. 9 illustrates.
- the bracket arms are in place then essentially perpendicular to the clip hook strips 18.
- the webs 19 connect the rows of clips and provide with their shape for the necessary freedom of movement of the clips during the interlocking process.
- FIG. 10 shows the basic arrangement and function of a hooking variant, in which the hooking process ends when the hook tip 20 emerges from the object 4.
- This adhesive construction is used above all on living skin and here in particular when hair replacement is worn continuously.
- the design goal is to minimize skin irritation, but is not limited to that.
- the adhesive construction or the hair replacement with its hooks 21 lies loosely on the head 4 (FIG. 10a).
- the hook arm 22 is attached to the grid web 23, which also serves as a torsion bar for resetting the hook element.
- the dashed lines indicate construction parts in principle, namely lattice webs 24 transverse to the torsion bars and spacers 25 of some shape.
- the skin penetration by spring force can be supplemented or replaced by hand force.
- the skin penetration or detachment from the skin can be effected by stroking movements with the hand over the lever arms, ie over the head in one or the other direction.
- the shoveling penetration of the skin can also be brought about by a sliding movement essentially parallel to the head surface when the hook is bent (because the skin penetration path adapts to the hook shape) or is guided in an arc .
- the lever arm 26 can be designed at its end for receiving replacement hair.
- the pulling force of pulled replacement hair increases the hooking of the hook element in the scalp via the lever arm.
- a connection that can be switched on and off can be advantageous for special applications of the adhesive.
- the hook also has two stable positions. In one he tipped away from the surface of the object to be connected, in the other he hooked with the object.
- the two tilt positions can e.g. by swiping your hand over the
- Lever arms - see also arrangement in Fig. 2c - can be reached in opposite directions. The connection can thus be switched on and off.
- An application can be, for example, a conveyor belt with hook elements, in which objects in certain conveyors zones kept in others to be released again.
- the connection switching can be position, time or event dependent, for example triggered by the conveyor belt curvature.
- hook and clip construction described above require bending deformations during manufacture in order to form a three-dimensional adhesive such as hook elements / clips and supports from linear (e.g. wire) or flat (e.g. foil) materials.
- FIG. 11 shows the principle for the production of a three-dimensional adhesive without bending deformations.
- a multi-layer film according to FIG. 11a made of layers of different, suitable material (e.g. resilient metal foil in layers 1, 3 and 5) is formed into clips in a multi-step etching process, which hang on a grid or carrier.
- suitable material e.g. resilient metal foil in layers 1, 3 and 5
- thinner wires 29, which are under bending pretension, are woven into a fabric made of warp wires 27 and weft wires 28, as shown in FIG. 12a in plan view and FIG. 12b in a section along one of the prestressed wires.
- a laser beam (eg) guided at a constant speed by the dashed lines in FIG. 12a at a constant speed cuts through the thinner, pre-stressed wires, which automatically close deform clamp-like structures, as shown in Fig. 12c left.
- a final clamp shape is achieved by pressing perpendicular to the plane of the tissue, shortening the hook length, for example with a laser, and grinding the hook tips if necessary, as shown in FIG.
- a flat profile is favorable for their unique position in the tissue.
- the bending prestress can be achieved by conventional techniques such as one-sided elongation at an edge or bimetal / bimetal effect.
- separation by electrical thermistors in the form of the weft wires, which may be integrated in the production line, is also possible.
- a grid can also be used.
- a vault mat made of spiral or similarly wound wires made of metal or plastic is covered on its surface - on one or both sides - by e.g. Grind or laser beam cut and pressed perpendicular to the mat plane, which creates clips from part of the wire windings.
- the pile of wire, fiber or thread ends protruding vertically from a carrier - for example fabric or film - is permanently deformed by pressing perpendicular to the carrier, ie the individual pile element is usually bent in the middle and thus into a hook-like structure.
- the individual pile element is usually bent in the middle and thus into a hook-like structure.
- final hook elements are created, which are due to their random orientation have a bracket function to each other.
- the end of the pile element towards the hook can also be bent by the action of heat or a chemical (crimping) if the pile material is plastic.
Abstract
L'élément de fixation est constitué par un support plan, par exemple en forme de réseau, et par des crochets (1) (2) faisant saillie des différentes parties du support plan, reliés par des brides élastiques (10), et ayant une structure fine ou ultrafine. L'élément de fixation adhère à toute matière plate dans laquelle les crochets peuvent prendre, telle que la peau, le cuir, le caoutchouc, la matière synthétique tendre, le tissu. Il conserve ses qualités de fixation même si la surface est grasse, sale, humide, couverte de poussière ou de poils ou même placée dans l'eau. Une application importante de l'élément de fixation est le toupet. En médecine, par exemple lors de la fixation des électrodes pour un ECG, l'aptitude des crochets à conduire le courant électrique est une caractéristique additionnelle possible.The fixing element consists of a flat support, for example in the form of a network, and by hooks (1) (2) projecting from the different parts of the flat support, connected by elastic flanges (10), and having a fine or ultra-fine structure. The fastener adheres to any flat material in which the hooks can take, such as skin, leather, rubber, soft synthetic material, fabric. It retains its fixing qualities even if the surface is greasy, dirty, wet, covered with dust or hair or even placed in water. An important application of the fastener is the toupee. In medicine, for example when attaching electrodes for an ECG, the ability of the hooks to conduct electric current is a possible additional characteristic.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT86900647T ATE55679T1 (en) | 1984-12-27 | 1985-12-23 | ADHESIVE. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3447468A DE3447468A1 (en) | 1984-12-27 | 1984-12-27 | HAIR REPLACEMENT |
DE3447468 | 1984-12-27 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0205600A1 true EP0205600A1 (en) | 1986-12-30 |
EP0205600B1 EP0205600B1 (en) | 1990-08-22 |
Family
ID=6253939
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86900647A Expired - Lifetime EP0205600B1 (en) | 1984-12-27 | 1985-12-23 | Fixing element |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0205600B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5237186A (en) |
DE (2) | DE3447468A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1986003952A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3614452A1 (en) * | 1986-04-29 | 1987-11-12 | Czech Joachim | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR APPLYING HAIR TO SKIN SECTIONS |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE7206988U (en) * | 1972-07-13 | Kreiner H | toupee | |
NL108655C (en) * | 1958-08-20 | |||
US3464094A (en) * | 1967-07-12 | 1969-09-02 | American Velcro Inc | Fluid-tight closure assembly |
US3546754A (en) * | 1968-08-12 | 1970-12-15 | George H Erb | Separable fastener |
US3553737A (en) * | 1969-04-07 | 1971-01-12 | Jack Bauman | Method of applying hair |
FR2044171A5 (en) * | 1969-05-12 | 1971-02-19 | Levy Claude | |
US3586060A (en) * | 1969-06-20 | 1971-06-22 | American Velcro Inc | Method and apparatus for making flexible strips of material having a pile of hook-shaped elements |
DE1953762A1 (en) * | 1969-10-25 | 1971-05-06 | Kurt Fielbrandt | Hair transplant |
US3811425A (en) * | 1970-08-03 | 1974-05-21 | G Widdifield | Method and apparatus for mounting hair |
GB1392711A (en) * | 1971-02-01 | 1975-04-30 | Top Piece Ltd | Toupees |
FR2159547A5 (en) * | 1971-11-02 | 1973-06-22 | Gauthier Gerard | |
US3913183A (en) * | 1971-11-19 | 1975-10-21 | George C Brumlik | Multi-element gripping device |
US3879835A (en) * | 1972-10-19 | 1975-04-29 | George C Brumlik | Method of making multi element self-gripping device having cooperating gripping elements |
US3942195A (en) * | 1975-02-18 | 1976-03-09 | Dura-Hair International, Inc. | Hairpiece anchor |
JPS5433157A (en) * | 1977-08-17 | 1979-03-10 | Shirou Yamada | Production of artificial hair for transplantation |
US4168713A (en) * | 1978-02-21 | 1979-09-25 | Demetre Agiotis | Methods and apparatus for securing hairpieces |
US4254772A (en) * | 1979-11-05 | 1981-03-10 | Mcnamee Thomas C | Hairpiece retention system and method of applying same |
DE3403258A1 (en) * | 1984-01-31 | 1985-08-01 | Gottlieb Binder GmbH & Co, 7038 Holzgerlingen | TEXTILE AREA LOCKER |
-
1984
- 1984-12-27 DE DE3447468A patent/DE3447468A1/en active Granted
-
1985
- 1985-12-23 AU AU52371/86A patent/AU5237186A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1985-12-23 DE DE8686900647T patent/DE3579316D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-12-23 EP EP86900647A patent/EP0205600B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-12-23 WO PCT/DE1985/000557 patent/WO1986003952A1/en active IP Right Grant
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO8603952A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3579316D1 (en) | 1990-09-27 |
WO1986003952A1 (en) | 1986-07-17 |
AU5237186A (en) | 1986-07-29 |
DE3447468C2 (en) | 1987-04-16 |
DE3447468A1 (en) | 1986-07-10 |
EP0205600B1 (en) | 1990-08-22 |
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