EP0181248B1 - Process for heating a liquid by submerged combustion, and apparatus for carrying out this process - Google Patents

Process for heating a liquid by submerged combustion, and apparatus for carrying out this process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0181248B1
EP0181248B1 EP85401997A EP85401997A EP0181248B1 EP 0181248 B1 EP0181248 B1 EP 0181248B1 EP 85401997 A EP85401997 A EP 85401997A EP 85401997 A EP85401997 A EP 85401997A EP 0181248 B1 EP0181248 B1 EP 0181248B1
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Prior art keywords
combustion
liquid
products
chamber
volume
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0181248A1 (en
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Bernard Lévèque
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Engie SA
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Gaz de France SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
    • F24H1/107—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using fluid fuel

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  • the invention relates to a method for heating a liquid by submerged combustion, as well as a device for carrying out this method.
  • the heating of liquids by submerged combustion is generally limited in its applications to a bath temperature close to 60 ° C. Above this temperature, the thermal efficiency decreases rapidly and vanishes around 90 ° C. Indeed, towards this temperature, and assuming that the bath is at atmospheric pressure, we reach the dew point temperature of the combustion products, and all the heat produced by the combustion only serves to produce water vapor at this temperature. dew.
  • the object of the invention is to solve the problem of heating with a yield as good as desired of a fluid to be heated, using essentially and possibly exclusively equipment intended for submerged combustion, and in such a way that it is possible to achieve a temperature as high as desired of the fluid to be heated, for example, close to boiling in a non-pressurized bath.
  • the invention applies to the submerged combustion of any combustible, gaseous, pulverized, liquid or fluidized product, using in particular natural gas, liquefied petroleum gases, synthesis gases, petroleum oils, etc.
  • thermal and mass equilibrium i.e. the moment when the temperature of the products of combustion leaving the installation becomes substantially equal to the temperature of the bath and when the condensation of water from the fumes compensates the production of water vapor from the bath driven by the fumes
  • thermal and mass equilibrium i.e. the moment when the temperature of the products of combustion leaving the installation becomes substantially equal to the temperature of the bath and when the condensation of water from the fumes compensates the production of water vapor from the bath driven by the fumes
  • the submerged combustion burner is immersed in this chamber to a depth less than the minimum depth required to obtain the thermal equilibrium between the liquid to be heated and the products of combustion.
  • the invention is perfectly usable whatever the nature of the liquid to be heated and whatever the pressure prevailing in said first submerged combustion chamber, which can for example be substantially at atmospheric pressure.
  • the invention also relates to a device for implementing the above-mentioned method, of the type comprising, on the one hand, at least one first chamber containing a volume of liquid in which is placed a submerged combustion burner and other share, at least one heat exchanger-recuperator placed on the outlet circuit of the combustion products which leave this first chamber.
  • this document provides for using as a heat exchanger-recuperator, a tray that would be placed above the bath and under a washing tower, this tray being shaped so as to provide above it a volume of water collection falling from the tower and, beneath it, a volume of containment of fumes rising from the bath.
  • this exchanger-recuperator is essentially, as has been said, to recover the latent heat and the sensible heat of the fumes after they have circulated in the first chamber, the forecast such a tray did not appear to be suitable.
  • the device of the invention is therefore characterized in that, inside the first chamber, the immersion height of the burner in the liquid is lower to that required to substantially reach the thermal equilibrium of said liquid with the products of combustion and in that said heat exchanger comprises at least one chamber, called second chamber, containing a liquid in which the products of combustion bubble up before leaving the device.
  • FIGS. 1 to 4 schematically show four embodiments of an installation operating in accordance with 'invention.
  • the installation essentially comprises two tanks 1, 2, each containing a volume of a liquid respectively 3, 4, (for example water) to be heated.
  • a burner 5 of a type known per se In the volume of liquid 3 of the tank 1 is immersed a burner 5, of a type known per se, with submerged combustion, which is supplied for example with combustible gas at 6 and combustion air at 7 under suitable supply pressure.
  • the products of combustion leaving the burner escape through the volume of liquid 3 in the lower part of the tank 1 forming a submerged combustion chamber.
  • the height h1 of the path of the combustion products escaping from the burner 5 and passing through the liquid bath 3 is reduced, compared to that required to substantially reach the thermal equilibrium of said liquid with the products of the combustion.
  • This height can be for example from 200 to 300 mm.
  • the products of combustion escape in gaseous form as illustrated by small bubbles above the free surface 8 of the bath. They are then channeled through an upper wall 9 of the tank 1 and pass through a conduit 10 inside the tank 2 in the direction of a gas diffuser 11 placed towards the base of the tank 2, allowing the bubbling of the products combustion in the bath 4 of liquid contained in the tank 2 and the heat exchange between these combustion products and the liquid bath.
  • the height h 2 of diffusion of the products of combustion in the liquid bath 4 is this time preferably sufficient to allow thermal equilibrium to be reached between the products of combustion and the liquid bath 4. This height can be by example of the order of 500 to 800 mm.
  • the installation is advantageously completed, as illustrated, by a washing tower, known per se, 13 through which the products of the countercurrent combustion with a cold water circuit sprayed into the tower and supplied by a supply 14.
  • the hot water produced in the bath 3 can be drawn off at 15.
  • the liquid bath 3 can be supplied directly by the cold water circuit 14 by means of an adjustment valve 16 and / or by lukewarm water supplied by line 17 and the flow rate of which is regulated by a valve 18, lukewarm water withdrawn from the bath 4 of the tank 2. It is also possible to draw lukewarm water from the bath 4 as indicated in 19 by means of a valve adjustment 20.
  • the submerged combustion which is conducted in the chamber of the tank 1 containing the liquid bath 3 to be heated, is, as explained above, not carried out until the equilibrium conditions between the temperature of this bath and the products of combustion. It follows that in the channel 10 are admitted as a mixture of the combustion products at a still high temperature and the steam entrainments of the bath 3. By operating in this way, and provided that the combustion rate of the burner and the water withdrawal rate in bath 3, it is possible to raise the temperature of bath 3 to any desired temperature up to its boiling point.
  • the pressure prevailing above the surface 8 of the bath 3 is in the example envisaged, substantially equal to the atmospheric pressure increased by the gauge pressure of the column h2 necessary to allow the correct functioning of the diffuser 11 , near pressure losses in the installation, and in particular in the pipe 10 and in the washing tower 13 assumed to be open to the atmosphere.
  • the tank 2 functions normally as a preheating tank for supplying the tank 1.
  • the operation of the tanks 1 and 2 can be independent, and in this case the tank 1 operates as a source of production of a hot liquid and the tank 2 as a source of production of a warm liquid. In this way, it is not necessary for the nature of the liquids contained in the tanks 1 and 2 to be the same.
  • an installation comprising a tank 1 containing a bath 3 of liquid to be heated in which is immersed a submerged combustion burner 5 immersed of a reduced height h1 under the free surface 8 of the bath.
  • the installation also comprises at its outlet a tank 2 containing a bath 4 into which are admitted by a diffuser 11 the products of combustion escaping from the installation, the diffuser being placed at a sufficient depth below the surface 12 of this bath so that the thermal equilibrium between the products of combustion and the liquid of the bath 4 is substantially reached.
  • the products of combustion escape through a washing tower 13 through which cold water 14 is fed. of the installation.
  • the installation of FIG. 2 further comprises an intermediate tank 21 containing a bath of liquid 23 in which the products of combustion escaping through a bubbler 22 are bubbled.
  • the tank 1 above the surface 8 of the first bath.
  • the diffuser 22 is placed in the bath 23 at a height h3 below the surface 24 of this bath, which height h3 is reduced compared to that which would allow thermal equilibrium between the products of combustion and the liquid contained in it. bath.
  • the two successive chambers necessary for submerged combustion and for recovering heat from the products of combustion up to equilibrium temperature are placed in a single tank 31. from the second bedroom.
  • the tank 1 is separated by a wall 32, essentially in two compartments, respectively to the left and to the right of this partition in the drawing.
  • the compartment on the left 33 forms the submerged combustion chamber, and the compartment 34 on the right forms the compartment in which the bubbling of the products of combustion takes place until thermal equilibrium within the bath to be heated.
  • the combustion products released in the compartment 33 forming a submerged combustion chamber are channeled under an upper wall 35, forming a sort of bell 36 partially covering the compartment 33.
  • the gases channeled under this bell are brought to the diffuser 11 by a conduit 10 similarly to what has been illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the hot water is drawn off as indicated in 15 in the bath 33 and the cold water is brought in 14 in the bath 4.
  • the supply of preheated water from bath 4 to bath 3 is advantageously made by a small passage forming a water seal 37 at the base of the partition 32.
  • a level difference H is established between the free surface 8 of the hot bath 3 and the free surface 12 of the warm bath.
  • the immersion height h of the diffuser 11 must be adjusted so as to provide the desired heat exchange between the products of combustion and the bath 4.
  • the installation may also include a washing tower on the outlet of the combustion products.
  • FIG. 4 differs from that of FIG. 3 only in that the compartments 33 and 34 are not formed in a single tank, but in two separate tanks. For the rest, the operation of the installation is identical and will not be described further. Note however that in this embodiment, there is independence of the baths 3 and 4 which may be of a different nature, and one can provide a direct supply of cold liquid 38 for the hot bath 3. In this case, the bath 4 used to produce a warm liquid drawn off in 38 '. Alternatively, a junction 39 can be provided between the baths 4 and 3, the bath 4 serving as a preheating bath.
  • the invention allows in a way to stratify, without mixing together, layers of liquid progressively traversed by the products of submerged combustion.
  • stratification and the material separation in several tanks or in chambers communicating by a narrow passage between them one is no longer limited to the equilibrium temperature between that of the bath and the dew temperature of the products of combustion to obtain a suitable yield; on the contrary, it is possible to greatly exceed this temperature while obtaining an overall improved operating efficiency.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Details Of Fluid Heaters (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)

Description

L'invention concerne un procédé pour le chauffage d'un liquide par combustion submergée, ainsi qu'un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.The invention relates to a method for heating a liquid by submerged combustion, as well as a device for carrying out this method.

Le chauffage des liquides par combustion submergée est généralement limité dans ses applications à une température de bain voisine de 60°C. Au-delà de cette température, le rendement thermique diminue rapidement pour s'annuler vers 90°C. En effet, vers cette température, et en supposant que le bain est à pression atmosphérique, on atteint la température de rosée des produits de la combustion, et toute la chaleur produite par la combustion ne sert plus qu'à produire de la vapeur d'eau à cette température de rosée.The heating of liquids by submerged combustion is generally limited in its applications to a bath temperature close to 60 ° C. Above this temperature, the thermal efficiency decreases rapidly and vanishes around 90 ° C. Indeed, towards this temperature, and assuming that the bath is at atmospheric pressure, we reach the dew point temperature of the combustion products, and all the heat produced by the combustion only serves to produce water vapor at this temperature. dew.

Pour éviter ces difficultés et produire avec des rendements acceptables des températures d'eau supérieures à 60°C en utilisant, cependant, des dispositifs de chauffage à combustion submergée, on a proposé déjà dans la technique divers artifices.To avoid these difficulties and produce with acceptable yields water temperatures above 60 ° C using, however, submerged combustion heaters, various devices have already been proposed in the art.

Ainsi, selon le Brevet Français 6941279 du 28 Novembre 1969 (n° de publication 2068173), le Demandeur a décrit une installation dans laquelle la combustion submergée s'effectue dans un bain maintenu sous une pression supérieure à la pression atmosphérique par exemple de l'ordre de 4 bars. Avec une telle mise sous pression de la chambre principale de l'installation, on peut effectivement obtenir des températures d'eau chaude voisines de 100°C avec un rendement tout à fait satisfaisant. Cependant le maintien sous pression du bain dans lequel s'effectue la combustion submergée pose divers problèmes de fabrication, de sécurité et de maintenance.Thus, according to French Patent 6941279 of November 28, 1969 (publication no. 2068173), the Applicant has described an installation in which submerged combustion takes place in a bath maintained under a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, for example order of 4 bars. With such a pressurization of the main chamber of the installation, it is indeed possible to obtain hot water temperatures close to 100 ° C. with a completely satisfactory yield. However, maintaining the pressure in the bath in which submerged combustion takes place poses various manufacturing, safety and maintenance problems.

Dans le brevet d'invention 6941280 du 28 Novembre 1969 (n° de publication 2068174), le Demandeur a préconisé également une autre solution dans laquelle on associe au brûleur submergé un échangeur de chaleur formant corps de chaudière dans lequel circule l'eau à chauffer, la combustion submergée servant à chauffer un bain sous pression atmosphérique par exemple vers 60°C, un échangeur de chaleur par exemple du type à serpentin plongeant dans ce bain assurant le préchauffage de l'eau à chauffer avant son entrée dans le corps de chaudière. Là encore, les résultats sont satisfaisants, mais à l'évidence l'installation se complique, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, l'appareillage permettant la combustion submergée ne formant finalement qu'un appareil accessoire de l'installation.In invention patent 6941280 of November 28, 1969 (publication no . 2068174), the Applicant also recommended another solution in which a heat exchanger forming a boiler body in which the water to be heated circulates is associated with the submerged burner , submerged combustion used to heat a bath under atmospheric pressure, for example around 60 ° C., a heat exchanger, for example of the coil type immersed in this bath, ensuring the preheating of the water to be heated before it enters the body of the boiler . Here again, the results are satisfactory, but obviously the installation becomes more complicated, all other things being equal, the apparatus allowing submerged combustion ultimately forming only an accessory device of the installation.

L'invention a pour objet de résoudre le problème du chauffage avec un rendement aussi bon que désiré d'un fluide à chauffer, utilisant essentiellement et éventuellement exclusivement des appareillages destinés à la combustion submergée, et celà de telle façon que l'on peut atteindre une température aussi élevée que désiré du fluide à chauffer, par exemple, proche de l'ébulition en bain non pressurisé.The object of the invention is to solve the problem of heating with a yield as good as desired of a fluid to be heated, using essentially and possibly exclusively equipment intended for submerged combustion, and in such a way that it is possible to achieve a temperature as high as desired of the fluid to be heated, for example, close to boiling in a non-pressurized bath.

L'invention s'applique à la combustion submergée de tout produit combustible, gazeux, pulvérisé, liquide ou fluidisé, utilisant notamment du gaz naturel, des gaz de pétrole liquéfié, des gaz de synthèse, des huiles de pétrole, etc...The invention applies to the submerged combustion of any combustible, gaseous, pulverized, liquid or fluidized product, using in particular natural gas, liquefied petroleum gases, synthesis gases, petroleum oils, etc.

La mise en oeuvre de l'invention part des considérations suivantes.The implementation of the invention starts from the following considerations.

Un liquide, dans les conditions de la combustion submergée, est chauffé par :

  • - le contact avec les parois mouillées du brûleur,
  • - les produits de la combustion (essentiellement des gaz) lors de leur montée jusqu'à la surface libre du liquide,
  • - la condensation de la vapeur d'eau des produits de la combustion (chaleur latente de vaporisation des fumées) si la température du bain est inférieure à la température de rosée des produits dé la combustion sous la pression considérée du bain.
A liquid, under the conditions of submerged combustion, is heated by:
  • - contact with the wet walls of the burner,
  • - the products of combustion (mainly gases) when they rise to the free surface of the liquid,
  • - the condensation of the water vapor of the combustion products (latent heat of vaporization of the fumes) if the bath temperature is lower than the dew temperature of the combustion products under the considered pressure of the bath.

En pratique, l'équilibre thermique et massique (c'est-à-dire le moment où la température des produits de la combustion quittant l'installation devient sensiblement égale à la température du bain et où la condensation d'eau provenant des fumées compense la production de vapeur d'eau du bain entraînée par les fumées) est sensiblement obtenu après une montée de 500 à 800 mm des produits de la combustion au sein du liquide.In practice, thermal and mass equilibrium (i.e. the moment when the temperature of the products of combustion leaving the installation becomes substantially equal to the temperature of the bath and when the condensation of water from the fumes compensates the production of water vapor from the bath driven by the fumes) is substantially obtained after a rise of 500 to 800 mm of the products of combustion within the liquid.

Si l'on analyse le processus plus finement, on s'aperçoit que les produits de la combustion, qui sortent aux environs de 1000°C du brûleur chauffent d'abord le liquide, en même temps qu'ils évaporent une quantité d'eau importante. Dans cette première phase, l'énergie transmise à l'eau est pour une faible part convertie en chaleur sensible (autrement dit la température de l'eau ne s'élève que faiblement) et le complément en chaleur latente de vaporisation (on crée donc un maximum de vapeur d'eau). Dans cette phase, le rendement de chauffage du liquide est médiocre.If we analyze the process more finely, we see that the products of combustion, which come out at around 1000 ° C from the burner first heat the liquid, at the same time as they evaporate a quantity of water important. In this first phase, the energy transmitted to the water is for a small part converted into sensible heat (in other words the temperature of the water rises only slightly) and the rest into latent heat of vaporization (we therefore create maximum water vapor). In this phase, the heating efficiency of the liquid is poor.

A partir du moment où les produits de combustion deviennent saturés en vapeur d'eau, ils commencent à chauffer le liquide par condensation (en abandonnant au sein du bain la chaleur latente de vaporisation de l'eau qui se condense) jusqu'à ce que l'équilibre thermique soit atteint (température de rosée) si la hauteur de liquide (correspondant au temps de mise en contact) est suffisante.From the moment when the products of combustion become saturated with water vapor, they begin to heat the liquid by condensation (by leaving within the bath the latent heat of vaporization of the water which condenses) until thermal equilibrium is reached (dew temperature) if the liquid height (corresponding to the contact time) is sufficient.

Conformément à l'invention, on prend bien soin d'éviter d'atteindre cet équilibre, au moins dans une première chambre de l'installation dans laquelle s'effectue la combustion submergée. En particulier, on plonge le brûleur à combustion submergée dans cette chambre sur une profondeur inférieure à la profondeur minimum requise pour obtenir l'équilibre thermique entre le liquide à chauffer et les produits de la combustion.In accordance with the invention, care is taken to avoid reaching this balance, at least in a first chamber of the installation in which submerged combustion takes place. In particular, the submerged combustion burner is immersed in this chamber to a depth less than the minimum depth required to obtain the thermal equilibrium between the liquid to be heated and the products of combustion.

En d'autres termes, le procédé de chauffage d'un liquide par combustion submergée conforme à l'invention se caractérise en ce que:

  • - au sein d'un volume dudit liquide contenu dans une première chambre qui constitue une chambre de combustion subergée dans laquelle plonge le brûleur on réalise un échange thermique entre le liquide à chauffer et les produits de combustion tel que ledit liquide atteigne une température proche de sa température d'ébulltion, les produits de combustion quittant ce volume de liquide à une température encore nettement supérieure à leur température de rosée,
  • - puis on fait passer les produits de la combustion sortant de la première chambre de combustion submergée précitée, au sein d'au moins un second volume de liquide contenue dans une seconde chambre où on réalise alors un second échange thermique entre ces mêmes produits de combustion et ce second volume de liquide tel que les produits de combustion quittent ce volume à une température sensiblement égale à leur température de rosée. De cette façon, le bain de liquide maintenu dans la première chambre est chauffé par les parois du brûleur avec lequel il est en contact et par les produits gazeux de la combustion qui n'ont pas eu le temps de se refroidir jusqu'à la température de rosée. En conséquence, on peut atteindre dans cette chambre une température aussi élevée que désirée, et en particulier la température d'ébullition du bain.
In other words, the method of heating a liquid by submerged combustion according to the invention is characterized in that:
  • - within a volume of said liquid contained in a first chamber which constitutes a superseded combustion chamber in which the burner plunges, a heat exchange is carried out between the liquid to be heated and the combustion products such that said liquid reaches a temperature close to its boiling point, the combustion products leaving this volume of liquid at a temperature still significantly higher than their dew point temperature,
  • - Then the combustion products leaving the above-mentioned first submerged combustion chamber are passed through at least a second volume of liquid contained in a second chamber where a second heat exchange is then carried out between these same combustion products and this second volume of liquid such that the combustion products leave this volume at a temperature substantially equal to their dew point temperature. In this way, the liquid bath maintained in the first chamber is heated by the walls of the burner with which it is in contact and by the gaseous products of combustion which have not had time to cool down to the temperature dew. Consequently, one can reach in this chamber a temperature as high as desired, and in particular the boiling temperature of the bath.

Il y a lieu de noter à ce niveau de la description, que l'invention est parfaitement utilisable quelle que soit la nature du liquide à chauffer et quelle que soit la pression régnant dans ladite première chambre de combustion submergée, qui peut être par exemple sensiblement à la pression atmosphérique.It should be noted at this level of the description, that the invention is perfectly usable whatever the nature of the liquid to be heated and whatever the pressure prevailing in said first submerged combustion chamber, which can for example be substantially at atmospheric pressure.

Bien entendu, dans de telles conditions, le rendement du chauffage ne serait pas très bons. C'est pourquoi, on fait passer ensuite les produits de la combustion sortant de la première chambre de combustion submergée précitée dans au moins le second volume de liquide contenu dans ladite seconde chambre. Ainsi on va pouvoir, dans cette seconde chambre, "épuiser" la chaleur sensible et la chaleur latente des produits gazeux (produits de la combustion et vapeur du liquide formé) par un simple barbotage de ces produits gazeux dans ladite seconde chambre qui pourra servir de chambre de préchauffage du liquide à chauffer et qui sera donc généralement à une température suffisamment basse, par exemple inférieure à 60°C, pour permettre d'obtenir un excellent rendement thermique global de l'installation.Of course, under such conditions, the heating efficiency would not be very good. This is why the combustion products leaving the above-mentioned first submerged combustion chamber are then passed through at least the second volume of liquid contained in said second chamber. Thus we will be able, in this second chamber, to "exhaust" the sensible heat and the latent heat of the gaseous products (products of combustion and vapor of the liquid formed) by a simple bubbling of these gaseous products in said second chamber which can serve as chamber for preheating the liquid to be heated and which will therefore generally be at a sufficiently low temperature, for example less than 60 ° C., to allow an excellent overall thermal efficiency of the installation to be obtained.

L'invention concerne également un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé sus-mentionné, du type comprenant, d'une part, au moins une première chambre contenant un volume de liquide dans lequel est placé un brûleur à combustion submergée et d'autre part, au moins un échangeur-récupérateur de chaleur placé sur le circuit de sortie des produits de la combustion qui quittent cette première chambre.The invention also relates to a device for implementing the above-mentioned method, of the type comprising, on the one hand, at least one first chamber containing a volume of liquid in which is placed a submerged combustion burner and other share, at least one heat exchanger-recuperator placed on the outlet circuit of the combustion products which leave this first chamber.

Un dispositif de ce type est décrit au document EP-A 0 118 363. Mais la disposition du brûleur au sein du volume de liquide y est telle que la plus grande partie de la vapeur d'eau contenue dans les fumées issues de ce brûleur se condense dans l'eau du bain auquel est cédé la chaleur latente de vaporisation des fumées, ce qui est contraire au procédé de l'invention où, dans la première chambre, on cherche justement à éviter, "d'épuiser" les fumées.A device of this type is described in document EP-A 0 118 363. But the arrangement of the burner within the volume of liquid is such that most of the water vapor contained in the fumes from this burner is condenses in the bath water to which the latent heat of vaporization of the fumes is given up, which is contrary to the process of the invention where, in the first chamber, it is precisely sought to avoid, "exhausting" the fumes.

De plus, ce document prévoit d'utiliser en tant qu'échangeur-récupérateur de chaleur, un plateau que l'on disposerait au dessus du bain et sous une tour de lavage, ce plateau étant conformé de sorte à ménager au dessus de lui un volume de recueillement des eaux tombant de la tour et, sous lui, un volume de confinement des fumées s'élevant du bain.In addition, this document provides for using as a heat exchanger-recuperator, a tray that would be placed above the bath and under a washing tower, this tray being shaped so as to provide above it a volume of water collection falling from the tower and, beneath it, a volume of containment of fumes rising from the bath.

Dans la mesure où, conformément à l'invention, le rôle de cet échangeur-récupérateur est essentiellement comme on l'a dit de récupérer la chaleur latente et la chaleur sensible des fumées après qu'elles aient circulé dans la première chambre, la prévision d'un tel plateau n'est pas apparu comme pouvant convenir.Insofar as, in accordance with the invention, the role of this exchanger-recuperator is essentially, as has been said, to recover the latent heat and the sensible heat of the fumes after they have circulated in the first chamber, the forecast such a tray did not appear to be suitable.

A la différence de l'enseignement du document EP-A 0 118 363, le dispositif de l'invention se caractérise donc en ce que, à l'intérieur de la première chambre, la hauteur d'immersion du brûleur dans le liquide est inférieure à celle requise pour atteindre sensiblement l'équilibre thermique dudit liquide avec les produits de la combustion et en ce que ledit échangeur de chaleur comprend au moins une chambre, dite seconde chambre, contenant un liquide dans lequel barbotent les produits de la combustion avant de quitter le dispositif.Unlike the teaching of document EP-A 0 118 363, the device of the invention is therefore characterized in that, inside the first chamber, the immersion height of the burner in the liquid is lower to that required to substantially reach the thermal equilibrium of said liquid with the products of combustion and in that said heat exchanger comprises at least one chamber, called second chamber, containing a liquid in which the products of combustion bubble up before leaving the device.

L'invention et s a mise en oeuvre appraîtront plus clairement à l'aide de la description qui va suivre faite en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels les figures 1 à 4 montrent de façon schématique quatre modes de réalisation d'une installation fonctionnant conformément à l'invention.The invention and its implementation will emerge more clearly with the aid of the description which follows, made with reference to the appended drawings in which FIGS. 1 to 4 schematically show four embodiments of an installation operating in accordance with 'invention.

En se référant au mode de réalisation. illustré à la figure 1, l'installation comprend essentiellement deux cuves 1, 2, contenant chacune un volume d'un liquide respectivement 3, 4, (par exemple de l'eau) à chauffer.Referring to the embodiment. illustrated in FIG. 1, the installation essentially comprises two tanks 1, 2, each containing a volume of a liquid respectively 3, 4, (for example water) to be heated.

Dans le volume de liquide 3 de la cuve 1 est plongé un brûleur 5, de type en soi connu, à combustion submergée, lequel est alimenté par exemple en gaz combustible en 6 et en air de combustion en 7 sous pression d'alimentation convenable. Les produits de la combustion sortant du brûleur s'échappent à travers le volume de liquide 3 dans la partie basse de la cuve 1 formant chambre de combustion submergée.In the volume of liquid 3 of the tank 1 is immersed a burner 5, of a type known per se, with submerged combustion, which is supplied for example with combustible gas at 6 and combustion air at 7 under suitable supply pressure. The products of combustion leaving the burner escape through the volume of liquid 3 in the lower part of the tank 1 forming a submerged combustion chamber.

Conformément à l'invention, la hauteur h1 de parcours des produits de combustion s'échappant du brûleur 5 et traversant le bain de liquide 3 est réduite, par rapport à celle requise pour atteindre sensiblement l'équilibre thermique dudit liquide avec les produits de la combustion. Cette hauteur peut être par exemple de 200 à 300 mm.According to the invention, the height h1 of the path of the combustion products escaping from the burner 5 and passing through the liquid bath 3 is reduced, compared to that required to substantially reach the thermal equilibrium of said liquid with the products of the combustion. This height can be for example from 200 to 300 mm.

Dans ces conditions, les produits de la combustion s'échappent sous forme gazeuse comme illustré par des petites bulles au-dessus de la surface libre 8 du bain. Ils sont alors canalisés par une paroi supérieure 9 de la cuve 1 et passent par un conduit 10 à l'intérieur de la cuve 2 en direction d'un diffuseur 11 de gaz placé vers la base de la cuve 2, permettant le barbotage des produits de la combustion dans le bain 4 de liquide contenu dans la cuve 2 et l'échange thermique entre ces produits de la combustion et le bain liquide. La hauteur h2 de diffusion des produits de la combustion dans le bain de liquide 4 est cette fois de préférence suffisante pour permettre d'atteindre l'équilibre thermique entre les produits de la combustion et le bain de liquide 4. Cette hauteur peut être par exemple de l'ordre de 500 à 800 mm.Under these conditions, the products of combustion escape in gaseous form as illustrated by small bubbles above the free surface 8 of the bath. They are then channeled through an upper wall 9 of the tank 1 and pass through a conduit 10 inside the tank 2 in the direction of a gas diffuser 11 placed towards the base of the tank 2, allowing the bubbling of the products combustion in the bath 4 of liquid contained in the tank 2 and the heat exchange between these combustion products and the liquid bath. The height h 2 of diffusion of the products of combustion in the liquid bath 4 is this time preferably sufficient to allow thermal equilibrium to be reached between the products of combustion and the liquid bath 4. This height can be by example of the order of 500 to 800 mm.

L'installation est avantageusement complétée, comme illustré, par une tour de lavage,en soi connue, 13 par laquelle s'échappent les produits de la combustion à contre-courant avec un circuit d'eau froide pulvérisée dans la tour et amenée par une alimentation 14.The installation is advantageously completed, as illustrated, by a washing tower, known per se, 13 through which the products of the countercurrent combustion with a cold water circuit sprayed into the tower and supplied by a supply 14.

L'eau chaude produite dans le bain 3 peut être soutirèe en 15. Le bain liquide 3 peut être alimenté directement par le circuit d'eau froide 14 au moyen d'une vanne de réglage 16 et/ou par de l'eau tiède amenée par la canalisation 17 et dont le débit est réglé par une vanne 18, eau tiède soutirée dans le bain 4 de la cuve 2. On peut également soutirer de l'eau tiède dans le bain 4 comme indiqué en 19 au moyen d'une vanne de réglage 20.The hot water produced in the bath 3 can be drawn off at 15. The liquid bath 3 can be supplied directly by the cold water circuit 14 by means of an adjustment valve 16 and / or by lukewarm water supplied by line 17 and the flow rate of which is regulated by a valve 18, lukewarm water withdrawn from the bath 4 of the tank 2. It is also possible to draw lukewarm water from the bath 4 as indicated in 19 by means of a valve adjustment 20.

L'installation fonctionne de la façon suivante.The installation works as follows.

Le combustion submergée qui est conduite dans la chambre de la cuve 1 contenant le bain de liquide 3 à chauffer, n'est, comme il a été expliqué précédemment, pas menée jusqu'aux conditions d'équilibre entre la température de ce bain et les produits de la combustion. Il en résulte que dans le canal 10 sont admis en mélange des produits de la combustion à température encore élevée et des entraînements de vapeur du bain 3. En opérant de cette façon, et à condition de régler convenablement le débit de combustion du brûleur et le débit de soutirage d'eau dans le bain 3, il est possible d'élever la température du bain 3 à n'importe quelle température désirée jusqu'à son point d'ébullition. A ce niveau on note que la pression régnant au-dessus de la surface 8 du bain 3 est dans l'exemple envisagé, sensiblement égale à la pression atmosphérique augmentée de la pression manométrique de la colonne h2 nécessaire à permettre le fonctionnement correct du diffuseur 11, aux pertes de charge près dans l'installation, et notamment dans la canalisation 10 et dans la tour de lavage 13 supposée ouverte à l'atmosphère.The submerged combustion which is conducted in the chamber of the tank 1 containing the liquid bath 3 to be heated, is, as explained above, not carried out until the equilibrium conditions between the temperature of this bath and the products of combustion. It follows that in the channel 10 are admitted as a mixture of the combustion products at a still high temperature and the steam entrainments of the bath 3. By operating in this way, and provided that the combustion rate of the burner and the water withdrawal rate in bath 3, it is possible to raise the temperature of bath 3 to any desired temperature up to its boiling point. At this level we note that the pressure prevailing above the surface 8 of the bath 3 is in the example envisaged, substantially equal to the atmospheric pressure increased by the gauge pressure of the column h2 necessary to allow the correct functioning of the diffuser 11 , near pressure losses in the installation, and in particular in the pipe 10 and in the washing tower 13 assumed to be open to the atmosphere.

La présence sur le circuit des produits gazeux s'échappant de la cuve 1 de l'installation à barbotage constituée par le diffuseur 11 plongé dans le bain 4, et de surcroît de la tour de lavage 13 à l'entrée de l'installation permet d'obtenir un très bon rendement global de l'installation, et notamment de récupérer sensiblement toute la chaleur sensible et la chaleur latente de condensation des fumées, si l'eau froide 14 est introduite dans l'installation à température suffisamment basse. Dans ces conditions, la cuve 2 fonctionne normalement comme cuve de préchauffage pour l'alimentation de la cuve 1.The presence on the circuit of gaseous products escaping from the tank 1 of the bubbling installation constituted by the diffuser 11 immersed in the bath 4, and in addition from the washing tower 13 at the entrance to the installation allows to obtain a very good overall efficiency of the installation, and in particular to recover substantially all the sensible heat and the latent heat of condensation of the fumes, if the cold water 14 is introduced into the installation at a sufficiently low temperature. Under these conditions, the tank 2 functions normally as a preheating tank for supplying the tank 1.

Il y a cependant lieu de noter que le fonctionnement des cuves 1 et 2 peut être indépendant, et dans ce cas la cuve 1 fonctionne comme source de production d'un liquide chaud et la cuve 2 comme source de production d'un liquide tiède. De la sorte, il n'est pas nécessaire que la nature des liquides contenus dans les cuves 1 et 2 soit la même.It should however be noted that the operation of the tanks 1 and 2 can be independent, and in this case the tank 1 operates as a source of production of a hot liquid and the tank 2 as a source of production of a warm liquid. In this way, it is not necessary for the nature of the liquids contained in the tanks 1 and 2 to be the same.

Selon la variante de réalisation illustrée à la figure 2, on retrouve une installation comportant une cuve 1 contenant un bain 3 de liquide à chauffer dans lequel est plongé un brûleur 5 à combustion submergée plongé d'une hauteur réduite h1 sous la surface libre 8 du bain. L'installation comprend également à sa sortie une cuve 2 contenant un bain 4 dans lequel sont admis par un diffuseur 11 les produits de la combustion s'échappant de l'installation, le diffuseur étant placé à une profondeur suffisante sous la surface 12 de ce bain de façon que soit atteint sensiblement l'équilibre thermique entre les produits de la combustion et le liquide du bain 4. Les produits de la combustion s'échappent par une tour de lavage 13 par laquelle est admise l'eau froide 14 d'alimentation de l'installation.According to the variant embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, there is an installation comprising a tank 1 containing a bath 3 of liquid to be heated in which is immersed a submerged combustion burner 5 immersed of a reduced height h1 under the free surface 8 of the bath. The installation also comprises at its outlet a tank 2 containing a bath 4 into which are admitted by a diffuser 11 the products of combustion escaping from the installation, the diffuser being placed at a sufficient depth below the surface 12 of this bath so that the thermal equilibrium between the products of combustion and the liquid of the bath 4 is substantially reached. The products of combustion escape through a washing tower 13 through which cold water 14 is fed. of the installation.

Par rapport à l'installation de la figure 1, l'installation de la figure 2 comprend, en outre, une cuve intermédiaire 21 contenant un bain de liquide 23 dans lequel viennent barboter par un diffuseur 22 les produits de la combustion s'échappant dans la cuve 1 au-dessus de la surface 8 du premier bain. Le diffuseur 22 est placé dans le bain 23 à une hauteur h3 en dessous de la surface 24 de ce bain, laquelle hauteur h3 est réduite par rapport à celle qui permettrait l'équilibre thermique entre les produits de la combustion et le liquide contenu dans ce bain.Compared to the installation of FIG. 1, the installation of FIG. 2 further comprises an intermediate tank 21 containing a bath of liquid 23 in which the products of combustion escaping through a bubbler 22 are bubbled. the tank 1 above the surface 8 of the first bath. The diffuser 22 is placed in the bath 23 at a height h3 below the surface 24 of this bath, which height h3 is reduced compared to that which would allow thermal equilibrium between the products of combustion and the liquid contained in it. bath.

De cette façon, il est possible d'atteindre dans le cuve 23 une température de chauffage de l'eau plus élevée que celle qui serait atteinte si le trajet d'échange h3 était plus important et permettait notamment d'atteindre l'équilibre entre le liquide du bain et les produits de la combustion s'échappant du bain.In this way, it is possible to reach in the tank 23 a higher water heating temperature than that which would be reached if the exchange path h3 was greater and in particular made it possible to reach the balance between the bath liquid and products of combustion escaping from the bath.

Dans l'exemple illustré où les trois cuves 1, 21 et 2 sont montées en série, ou en cascade, il suffit de réunir les chambres successives par des canalisations 25, 26 et de prévoir des circulateurs 27, 28 pour assurer le maintien au niveau voulu dans les diverses chambres des surfaces des bains. En 29, 30 on peut en outre opérer des soutirages d'eau tiède à températures croissantes t1, t2.In the illustrated example where the three tanks 1, 21 and 2 are mounted in series, or in cascade, it suffices to join the successive chambers by pipes 25, 26 and to provide circulators 27, 28 to maintain the level wanted in the various rooms of the surfaces of the baths. In 29, 30 it is also possible to operate lukewarm water withdrawals at increasing temperatures t1, t2.

Selon le mode de réalisation illustré à la figure 3, on place dans une seule et même cuve 31 les deux chambres successives nécessaires à la combustion submergée et à la récupération de la chaleur sur les produits de la combustion jusqu'à la température d'équilibre de la deuxième chambre.According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the two successive chambers necessary for submerged combustion and for recovering heat from the products of combustion up to equilibrium temperature are placed in a single tank 31. from the second bedroom.

De façon plus précise, la cuve 1 est séparée par une paroi 32, essentiellement en deux compartiments, respectivement à gauche et à droite de cette cloison sur le dessin. Le compartiment à gauche 33 forme la chambre de combustion submergée, et le compartiment 34 à droite forme le compartiment dans lequel s'effectue le barbotage des produits de la combustion jusqu'à équilibre thermique au sein du bain à chauffer.More precisely, the tank 1 is separated by a wall 32, essentially in two compartments, respectively to the left and to the right of this partition in the drawing. The compartment on the left 33 forms the submerged combustion chamber, and the compartment 34 on the right forms the compartment in which the bubbling of the products of combustion takes place until thermal equilibrium within the bath to be heated.

Les produits de la combustion libérés dans le compartiment 33 formant chambre de combustion submergée sont canalisés sous une paroi supérieure 35, formant une sorte de cloche 36 coiffant en partie le compartiment 33. Les gaz canalisés sous cette cloche sont amenés au diffuseur 11 par un conduit 10 de façon semblable à ce qui a été illustré à la figure 1.The combustion products released in the compartment 33 forming a submerged combustion chamber are channeled under an upper wall 35, forming a sort of bell 36 partially covering the compartment 33. The gases channeled under this bell are brought to the diffuser 11 by a conduit 10 similarly to what has been illustrated in FIG. 1.

L'eau chaude est soutirée comme indiqué en 15 dans le bain 33 et l'eau froide est amenée en 14 dans le bain 4.The hot water is drawn off as indicated in 15 in the bath 33 and the cold water is brought in 14 in the bath 4.

L'alimentation en eau préchauffée du bain 4 au bain 3 se fait avantageusement par un petit passage formant joint d'eau 37 à la base de la cloison 32.The supply of preheated water from bath 4 to bath 3 is advantageously made by a small passage forming a water seal 37 at the base of the partition 32.

En fonctionnement, il s'établit une différence de niveau H entre la surface libre 8 du bain 3 chaud et la surface libre 12 du bain tiède. La hauteur h d'immersion du diffuseur 11 doit être réglée de façon à permettre d'obtenir l'échange thermique désiré entre les produits de la combustion et le bain 4.In operation, a level difference H is established between the free surface 8 of the hot bath 3 and the free surface 12 of the warm bath. The immersion height h of the diffuser 11 must be adjusted so as to provide the desired heat exchange between the products of combustion and the bath 4.

L'installation peut comporter en outre une tour de lavage sur la sortie des produits de la combustion.The installation may also include a washing tower on the outlet of the combustion products.

Le mode de réalisation de la figure 4 ne diffère de celui de la figure 3 qu'en ce que les compartiments 33 et 34 ne sont pas formés dans une seule et même cuve, mais dans deux cuves séparées. Pour le reste, le fonctionnement de l'installation est identique et ne sera pas davantage décrit. On note cependant que dans cette réalisation, il y a indépendance des bains 3 et 4 qui peuvent être de nature différente, et l'on peut prévoir une alimentation directe de liquide froid 38 pour le bain chaud 3. Dans ce cas, le bain 4 sert à produire un liquide tiède soutiré en 38'. En variante, on peut prévoir une jonction 39 entre les bains 4 et 3, le bain 4 servant de bain de préchauffage.The embodiment of FIG. 4 differs from that of FIG. 3 only in that the compartments 33 and 34 are not formed in a single tank, but in two separate tanks. For the rest, the operation of the installation is identical and will not be described further. Note however that in this embodiment, there is independence of the baths 3 and 4 which may be of a different nature, and one can provide a direct supply of cold liquid 38 for the hot bath 3. In this case, the bath 4 used to produce a warm liquid drawn off in 38 '. Alternatively, a junction 39 can be provided between the baths 4 and 3, the bath 4 serving as a preheating bath.

De la description qui précède, il apparaît que l'invention et sa mise en oeuvre sont très souples d'emploi, permettant de préparer, à partir d'une seule opération de combustion submergée et de simples opérations de barbotage , divers bains liquides à des températures allant en décroissant, la température du premier bain pouvant atteindre celle de l'ébullition dans les conditions de pression de ce bain. En outre, bien qu'il semble qu'en pratique il sera avantageux d'utiliser à la suite de la chambre à combustion submergée une chambre à barbotage , et une tour de lavage, d'autres moyens d'échanges peuvent éventuellement être utilisés pour récupérer la chaleur sensible et la chaleur latente des produits de combustion s'échappant de la première chambre de combustion submergée dans laquelle on a réduit les échanges de façon que l'équilibre thermique entre le liquide présent dans cette chambre et les produits de la combustion ne soit pas atteint. En bref, l'invention permet en quelque sorte de stratifier, sans brassage entre-elles,des couches de liquide progressivement traversées par les produits d'une combustion submergée. Par cette stratification et la séparation matérielle en plusieurs cuves ou en chambres communiquant par un étroit passage entre- elles, on n'est plus limité à la température d'équilibre entre celle du bain et la température de rosée des produits de la combustion pour obtenir un rendement convenable ; au contraire, on peut très largement dépasser cette température tout en obtenant un rendement global de fonctionnement amélioré.From the above description, it appears that the invention and its implementation are very flexible to use, making it possible to prepare, from a single submerged combustion operation and simple bubbling operations, various liquid baths at temperatures decreasing, the temperature of the first bath being able to reach that of boiling under the pressure conditions of this bath. In addition, although it seems that in practice it will be advantageous to use, after the submerged combustion chamber, a bubbling chamber and a washing tower, other means of exchange may possibly be used to recover the sensible heat and the latent heat of the combustion products escaping from the first submerged combustion chamber in which the exchanges have been reduced so that the thermal equilibrium between the liquid present in this chamber and the products of combustion does not is not reached. In short, the invention allows in a way to stratify, without mixing together, layers of liquid progressively traversed by the products of submerged combustion. By this stratification and the material separation in several tanks or in chambers communicating by a narrow passage between them, one is no longer limited to the equilibrium temperature between that of the bath and the dew temperature of the products of combustion to obtain a suitable yield; on the contrary, it is possible to greatly exceed this temperature while obtaining an overall improved operating efficiency.

En outre, il est possible de chauffer des bains de nature différente ne communiquant pas obligatoirement entre-eux.In addition, it is possible to heat baths of a different nature that do not necessarily communicate with each other.

Claims (7)

1. A method of heating a liquid by a burner of the submerged combustion type, characterised in that:
- within a volume of the said liquid contained in a first chamber which constitutes a submerged combustion chamber (1, 33) into which the burner plunges, a thermal exchange is carried out between the liquid to be heated and the products of combustion, such that the said liquid attains a temperature close to its boiling temperature, the products of combustion leaving this volume of liquid at a temperature which is still markedly higher than their dewpoint temperature,
- after which the products of combustion issuing from the aforesaid first submerged combustion chamber (1, 33) are passed into at least one second volume of liquid (4) contained in a second chamber (2, 34) in which then a second heat exchange is carried out between these same combustion products and the said second volume of liquid such that the products of combustion leave this volume at a temperature which is substantially equal to their dewpoint temperature.
2. A method according to Claim 1, characterised in that a plurality of aforesaid successive chambers (1, 2; 1, 21, 2; 33, 34) are used which are mounted in series, in which the bath temperatures progressively decrease.
3. A method according to one of the preceding Claims, characterised in that at least some of the aforesaid chambres (1, 2; 1, 21, 2; 33, 34) disposed Drert in series are supplied with the same liquid circulating in counter-current in respect of the products of combustion.
4. A method according to one of the preceding Claims, characterised in that there is mounted on the exhaust circuit of the products of combustion a washing tower (13) supplied by a cold inlet of liquid to be heated.
5. An apparatus for carrying out the method according to any one of the preceding Claims, of the type comprising:
- at least one first chamber (1, 33) containing a volume (3) of liquid in which a submerged combustion burner (5) is placed,
- and at least one heat recovery exchanger placed on the outward circuit of the products of combustion leaving the said first chamber (1, 33), characterised in that inside the said first chamber the height of immersion of the burner (5) into the liquid is less than that required in order substantially to attain a thermal balance of the said liquid with the products of combustion and in that the said heat exchanger comprises at least one chamber (2, 21, 34), referred to as the second chamber, containing a liquid (4, 23) into which the products of combustion bubble prior to leaving the apparatus.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 5, characterised in that it comprises:
- at least one tank (31) in which are disposed the first and second chambers (33, 34), the second chamber communicating with the first (33) by a passage (37) of small cross-section formed towards the base of the first chamber (33),
- and at least one upper wall (35) which fits over the said first chamber, forming a bell (36) ducting the products of combustion escaping above the said first volume of liquid (3) to a diffuser (11) discharging at a suitable height in the volume of liquid (4) contained in the second chamber (34).
7. An apparatus according to Claim 5 or Claim 6, characterised in that it comprises at least two tanks in each of which there is disposed one of the said first and second chambers (33, 34), these chambers receiving one after the other the products of combustion issuing from the burner (5) which is immersed in the first chamber.
EP85401997A 1984-10-16 1985-10-15 Process for heating a liquid by submerged combustion, and apparatus for carrying out this process Expired EP0181248B1 (en)

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FR8415855A FR2571836B1 (en) 1984-10-16 1984-10-16 METHOD FOR HEATING A LIQUID BY SUBMERGE COMBUSTION AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THIS METHOD
FR8415855 1984-10-16

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US6338337B1 (en) * 1999-09-30 2002-01-15 Inproheat Industries Ltd. Two-stage heat recovery for submerged combustion heating system
US6293277B1 (en) * 1999-09-30 2001-09-25 Inproheat Industries Ltd. Sludge treatment system using two-stage heat recovery submerged combustion
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FR2571836A1 (en) 1986-04-18
ATE47479T1 (en) 1989-11-15
EP0181248A1 (en) 1986-05-14
FR2571836B1 (en) 1987-01-16
DE3573831D1 (en) 1989-11-23

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