EP0170092B1 - Electrolysis cell provided with horizontal electrodes - Google Patents
Electrolysis cell provided with horizontal electrodes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0170092B1 EP0170092B1 EP85108265A EP85108265A EP0170092B1 EP 0170092 B1 EP0170092 B1 EP 0170092B1 EP 85108265 A EP85108265 A EP 85108265A EP 85108265 A EP85108265 A EP 85108265A EP 0170092 B1 EP0170092 B1 EP 0170092B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- membrane
- gas
- trough
- diffusion cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101150114468 TUB1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229910000497 Amalgam Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001514 alkali metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
Definitions
- the invention relates to a trough-like electrolysis cell with horizontally arranged electrodes for producing chlorine from alkali chloride solution according to the membrane method, in which the anodes are arranged on the cell cover in a height-adjustable manner.
- the membrane cell consists of two electrolysis chambers, each with a gas-generating electrode, which are separated by a cation-selective membrane. If such a membrane cell were arranged horizontally, a gas cushion, depending on the arrangement of chlorine or hydrogen, would form under the membrane, and the electrolyte resistance would nullify the cell voltage advantage.
- EP-A-104137 shows the conversion of mercury cells into membrane cells, with hydrogen being developed on the cathode and being removed from the cathode compartment with the resulting lye.
- the task was therefore to create a membrane cell with horizontally arranged electrodes from the mercury cell, in which gas cushions do not arise which could influence the electrical resistance.
- the present invention achieves the object in that a gas diffusion cathode rests on a grate with support feet for support on the cell bottom and a spacer is arranged between the membrane and the gas diffusion cathode.
- the membrane can be clamped between the cell cover and the cell tub.
- the cell cover can have devices for supplying and discharging brine and chlorine and the cell trough can have devices for supplying oxygen-containing gas.
- the advantage of the invention is essentially to be seen in the fact that it is possible to inexpensively convert mercury cells into membrane cells with the advantages mentioned above.
- the electrolytic cell consists of the cell tub 1, which is connected to the negative pole of the power supply.
- This trough is provided with support feet 2 which stand on the cell floor and which carry the gas diffusion cathode 3. They also serve to supply current to the gas diffusion cathode 3.
- the support feet 2 consist of a metallic material, preferably of the same material as the cell trough, in order to achieve the best possible connection, e.g. B. to ensure by welding the support feet to the cell pan.
- the support feet 2 are provided with a grate 4 on which the gas diffusion cathode 3 rests.
- the gas diffusion cathode 3 itself is a wire mesh or expanded metal coated with an electrochemically active catalyst, and is hydrophobized by means of a plastic, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene, in order to prevent the sodium hydroxide solution from seeping through.
- a gas space I is created, via which the gas diffusion cathode 3 with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, for. B. air is supplied.
- the gas space is provided with devices for introducing oxygen or air (not shown in the figure) and optionally with devices for disposing of excess oxygen or air depleted in oxygen (not shown in the figure).
- the cation exchange membrane 6 is clamped between the cell cover 5 and the cell tub 1. It separates the cathode compartment II, in which the sodium hydroxide solution circulates, from the anode compartment 111, in which the conversion of the chloride ions to elemental chlorine takes place at a titanium or graphite anode 7.
- a spacer 8 in the cathode compartment II This can be designed in the form of a mesh made of a lye-resistant plastic or metal.
- the inlet and outlet (not shown) present in the cell tub 1 can be used for the catholyte circuit.
- the cell cover 5 is provided with devices (not shown) via which the anode compartment 111 can be supplied with brine and the depleted brine and the chlorine formed can be disposed of.
- Graphite anodes or activated titanium anodes are used as anodes to keep the chlorine overvoltage low.
- the anodes 7 are attached to the cell cover in a known manner in a height-adjustable manner. It is particularly advantageous if the membrane rests on the titanium anodes, which is done with the adjustment device for the electrode spacing can be reached.
- Another advantage of using a gas diffusion cathode is an additional cell voltage saving compared to membrane cells with a hydrogen-producing cathode, since the potential for oxygen reduction is approximately 1.2 volts more positive than the potential for hydrogen generation.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
- Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist eine wannenartige Elektrolysezelle mit horizontal angeordneten Elektroden zum Herstellen von Chlor aus Alkalichloridlösung nach dem Membranverfahren, bei der die Anoden höhenverstellbar am Zellendeckel angeordnet sind.The invention relates to a trough-like electrolysis cell with horizontally arranged electrodes for producing chlorine from alkali chloride solution according to the membrane method, in which the anodes are arranged on the cell cover in a height-adjustable manner.
Etwa 50 % der Elektrolyseweltkapazität zur Herstellung von Chlor besteht aus Elektrolysezellen, die nach dem Amalgamverfahren arbeiten. Die theoretische Zersetzungsspannung für die Quecksilberzelle beträgt etwa 3,15 bis 3,20 Volt. Demgegenüber ergibt sich eine theoretische Zersetzungsspannung von etwa 2,2 Volt, wenn man die Alkalichloridelektrolyse in einer Membranzelle mit Wasserstoff erzeugender Kathode durchführt. Durch die Einführung des Membranverfahrens ließe sich folglich theoretisch etwa 1 Volt an Zellenspannung einsparen, was in Zeiten steigender Energiekosten von erheblicher wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung ist. Neben der Energieeinsparung bietet das Membranverfahren den Vorteil eines umweltfreundlichen Verfahrens, da kein Quecksilber emitiert wird, und auch die produzierte Lauge nicht mit Quecksilber verunreinigt ist.About 50% of the electrolysis world capacity for the production of chlorine consists of electrolysis cells that work according to the amalgam process. The theoretical decomposition voltage for the mercury cell is approximately 3.15 to 3.20 volts. In contrast, there is a theoretical decomposition voltage of about 2.2 volts if the alkali metal chloride electrolysis is carried out in a membrane cell with a hydrogen-producing cathode. The introduction of the membrane process could theoretically save about 1 volt in cell voltage, which is of considerable economic importance in times of increasing energy costs. In addition to saving energy, the membrane process offers the advantage of an environmentally friendly process, since no mercury is emitted and the alkali produced is also not contaminated with mercury.
Die Membranzelle besteht aus zwei Elektrolysekammern mit jeweils einer gasentwickelnden Elektrode, die durch eine kationselektive Membran getrennt sind. Bei horizontaler Anordnung einer solchen Membranzelle würde sich unter der Membran ein Gaspolster, je nach Anordnung aus Chlor oder Wasserstoff bilden, und der Elektrolytwiderstand würde den Zellenspannungsvorteil zunichte machen.The membrane cell consists of two electrolysis chambers, each with a gas-generating electrode, which are separated by a cation-selective membrane. If such a membrane cell were arranged horizontally, a gas cushion, depending on the arrangement of chlorine or hydrogen, would form under the membrane, and the electrolyte resistance would nullify the cell voltage advantage.
Die EP-A-104137 zeigt die Umrüstung von Quecksilberzellen in Membranzellen, wobei an der Kathode Wasserstoff entwickelt wird und mit der entstehenden Lauge aus dem Kathodenraum abgeführt wird.EP-A-104137 shows the conversion of mercury cells into membrane cells, with hydrogen being developed on the cathode and being removed from the cathode compartment with the resulting lye.
Es bestand daher die Aufgabe, aus der Quecksilberzelle eine Membranzelle mit horizontal angeordneten Elektroden zu schaffen, bei der Gaspolster nicht entstehen, die den Elektrowiederstand beeinflussen könnten.The task was therefore to create a membrane cell with horizontally arranged electrodes from the mercury cell, in which gas cushions do not arise which could influence the electrical resistance.
Die vorliegende Erfindung löst die Aufgabe dadurch, daß eine Gasdiffusionskathode auf einem Rost mit Stützfüßen zum Abstützen auf dem Zellenboden aufliegt und zwischen Membran und Gasdiffusionskathode ein Abstandshalter angeordnet ist.The present invention achieves the object in that a gas diffusion cathode rests on a grate with support feet for support on the cell bottom and a spacer is arranged between the membrane and the gas diffusion cathode.
Die Membran kann zwischen Zellendeckel und Zellenwanne eingeklemmt sein. Der Zellendeckel kann Einrichtungen zum Zu- und Abführen für Sole und Chlor und die Zellenwanne Einrichtungen zum Zuführen von sauerstoffhaltigem Gas aufweisen.The membrane can be clamped between the cell cover and the cell tub. The cell cover can have devices for supplying and discharging brine and chlorine and the cell trough can have devices for supplying oxygen-containing gas.
Der Vorteil der Erfindung ist im wesentlichen darin zu sehen, daß es möglich ist, Quecksilberzellen kostengünstig in Membranzellen mit ihren oben angeführten Vorteilen umzurüsten.The advantage of the invention is essentially to be seen in the fact that it is possible to inexpensively convert mercury cells into membrane cells with the advantages mentioned above.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von lediglich einen Ausführungsweg darstellender Zeichnung näher erläutert. Die Figur zeigt einen Querschnitt durch die Elektrolysezelle.In the following, the invention is explained in more detail with reference to a drawing that shows only one embodiment. The figure shows a cross section through the electrolytic cell.
Die Elektrolysezelle besteht aus der Zellenwanne 1, die mit dem negativen Pol der Stromversorgung verbunden ist. Diese Wanne ist mit Stützfüßen 2 versehen, die auf dem Zellenboden stehen und die die Gasdiffusionskathode 3 tragen. Sie dienen gleichzeitig der Stromzuführung zur Gasdiffusionskathode 3. Die Stützfüße 2 bestehen aus einem metallischen Werkstoff, bevorzugt aus dem gleichen Werkstoff wie die Zellenwanne, um die bestmögliche Verbindung, z. B. durch Verschweißen der Stützfüße mit der Zellenwanne zu gewährleisten. Die Stützfüße 2 sind mit einem Rost 4 versehen auf dem die Gasdifusionskathode 3 aufliegt. Die Gasdiffusionskathode 3 selbst stellt ein mit einem elektrochemisch aktiven Katalysator beschichtetes Drahtgewebe oder Streckmetall dar, und ist mittels eines Kunststoffes, bevorzugt Polytetrafluorethylen, hydrophobiert um ein Durchsickern der Natronlauge zu verhindern. Auf diese Weise wird ein Gasraum I geschaffen, über den die Gasdifusionskathode 3 mit Sauerstoff oder einem Sauerstoff enthaltenden Gas, z. B. Luft, versorgt wird. Der Gasraum ist mit Vorrichtungen zum Einleiten von Sauerstoff oder Luft (in der Figur nicht gezeigt) und gegebenenfalls mit Vorrichtungen zum Entsorgen überschüssigen Sauerstoffs oder an Sauerstoff verarmter Luft (in der Figur nicht gezeigt) versehen.The electrolytic cell consists of the cell tub 1, which is connected to the negative pole of the power supply. This trough is provided with
Zwischen Zellendeckel 5 und Zellenwanne 1 ist die Kationaustauschermembran 6 eingeklemmt. Sie trennt den Kathodenraum II, in dem die Natronlauge zirkuliert, vom Anodenraum 111, in dem die Umsetzung der Chloridionen zu elemetarem Chlor an einer Titan- oder Graphitanode 7 stattfindet. Um einen definierten und gleichmäßigen Abstand der Kationenaustauschermembran von der Kathode 3 zu gewährleisten, befindet sich ein Abstandshalter 8 im Kathodenraum II. Dieser kann in Form eines Netzes aus einem laugebeständigen Kunststoff oder Metall gestaltet sein. Für den Katholytkreislauf kann der in der Zellenwanne 1 vorhandene Zu- und Ablauf (nicht dargestellt) verwendet werden.The cation exchange membrane 6 is clamped between the
Der Zellendeckel 5 ist mit Vorrichtungen versehen (nicht gezeigt), über die der Anodenraum 111 mit Sole versorgt und die abgereicherte Sole und das gebildete Chlor entsorgt werden können. Als Anodenwerden Graphitanoden oder aktivierte Titananoden verwendet, um die Chlorüberspannung gering zu halten. Die Anoden 7 sind am Zellendeckel in bekannter Weise höhenverstellbar befestigt. Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Membran an den Titananoden anliegt, was mit der Einstelleinrichtung für den Elektrodenabstand erreicht werden kann.The
Mit der Erfindung ist es möglich, bestehende Amalgananlagen unter Verwendung eines Großteils der Anlagenteile auf das Membranverfahren umzurüsten. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht bei Verwendung einer Gasdiffusionskathode in einer zusätzlichen Zellenspannungsersparnis gegenüber Membranzellen mit Wasserstoff erzeugender Kathode, da das Potential für die Sauerstoffreduktion um etwa 1,2 Volt positiver liegt als das Potential für die Wasserstofferzeugung.With the invention, it is possible to convert existing amalgam systems to the membrane process using a large part of the system parts. Another advantage of using a gas diffusion cathode is an additional cell voltage saving compared to membrane cells with a hydrogen-producing cathode, since the potential for oxygen reduction is approximately 1.2 volts more positive than the potential for hydrogen generation.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT85108265T ATE36875T1 (en) | 1984-07-13 | 1985-07-04 | ELECTROLYTIC CELL WITH HORIZONTALLY ARRANGED ELECTRODES. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3425862 | 1984-07-13 | ||
| DE19843425862 DE3425862A1 (en) | 1984-07-13 | 1984-07-13 | ELECTROLYSIS CELL WITH HORIZONTALLY ARRANGED ELECTRODES |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0170092A1 EP0170092A1 (en) | 1986-02-05 |
| EP0170092B1 true EP0170092B1 (en) | 1988-08-31 |
Family
ID=6240568
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP85108265A Expired EP0170092B1 (en) | 1984-07-13 | 1985-07-04 | Electrolysis cell provided with horizontal electrodes |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4615783A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0170092B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE36875T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU573356B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1254532A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3425862A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES288013Y (en) |
| FI (1) | FI76837C (en) |
| IN (1) | IN164954B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO163786C (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA855260B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4732660A (en) * | 1985-09-09 | 1988-03-22 | The Dow Chemical Company | Membrane electrolyzer |
| US5209836A (en) * | 1991-12-19 | 1993-05-11 | Olin Corporation | Baseplate for electrolytic cell with a liquid metal cathode |
| DE19844059A1 (en) * | 1998-09-25 | 2000-03-30 | Degussa | Electrolytic cell and its use |
| US8808512B2 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-08-19 | GTA, Inc. | Electrolyzer apparatus and method of making it |
| US9222178B2 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2015-12-29 | GTA, Inc. | Electrolyzer |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1109311A (en) * | 1912-01-06 | 1914-09-01 | Edward A Allen | Method and means for electrolyzing saline solutions. |
| US1187903A (en) * | 1913-06-30 | 1916-06-20 | William E Greenawalt | Electrolytic apparatus. |
| GB1380418A (en) * | 1971-01-27 | 1975-01-15 | Electric Power Storage Ltd | Electrolysis of chloride solutions |
| US3976550A (en) * | 1971-09-22 | 1976-08-24 | Oronzio De Nora Implanti Elettrochimici S.P.A. | Horizontal, planar, bipolar diaphragm cells |
| US3770611A (en) * | 1971-11-24 | 1973-11-06 | Olin Corp | Multiple tier horizontal diaphragm cells |
| US4036714A (en) * | 1972-10-19 | 1977-07-19 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company, Inc. | Electrolytic cells and processes |
| US3901774A (en) * | 1973-04-10 | 1975-08-26 | Tokuyama Soda Kk | Method of electrolyzing alkali metal halide solution and apparatus therefor |
| US3893897A (en) * | 1974-04-12 | 1975-07-08 | Ppg Industries Inc | Method of operating electrolytic diaphragm cells having horizontal electrodes |
| US3976556A (en) * | 1974-12-05 | 1976-08-24 | Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. | Electrolysis cell |
| FR2339684A1 (en) * | 1976-01-30 | 1977-08-26 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | DIAPHRAGM HORIZONTAL ELECTROLYZER |
| EP0077982B1 (en) * | 1981-10-22 | 1987-04-29 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | An electrolysis process and electrolytic cell |
| US4436608A (en) * | 1982-08-26 | 1984-03-13 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Narrow gap gas electrode electrolytic cell |
-
1984
- 1984-07-13 DE DE19843425862 patent/DE3425862A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1985
- 1985-06-27 CA CA000485474A patent/CA1254532A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-07-04 AT AT85108265T patent/ATE36875T1/en active
- 1985-07-04 EP EP85108265A patent/EP0170092B1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-07-04 DE DE8585108265T patent/DE3564703D1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-07-08 IN IN516/MAS/85A patent/IN164954B/en unknown
- 1985-07-11 FI FI852746A patent/FI76837C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-07-11 US US06/753,915 patent/US4615783A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-07-11 ES ES1985288013U patent/ES288013Y/en not_active Expired
- 1985-07-12 ZA ZA855260A patent/ZA855260B/en unknown
- 1985-07-12 AU AU44875/85A patent/AU573356B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1985-07-12 NO NO852813A patent/NO163786C/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES288013Y (en) | 1986-06-16 |
| FI76837B (en) | 1988-08-31 |
| FI852746L (en) | 1986-01-14 |
| IN164954B (en) | 1989-07-15 |
| NO163786C (en) | 1990-07-18 |
| EP0170092A1 (en) | 1986-02-05 |
| NO163786B (en) | 1990-04-09 |
| DE3425862A1 (en) | 1986-01-23 |
| DE3564703D1 (en) | 1988-10-06 |
| ZA855260B (en) | 1986-03-26 |
| AU4487585A (en) | 1986-01-16 |
| ES288013U (en) | 1985-11-16 |
| ATE36875T1 (en) | 1988-09-15 |
| AU573356B2 (en) | 1988-06-02 |
| US4615783A (en) | 1986-10-07 |
| FI852746A0 (en) | 1985-07-11 |
| NO852813L (en) | 1986-01-14 |
| CA1254532A (en) | 1989-05-23 |
| FI76837C (en) | 1988-12-12 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI NL SE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19860525 |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
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