EP0166928A1 - Process for providing a strong bond between a moulded explosive charge and a supporting case - Google Patents

Process for providing a strong bond between a moulded explosive charge and a supporting case Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0166928A1
EP0166928A1 EP85105905A EP85105905A EP0166928A1 EP 0166928 A1 EP0166928 A1 EP 0166928A1 EP 85105905 A EP85105905 A EP 85105905A EP 85105905 A EP85105905 A EP 85105905A EP 0166928 A1 EP0166928 A1 EP 0166928A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
suspension
explosive
charge
charge carrier
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85105905A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0166928B1 (en
Inventor
Otmar Müller
Günter Berg
Werner Scherer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Diehl Verwaltungs Stiftung
Original Assignee
Diehl GmbH and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Diehl GmbH and Co filed Critical Diehl GmbH and Co
Priority to AT85105905T priority Critical patent/ATE36146T1/en
Publication of EP0166928A1 publication Critical patent/EP0166928A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0166928B1 publication Critical patent/EP0166928B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B21/00—Apparatus or methods for working-up explosives, e.g. forming, cutting, drying
    • C06B21/0083—Treatment of solid structures, e.g. for coating or impregnating with a modifier
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B33/00—Manufacture of ammunition; Dismantling of ammunition; Apparatus therefor
    • F42B33/02—Filling cartridges, missiles, or fuzes; Inserting propellant or explosive charges
    • F42B33/0214—Filling cartridges, missiles, or fuzes; Inserting propellant or explosive charges by casting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a firmly attached explosive casting charge on a load carrier according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose a method using an adhesive for bonding surfaces in ammunition containing explosive charges, with which the explosive charge is securely seated in the charge carrier while avoiding the aforementioned floor gap.
  • the adherence to the wall is based on the fact that the explosive poured into the charge carrier dissolves the adhesive, whereby an intimate interlocking of the solidified phases is achieved.
  • the adhesive itself adheres firmly to bare, non-tempered metals as well as to galvanically or cold-phosphated pre-treated metals.
  • the method according to the invention is explained using the example of a projectile filling for barrel ammunition.
  • a bullet shell has a cold-phosphate protective layer on its inner wall.
  • the adhesive is sprayed onto this protective layer at room temperature. After the adhesive has dried, the projectile casing is heated in a water bath until the surface temperature of the adhesive is 70.degree. Then liquid explosives, for example Composition B, are filled into the shell of the projectile at a suitable temperature. The usual cooling phase then takes place.
  • the mechanical stress limits are therefore no longer limited by the wall adhesion of the explosive to the projectile body, but solely by the strength of the respective explosive.
  • the method according to the invention also eliminates problems with air-loadable ammunition, such as mines, warheads. High-frequency vibrations during air transport and impact loads, such as hitting the ground, no longer lead to detachment of the explosive charge from the inner wall of the ammunition body.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Details Of Garments (AREA)
  • Accessory Of Washing/Drying Machine, Commercial Washing/Drying Machine, Other Washing/Drying Machine (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

A process for the production of a cast explosive charge which is fixedly adherent to a charge carrier, such as projectile casings, housings for explosives, warheads, mines, and the like, wherein a liquid explosive is applied onto the preheated charge carrier which is provided with a coating applied as a suspension, and the charge carrier is thereafter cooled down through regulating of the temperature. The suspension is applied on the charge carrier which has been brought to approximately room temperature, to a coating thickness of between about 10 mu m and 100 mu m, the suspension being essentially constituted of 14 to 46% by weight of a binding resin which is non-hardening in oxygen and having a softing point below the melting point of the explosive; 6 to 26% by weight of a pigment composition; and 24 to 66% by weight of a polymeric solvent composition.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer fest haftenden Sprengstoff-Gußladung an einem Ladungsträger nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruches 1.The invention relates to a method for producing a firmly attached explosive casting charge on a load carrier according to the preamble of claim 1.

Beim Füllen großer Unterwasser-Sprengkörper nach der DE-PS 21 55 229 ist es bekannt, auf die Innenwand eines Ladungsbehälters eine gleichmäßig dicke Bitumenschicht aufzutragen. Die Schichtdicke von etwa 0,2 bis 5 mm hat die Aufgabe, auf dem Behälter übertragene Stösse zu dämpfen und die Transportsicherheit des Unterwasser-Sprengkörpers zu gewährleisten. Beim Füllen von Ladungsträgern, wie Geschoßhüllen mit Sprengstoffguß, werden verhältnismäßig aufwendige Verfahren eingesetzt, um Bodenspalte und allgemein geringe Wandhaftung des Sprengstoffes zur Innenwand zu vermeiden. Dies läßt sich jedoch nicht mit der geforderten Sicherheit erreichen. Ein fester Sitz der Sprengstoff-Füllung muß zur Vermeidung von Rohrkrepierern durch Schock- bzw. Stoßzündung des Sprengstoffes beim Abschuß jedoch unbedingt gewährleistet sein. Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, ein Verfahren unter Verwendung eines Adhäsionsmittels zum Verbinden von Oberflächen in explosive Ladungen enthaltenden Munitionen vorzuschlagen, mit dem der feste Sitz der Sprengladung in dem Ladungsträger bei Vermeidung des vorgenannten Bodenspaltes gewährleistet ist.When filling large underwater explosive devices according to DE-PS 21 55 229, it is known to apply a uniformly thick layer of bitumen to the inner wall of a cargo container. The layer thickness of about 0.2 to 5 mm has the task of dampening impacts transmitted on the container and ensuring the transport safety of the underwater explosive device. When filling charge carriers, such as projectile casings with explosive casting, relatively complex methods are used to avoid gaps in the floor and generally low wall adhesion of the explosive to the inner wall. However, this cannot be achieved with the required security. However, a firm fit of the explosive filling must be guaranteed to avoid pipe cracks caused by shock or shock ignition of the explosive when fired. The object of the invention is therefore to propose a method using an adhesive for bonding surfaces in ammunition containing explosive charges, with which the explosive charge is securely seated in the charge carrier while avoiding the aforementioned floor gap.

Diese Aufgabe wird mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruches 1 gelöst.This object is achieved with the characterizing features of claim 1.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.Advantageous developments of the invention are specified in the subclaims.

Nach der Erfindung liegt ein rationelles Fertigungsverfahren bei gleichbleibender Qualität der Wandhaftung vor. Die Wandhaftung beruht darauf, daß der in den Ladungsträger eingefüllte Sprengstoff das Adhäsionsmittel anlöst, wodurch eine innige Verzahnung der wieder erstarrten Phasen erzielt wird. Das Adhäsionsmittel selbst haftet fest an blanken, unvergüteten Metallen als auch an galvanisch oder kalt-phosphatiert vorbehandelten Metallen.According to the invention, there is a rational manufacturing process with a constant quality of the wall adhesion. The adherence to the wall is based on the fact that the explosive poured into the charge carrier dissolves the adhesive, whereby an intimate interlocking of the solidified phases is achieved. The adhesive itself adheres firmly to bare, non-tempered metals as well as to galvanically or cold-phosphated pre-treated metals.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird am Beispiel einer Geschoßfüllung für Rohrwaffenmunition erläutert.The method according to the invention is explained using the example of a projectile filling for barrel ammunition.

Eine Geschoßhülle weist an ihrer Innenwand eine kalt-phosphatisch erzeugte Schutzschicht auf. Auf diese Schutzschicht wird im Spritzverfahren das Adhäsionsmittel bei Raumtemperatur aufgetragen. Nach dem Abtrocknen des Adhäsionsmittels wird die Geschoßhülle in einem Wasserbad erwärmt bis die Oberflächentemperatur des Adhäsionsmittels 70°C beträgt. Danach wird flüssiger Sprengstoff, bspw. Composition B mit geeigneter Temperatur in die Geschoßhülle eingefüllt. Darauf erfolgt die übliche Abkühlphase.A bullet shell has a cold-phosphate protective layer on its inner wall. The adhesive is sprayed onto this protective layer at room temperature. After the adhesive has dried, the projectile casing is heated in a water bath until the surface temperature of the adhesive is 70.degree. Then liquid explosives, for example Composition B, are filled into the shell of the projectile at a suitable temperature. The usual cooling phase then takes place.

Wesentlich ist für die Erfindung, daß ein "Naß in Naß-Verarbeiten" ausgeschlossen sein muß, d.h., daß das Adhäsionsmittel erst dann vom flüssigen Sprengstoff beaufschlagt werden darf, wenn das Adhäsionsmittel nicht nur eine feste Oberfläche aufweist, sondern auch durchgetrocknet ist. Erst dann wird die Phase der Solvatierung bzw. Solvatation von Adhäsionsmittel und Sprengstoff erreicht. Die Solvatierung führt zu einer Wandhaftung, die den eingangs genannten Bodenspalt mit Sicherheit vermeidet. Bei mechanischem Herauslösen der Sprengladung aus der Geschoßhülle liegen keine Schwammstellen oder glänzende Lackflächenbereiche vor. Die Haftwerte zwischen dem Sprengstoff und dem Adhäsionsmittel liegen über der jeweiligen Sprengstoff-Scherfestigkeit. Beim Ausdrücken einer Sprengladung aus einer Geschoßhülle reißt das Sprengstoffgefüge dicht an, jedoch außerhalb der Solvatierungszone. Es bleibt also die Schicht des Adhäsionsmittels einschließlich einer daran anhaftenden relativ dünnen und rauhen Schicht aus Sprengstoff erhalten. Die Bruchzone liegt daher vollständig innerhalb des Sprengstoffes.It is essential for the invention that "wet-on-wet processing" must be excluded, i.e. that the liquid explosive may only be applied to the adhesive when the adhesive not only has a solid surface, but is also completely dry. Only then is the phase of solvation or solvation of the adhesive and explosive reached. Solvation leads to adherence to the wall, which certainly avoids the floor gap mentioned at the beginning. When the explosive charge is mechanically removed from the shell, there are no sponges or glossy lacquered areas. The adhesion values between the explosive and the adhesive are above the respective explosive shear strength. When an explosive charge is squeezed out of a shell, the structure of the explosive tears tightly, but outside the solvation zone. The layer of the adhesive, including a relatively thin and rough layer of explosive adhering to it, is retained. The fracture zone is therefore entirely within the explosive.

Für Rohrwaffenmunition ist damit ein erweiterter Einsatzbereich, bspw.* bei der Artillerie möglich. Die Munition widersteht nämlich wesentlich höheren Beschleunigungen, so daß die Feuergeschwindigkeit durch rascheres Ansetzen und Abbremsen des Geschosses im Patronenlager als auch die Steigerung der Reichweite der Munition durch eine entsprechend große Anzahl der Ladungen möglich ist., ohne daß die Gefahr von ladungsspezifischen Rohrkrepierern vorliegt.An extended area of application is possible for barrel weapon ammunition, for example * in artillery. The ammunition resists much higher accelerations, so that the firing speed is possible due to the faster application and braking of the projectile in the cartridge chamber as well as the increase in the range of the ammunition by a correspondingly large number of charges, without the risk of charge-specific pipe crusher.

Die mechanischen Beanspruchungsgrenzen sind daher nicht mehr durch die Wandhaftung des Sprengstoffes am Geschoßkörper begrenzt, sondern allein durch die Festigkeit des jeweiligen Sprengstoffes.The mechanical stress limits are therefore no longer limited by the wall adhesion of the explosive to the projectile body, but solely by the strength of the respective explosive.

Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren werden auch Probleme bei luftverlastbaren Munitionen, wie Minen, Gefechtsköpfe, beseitigt. Hochfrequente Schwingungen während des Lufttransportes und Stoßbeanspruchungen, wie Aufschlag auf den Boden, führen nicht mehr zum Ablösen der Sprengladung von der Innenwand des Munitionskörpers.The method according to the invention also eliminates problems with air-loadable ammunition, such as mines, warheads. High-frequency vibrations during air transport and impact loads, such as hitting the ground, no longer lead to detachment of the explosive charge from the inner wall of the ammunition body.

Claims (5)

1. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer fest haftenden Sprengstoff-Gußladung an einem Ladungsträger, wie Geschoßhülle, Gehäuse für Sprengkörper, Gefechtsköpfe, Minen, bei dem flüssiger Sprengstoff auf den vorgewärmten, eine Beschichtung aufweisenden Ladungsträger aufgetragen und dann der Ladungsträger durch Tempe-. ratursteuerung abgekühlt wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß man eine Suspension, bestehend aus a) 14 bis 46 Gew% eines in Sauerstoff nicht-hartenden Bindeharzes mit einem Erweichungspunkt unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes des Sprengstoffes; b) 6 bis 26 Gew% einer Pigmentkomposition; c) 24 bis 66 GewK einer polymeren Lösungsmittelkomposition,
wie etwa 30% PVC-Mischpolymerisat 3% ölfreier Polyester 30% Xylol 7% epoximodifiziertes Triglycerid 0,5% Bentone 1,5% Flammruß 5% Ethylglykol 13% Talcum 5% Butylacetat 5% Testbenzin
auf den etwa auf Raumtemperatur temperierten Ladungsträger mit einer Schichtdicke zwischen 10 µm und 100 µm aufträgt, die Spuspension abtrocknet, der beschichtete Ladungsträger auf einer Oberflächentemperatur zwischen 20 und 90°C erwärmt und den flüssigen Sprengstoff mit einer Temperatur zwischen dem Erstarrungspunkt und 110°C einfüllt.1. A method for producing a firmly attached explosive casting charge on a charge carrier, such as a shell, housing for explosive devices, warheads, mines, in which liquid explosives are applied to the preheated charge carriers having a coating and then the charge carriers by temperature. cooling control is cooled,
characterized,
that a suspension consisting of a) 14 to 46% by weight of a non-hardening binder resin in oxygen with a softening point below the melting point of the explosive; b) 6 to 26% by weight of a pigment composition; c) 24 to 66 GewK of a polymeric solvent composition,
such as 30% PVC copolymer 3% oil-free polyester 30% xylene 7% epoxy-modified triglyceride 0.5% bentone 1.5% soot 5% ethyl glycol 13% talc 5% butyl acetate 5% white spirit
on the charge carrier, which is at room temperature, with a layer thickness between 10 µm and 100 µm, the suspension is dried, the coated charge carrier is heated to a surface temperature between 20 and 90 ° C and the liquid explosive is filled in at a temperature between the solidification point and 110 ° C. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Suspension mit einer Schichtdicke von ca. 50 µm aufgetragen wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the suspension is applied with a layer thickness of approximately 50 microns. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bei der Anwendung in einem topfförmigen Ladungsträger, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Suspension von der Füllseite zum Boden des Ladungsträgers zunehmend, beginnend mit einer Schichtdicke von etwa 25 µm proportional zur Länge des Ladungsträgers ansteigend auf etwa maximal 80 µm zunehmend aufgetragen wird.3. The method according to claim 1 when used in a cup-shaped load carrier, characterized in that the suspension from the filling side to the bottom of the load carrier increasingly increasing, starting with a layer thickness of about 25 microns proportional to the length of the load carrier increasing to about a maximum of 80 microns becomes. 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Suspension im Spritzverfahren aufgetragen wird.4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the suspension is applied by spraying. 5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ladungsträger so weit erwärmt wird, bis die OberflächenTemperatur der abgetrockneten Suspension 50 bis 80°C beträgt.5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the charge carrier is heated until the surface temperature of the dried suspension is 50 to 80 ° C.
EP85105905A 1984-06-01 1985-05-14 Process for providing a strong bond between a moulded explosive charge and a supporting case Expired EP0166928B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85105905T ATE36146T1 (en) 1984-06-01 1985-05-14 PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF A PERMANENTLY ADHESIVE CAST EXPLOSIVE CHARGE TO A CHARGE CARRIER.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3420543A DE3420543C1 (en) 1984-06-01 1984-06-01 Process for the production of a firmly attached explosive cast load on a load carrier
DE3420543 1984-06-01

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0166928A1 true EP0166928A1 (en) 1986-01-08
EP0166928B1 EP0166928B1 (en) 1988-08-03

Family

ID=6237448

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85105905A Expired EP0166928B1 (en) 1984-06-01 1985-05-14 Process for providing a strong bond between a moulded explosive charge and a supporting case

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4579695A (en)
EP (1) EP0166928B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE36146T1 (en)
BR (1) BR8502584A (en)
CA (1) CA1234304A (en)
DE (2) DE3420543C1 (en)
ES (1) ES8608461A1 (en)
GR (1) GR850863B (en)
IL (1) IL75352A (en)
NO (1) NO161214C (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2680413A1 (en) * 1991-08-16 1993-02-19 Eidgenoess Munitionsfab Thun METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL LOAD CAPACITY OF AMMUNITION BODIES WHICH, HIGHLY ACCELERATED AND / OR SUBJECT TO SHOCK WAVES, CONTAIN HOLLOW LOADS, AND USE OF THE METHOD.

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5598891A (en) * 1994-08-04 1997-02-04 Marathon Oil Company Apparatus and method for perforating and fracturing
DE102012001445B3 (en) * 2012-01-26 2013-03-07 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, dieses vertreten durch das Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr Explosive projectile, particularly artillery explosive projectile, has projectile axis, projectile casing, projectile cavity formed with projectile inner wall that has cylinder with cylinder longitudinal axis in section
DE102013014665B3 (en) * 2013-08-29 2014-04-30 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das BMVg, vertreten durch das Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr Explosive projectile has auger that is inserted into the explosive charge in the direction of the projectile axis, and head igniter that is fixed with auger

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3054253A (en) * 1958-12-31 1962-09-18 Paul K Chung Case-bonding of double-base propellant grain by using silicone elastomers
DE2157498A1 (en) * 1971-11-19 1973-05-24 Foerenade Fabriksverken METHOD OF ATTACHING A CAST EXPLOSIVES CHARGE TO THE INSIDE WALL OF A GRENADE
DE2155229B2 (en) * 1971-11-06 1974-07-11 Dynamit Nobel Ag, 5210 Troisdorf Method of filling large underwater explosive devices
DE2444930A1 (en) * 1974-09-20 1976-04-01 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Propallent compsns. cased in epoxy- or polyester insulating layer - with polyurethane adhesion- and anti-diffusion interlayer

Family Cites Families (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3830672A (en) * 1966-08-30 1974-08-20 Aerojet General Co Solid porous, coated oxidizer, method of preparation and novel propellant compositions
US3507114A (en) * 1967-11-27 1970-04-21 Webb James E Solid propellant liner
FR2031677A5 (en) * 1969-02-04 1970-11-20 France Etat Explosive mixtures contg metals prepn
US4021514A (en) * 1974-06-21 1977-05-03 Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Buhrle Ag Method for the production of an inhibitor coating for a solid rocket propellent charge

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3054253A (en) * 1958-12-31 1962-09-18 Paul K Chung Case-bonding of double-base propellant grain by using silicone elastomers
DE2155229B2 (en) * 1971-11-06 1974-07-11 Dynamit Nobel Ag, 5210 Troisdorf Method of filling large underwater explosive devices
DE2157498A1 (en) * 1971-11-19 1973-05-24 Foerenade Fabriksverken METHOD OF ATTACHING A CAST EXPLOSIVES CHARGE TO THE INSIDE WALL OF A GRENADE
DE2444930A1 (en) * 1974-09-20 1976-04-01 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Propallent compsns. cased in epoxy- or polyester insulating layer - with polyurethane adhesion- and anti-diffusion interlayer

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2680413A1 (en) * 1991-08-16 1993-02-19 Eidgenoess Munitionsfab Thun METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL LOAD CAPACITY OF AMMUNITION BODIES WHICH, HIGHLY ACCELERATED AND / OR SUBJECT TO SHOCK WAVES, CONTAIN HOLLOW LOADS, AND USE OF THE METHOD.
US5353709A (en) * 1991-08-16 1994-10-11 Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Vertreten Durch Die Eidg. Munitionsfabrik Altdorf Der Gruppe Fuer Ruestungsdienste Method for improving the mechanical stressability of ammunition bodies with shaped charges

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL75352A (en) 1989-05-15
NO851646L (en) 1985-12-02
NO161214C (en) 1989-07-19
US4579695A (en) 1986-04-01
IL75352A0 (en) 1985-09-29
GR850863B (en) 1985-05-13
DE3420543C1 (en) 1986-02-13
CA1234304A (en) 1988-03-22
NO161214B (en) 1989-04-10
DE3564100D1 (en) 1988-09-08
EP0166928B1 (en) 1988-08-03
ATE36146T1 (en) 1988-08-15
ES543587A0 (en) 1986-06-16
ES8608461A1 (en) 1986-06-16
BR8502584A (en) 1986-02-04

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