EP0160198A1 - Electrically heatable reflection element - Google Patents

Electrically heatable reflection element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0160198A1
EP0160198A1 EP85103096A EP85103096A EP0160198A1 EP 0160198 A1 EP0160198 A1 EP 0160198A1 EP 85103096 A EP85103096 A EP 85103096A EP 85103096 A EP85103096 A EP 85103096A EP 0160198 A1 EP0160198 A1 EP 0160198A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reflection
reflection element
layer
electrically
electrically heatable
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85103096A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0160198B1 (en
Inventor
Joachim Dipl.-Ing. Wank
Werner Dipl.-Ing. Waldenrath
Hans-Leo Dipl.-Ing. Weber
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Bayer AG
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Bayer AG
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Publication of EP0160198A1 publication Critical patent/EP0160198A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H05B3/845—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields specially adapted for reflecting surfaces, e.g. bathroom - or rearview mirrors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B7/00—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements
    • G02B7/18—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors
    • G02B7/181—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors with means for compensating for changes in temperature or for controlling the temperature; thermal stabilisation
    • G02B7/1815—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors with means for compensating for changes in temperature or for controlling the temperature; thermal stabilisation with cooling or heating systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrically heatable reflection element for visible and invisible radiation.
  • Electrically heated mirrors are known, in which a heating system is attached to the rear of the mirror by gluing or laminating surface heating conductors, and the heat evaporates the water that is deposited.
  • the heating systems used include meandering resistance wires between two insulating foils or a foil with a conductive layer.
  • the invention has for its object to find an electrically heatable reflection element, which is inexpensive to manufacture, works uniformly over the entire surface, uses the heating energy cheaply and works in a short time.
  • the reflection element consists of a composite in the order of plastic reinforcement, the mass of electrically conductive plastic film and reflection layer.
  • This reflection element is easy to manufacture. Due to the flat plastic film, which is electrically conductive and has a surface resistance between 30-60 000 ⁇ , there is a uniform, fast, immediate heating of the metallic reflective layer, which according to the requirements with a high degree of reflection for visible light (780%) at one Mirror or for invisible rays on parabolic antennas. Malfunctions caused by moisture are quickly eliminated.
  • an electrically insulating layer is arranged between the film and the metallic reflection layer.
  • the plastic reinforcement consists of molded plastic.
  • thermoplastic material has proven particularly useful for built-in parts, since in addition to the desired shape (parabolic mirror), the necessary strength can also be generated in one operation.
  • appropriate anchors for connecting to other constructions and receptacles for the electrical contact points of the film can be formed.
  • the plastic reinforcement consists of a co-extruded film.
  • This reflection element is versatile. On the one hand, it adapts to well-defined shapes, on the other hand, it can also be stretched over a movable scaffold, which is only extended when necessary.
  • the metallic reflection layer is evaporated.
  • a highly reflective mirror layer can be achieved which, despite the thin layer thickness, has a high level of uniformity and reflection.
  • the reflection layer is provided with a protective layer.
  • the generally thin protective layer which can be made of lacquer, for example, protects the reflective layer against weather influences and mechanical stresses.
  • a conductive plastic film 1 which is provided on the front with an electrically insulating layer 2, a reflection layer 3 made of aluminum as a mirror layer and a protective layer, has on the rear a flat reinforcement 5 made of molded thermoplastic with four anchors 6, through which the folded-over edge areas of the film are fixed and are used to hold the metal connecting plates 7.
  • the back of the molded plastic cap has on the narrow sides, at a distance of 5 mm from the edge 2, 3 mm 0 pins perpendicular to the surface.
  • the protruding film edges are bent backwards and with a connecting plate perforated at a distance from the pins over the protruding pins pressed.
  • the connection plate with the conductive foil underneath is fixed to the back of the mirror by ultrasonic riveting of the pins.
  • the front of the mirror - after a primer has been applied beforehand if necessary - is vapor-coated with aluminum in a manner known per se and provided with highly transparent lacquer for protection.
  • a dewed mirror manufactured in this way is fog-free within 1.5 seconds after switching on the power.
  • the mirrors used so far, their heating located on the back, are only fog-free after 2 minutes with comparable heating output.
  • a film composite consisting of an electrically insulating film e.g. a polycarbonate film, an electrically conductive film connected to this surface, a further insulating layer, e.g. A coating, a vapor-deposited aluminum layer with a thickness of 1-1.5 ⁇ m and a protective coating is deformed by vacuum deep-drawing into a paraboloid of revolution.
  • This molded body is e.g. Support frame made of metal installed so that there are no deviations from the ideal shape that are greater than 1 mm.
  • the paraboloid of revolution has a larger diameter of 60 cm. It is suitable for the reception of TV and radio waves with a frequency around 10 GHz, as e.g. be used when broadcasting TV and radio programs via satellite.
  • the waves are reflected on the Al layer and concentrated on a receiver.
  • the electrically conductive film is then used as a heating element.
  • PTC thermistors that are 10 cm apart and are alternately connected to a power source. After switching on the power, the mirror is free of deposits within a short time.

Abstract

1. Electrically heatable reflection element for visible and invisible radiation, characterized in that the reflection element consists of a composite which comprises in the following order : a plastic reinforcement (5), a plastic film (1) which is in itself electrically conductive and a reflection layer (3).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement für sichtbare und unsichtbare Strahlung.The invention relates to an electrically heatable reflection element for visible and invisible radiation.

Bei bestimmten Wetterlagen schlägt sich Tau auf den Reflexionselementen nieder, die dann ihre zugedachte Funktion - die Spiegelung der Strahlen - nicht mehr voll erfüllen können. Beschlagen Autospiegel, so wird die Sicherheit reduziert Beschlagen Parabolspiegel für den Empfang von Rundfunkstrahlen, so wird die Leistung dieser Anlagen verringert.In certain weather conditions, dew is reflected on the reflection elements, which then can no longer fully fulfill their intended function - the reflection of the rays. Fogging up car mirrors reduces security Fogging up parabolic mirrors for the reception of radio beams reduces the performance of these systems.

Bekannt sind elektrisch beheizbare Spiegel, bei denen durch Aufkleben bzw. Kaschieren von Flächenheizleitern auf der Rückseite der Spiegel ein Heizsystem angebracht wird, welches durch Wärme das niedergeschlagene Wasser verdunstet. Dabei werden als Heizsysteme unter anderem mäanderförmig gebogene Widerstanddrähte zwischen zwei Isolierfolien oder eine mit Leitschicht versehene Folie verwendet.Electrically heated mirrors are known, in which a heating system is attached to the rear of the mirror by gluing or laminating surface heating conductors, and the heat evaporates the water that is deposited. The heating systems used include meandering resistance wires between two insulating foils or a foil with a conductive layer.

Der Nachteil dieser Heizsysteme liegt darin, daß die Herstellung solcher Spiegel kostenaufwendig ist, da die Heizleiter manuell angebracht werden müssen. Auch die Verdampfung der Feuchtigkeit dauert infolge des Wärmedurchgang durch die davor angebrachten Schichten verhältnismäßig lange, so daß ein gewünschter schneller Einsatz der Reflexionselemente nicht möglich ist.The disadvantage of these heating systems is that the manufacture of such mirrors is expensive because the heating conductors have to be attached manually. The evaporation of moisture also takes a relatively long time due to the heat transfer through the layers placed in front of it, so that the desired rapid use of the reflection elements is not possible.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement zu finden, welche kostengünstig herzustellen ist, gleichmäßig über die gesamte Fläche wirkt, die Heiz-Energie günstig nutzt und in kurzer Zeit wirkt.The invention has for its object to find an electrically heatable reflection element, which is inexpensive to manufacture, works uniformly over the entire surface, uses the heating energy cheaply and works in a short time.

Die Aufgabe wurde erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß das Reflexionselement aus einem Verbund in der Reihenfolge Kunststoff-Verstärkung, in der Masse elektrisch leitfähige Kunststoff-Folie und Reflexionsschicht besteht.The object was achieved in that the reflection element consists of a composite in the order of plastic reinforcement, the mass of electrically conductive plastic film and reflection layer.

Dieses Reflexionselement ist einfach herzustellen. Durch die flächige Kunststoff-Folie, die elektrisch leitfähig ist und einem Oberflächenwiderstand zwischen 30-60 000Ω besitzt, erfolgt eine gleichmäßige, schnelle, unmittelbare Aufheizung der metallischen Reflexionsschicht, die entsprechend den Erfordernissen mit einem hohen Reflexionsgrad für sichtbares Licht (780 %) bei einem Spiegel oder für unsichtbare Strahlen bei ParabolAntennen ausgebildet ist. Störungen durch Feuchtigkeit werden also schnellstens beseitigt.This reflection element is easy to manufacture. Due to the flat plastic film, which is electrically conductive and has a surface resistance between 30-60 000Ω, there is a uniform, fast, immediate heating of the metallic reflective layer, which according to the requirements with a high degree of reflection for visible light (780%) at one Mirror or for invisible rays on parabolic antennas. Malfunctions caused by moisture are quickly eliminated.

In einer besonderen Ausführungsform ist zwischen Folie und metallischer Reflexionsschicht eine elektrisch isolierende Schicht angeordnet.In a special embodiment, an electrically insulating layer is arranged between the film and the metallic reflection layer.

In manchen Fällen ist es zweckmäßig, die heizbare Folie von der Reflexionsschicht durch eine isolierende Schicht elektrisch zu trennen, um jeder Schicht nur die gewünschte Funktion zuordnen zu können. Auch wird hierdurch die Gefahr einer Korrosion verringert.In some cases, it is expedient to electrically separate the heatable film from the reflection layer by an insulating layer in order to be able to assign only the desired function to each layer. This also reduces the risk of corrosion.

In einer anderen Ausführungsform besteht die Kunststoff-Verstärkung aus angespritztem Kunststoff.In another embodiment, the plastic reinforcement consists of molded plastic.

Für Einbauteile hat sich das Anspritzen von thermoplastischem Kunststoff besonders bewährt, da in einem Arbeitsgang neben der gewünschten Form (Parabolspiegel) auch die notwendige Festigkeit erzeugt werden kann. Gleichzeitig können entsprechende Verankerungen für das Verbinden mit anderen Konstruktionen sowie Aufnahmen für die elektrischen Kontaktstellen der Folie ausgebildet werden.Injection molding of thermoplastic material has proven particularly useful for built-in parts, since in addition to the desired shape (parabolic mirror), the necessary strength can also be generated in one operation. At the same time, appropriate anchors for connecting to other constructions and receptacles for the electrical contact points of the film can be formed.

In einer weiteren Ausführungsform besteht die Kunststoff-Verstärkung aus einer ko-extrudierten Folie.In a further embodiment, the plastic reinforcement consists of a co-extruded film.

Dieses Reflexionselement ist vielseitig einsetzbar. Einerseits paßt es sich gut vorgegebenen Formen an, andererseits läßt es sich auch über ein bewegliches Gerüst spannen, was nur im Bedarfsfalle ausgefahren wird.This reflection element is versatile. On the one hand, it adapts to well-defined shapes, on the other hand, it can also be stretched over a movable scaffold, which is only extended when necessary.

In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die metallische Reflexionsschicht aufgedampft.In a preferred embodiment, the metallic reflection layer is evaporated.

Durch Aufdampfen von Metallen, wie Aluminium, Silber usw. kann eine hochgradig reflektierende Spiegelschicht erreicht werden, die trotz dünner Schichtdicke eine hohe Gleichmäßigkeit und Reflexion aufweist.By vapor deposition of metals such as aluminum, silver, etc., a highly reflective mirror layer can be achieved which, despite the thin layer thickness, has a high level of uniformity and reflection.

In einer Ausführungsform ist die Reflexionsschicht mit einer Schutzschicht versehen.In one embodiment, the reflection layer is provided with a protective layer.

Die im allgemeinen dünne Schutzschicht, die zum Beispiel aus Lack bestehen kann, schützt die Reflexionsschicht gegen Wettereinflüsse und mechanische Beanspruchungen.The generally thin protective layer, which can be made of lacquer, for example, protects the reflective layer against weather influences and mechanical stresses.

Ein Beispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung (Fig. 1) dargestellt und wird wie folgt beschrieben.An example of the invention is shown in the drawing (Fig. 1) and is described as follows.

Eine leitfähige Kunststoff-Folie 1, die auf der Vorderseite mit einer elektrisch isolierenden Schicht 2, einer Reflexionsschicht 3 aus Aluminium als Spiegelschicht und einer Schutzschicht versehen ist, besitzt an der Hinterseite eine ebene Verstärkung 5 aus angespritztem thermoplastischem Kunststoff mit vier Verankerungen 6, durch die die umgeschlagenen Randbereiche der Folie fixiert sind und die zur Aufnahme der metallenen Anschlußbleche 7 dient.A conductive plastic film 1, which is provided on the front with an electrically insulating layer 2, a reflection layer 3 made of aluminum as a mirror layer and a protective layer, has on the rear a flat reinforcement 5 made of molded thermoplastic with four anchors 6, through which the folded-over edge areas of the film are fixed and are used to hold the metal connecting plates 7.

Beispiel 1example 1

Zur Herstellung eines Autospiegels wird eine rußgefüllte Polycarbonatfolie, deren Dicke 30 µm und deren Oberflächenwiderstand 300~beträgt, in eine Spritzgießform eingelegt und mit Polycarbonat, dessen relative Viskosität rel = 1,28 beträgt (gemessen nach Ubbelohde, 0,5 % in CH2Cl2), so hintergespritzt, daß die Folie an den Schmalseiten jeweils 1 cm übersteht. Die Rückseite der gespritzten Kunststoffkappe hat an den Schmalseiten, im Abstand von 5 mm von der Kante 2 senkrecht zur Oberfläche stehende Stifte mit 3 mm 0. Die überstehenden Folienränder werden nach hinten gebogen und mit einem, im Abstand der Stifte gelochten Anschlußblech über die hervorstehenden Stifte gedrückt. Das Anschlußblech mit der darunter liegenden leitfähigen Folie wird durch Ultraschallnieten der Stifte auf die Rückseite des Spiegels fixiert.To produce a car mirror, a soot-filled polycarbonate film, whose thickness is 30 µm and whose surface resistance is 300 ~, is placed in an injection mold and with polycarbonate, whose relative viscosity is rel = 1.28 (measured according to Ubbelohde, 0.5% in CH 2 Cl 2 ), injected so that the film protrudes 1 cm on the narrow sides. The back of the molded plastic cap has on the narrow sides, at a distance of 5 mm from the edge 2, 3 mm 0 pins perpendicular to the surface. The protruding film edges are bent backwards and with a connecting plate perforated at a distance from the pins over the protruding pins pressed. The connection plate with the conductive foil underneath is fixed to the back of the mirror by ultrasonic riveting of the pins.

Die Vorderseite des Spiegels wird - nachdem gegebenenfalls vorher ein Haftgrund aufgetragen wurde - in an sich bekannter Weise mit Aluminium bedampft und zum Schutz mit hochtransparentem Lack versehen.The front of the mirror - after a primer has been applied beforehand if necessary - is vapor-coated with aluminum in a manner known per se and provided with highly transparent lacquer for protection.

Ein so hergestellter betauter Spiegel ist nach Einschalten des Stromes innerhalb von 1,5 sec beschlagfrei. Die bisher verwendeten Spiegel, deren Heizung sich auf der Rückseite befindet, sind bei vergleichbarer Heizleistung erst nach 2 min beschlagfrei.A dewed mirror manufactured in this way is fog-free within 1.5 seconds after switching on the power. The mirrors used so far, their heating located on the back, are only fog-free after 2 minutes with comparable heating output.

Beispiel 2Example 2

Ein Folienverbund, bestehend aus einer elektrisch isolierenden Folie z.B. einer Polycarbonatfolie, einer mit dieser flächig verbundenen elektrisch leitfähigen Folie, einer weiteren isolierenden Schicht, z.B. einer Lackierung, einer aufgedampften Aluminiumschicht von 1-1,5 µm Dicke und einer Schutzlackierung wird durch Vakuumtiefziehen zu einem Rotationsparaboloiden verformt. Dieser Formkörper wird in eine z.B. aus Metall hergestellen Stützrahmen so eingebaut, daß sich keine Abweichungen von der Idealform ergeben, die größer als 1 mm sind. Das Rotationsparaboloid hat einen größeren Durchmesser von 60 cm. Es eignet sich zum Empfang von TV- und Radiowellen mit einer Frequenz um 10 GHz, wie sie z.B. bei der Ausstrahlung von TV- und Rundfunkprogrammen über Satelliten verwendet werden.A film composite consisting of an electrically insulating film e.g. a polycarbonate film, an electrically conductive film connected to this surface, a further insulating layer, e.g. A coating, a vapor-deposited aluminum layer with a thickness of 1-1.5 µm and a protective coating is deformed by vacuum deep-drawing into a paraboloid of revolution. This molded body is e.g. Support frame made of metal installed so that there are no deviations from the ideal shape that are greater than 1 mm. The paraboloid of revolution has a larger diameter of 60 cm. It is suitable for the reception of TV and radio waves with a frequency around 10 GHz, as e.g. be used when broadcasting TV and radio programs via satellite.

Die aufgefagenen Wellen werden an der Al-Schicht reflektiert und auf einem Empfänger konzentriert.The waves are reflected on the Al layer and concentrated on a receiver.

Wenn sich witterungsbedingt eine Betauung, Vereisung oder Bedeckung mit Schnee ergibt sinkt die Empfangsleistung stark ab. Die elektrisch leitfähige Folie wird dann als Heizelement benutzt. Zu diesem Zweck ist sie mit Kaltleitern belegt, die einen Abstand von 10 cm haben und wechselweise an eine Stromquelle angeschlossen sind. Nach Einschalten des Stromes ist der Spiegel innerhalb kurzer Zeit belagfrei.If there is condensation, icing or snow covering due to the weather, the reception performance drops sharply. The electrically conductive film is then used as a heating element. For this purpose, it is covered with PTC thermistors that are 10 cm apart and are alternately connected to a power source. After switching on the power, the mirror is free of deposits within a short time.

Claims (6)

1. Elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement für sichtbare und unsichtbare Strahlung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Reflexionselement aus einem Verbund in der Reihenfolge Kunststoff-Verstärkung (5) in der Masse elektrisch leitfähige Kunststoff-Folie (1) und Reflexionsschicht (3) besteht.1. Electrically heatable reflection element for visible and invisible radiation, characterized in that the reflection element consists of a composite in the order of plastic reinforcement (5) in the mass of electrically conductive plastic film (1) and reflection layer (3). 2. Elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen Kunststoff-Folie (1) und metallischer Reflexionsschicht (3) eine elektrisch isolierende Schicht (2) angeordnet ist.2. Electrically heatable reflection element according to claim 1, characterized in that an electrically insulating layer (2) is arranged between the plastic film (1) and the metallic reflection layer (3). 3. Elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kunststoff-Verstärkung (5) aus angespritztem Kunststoff besteht.3. Electrically heated reflection element according to claim 1, characterized in that the plastic reinforcement (5) consists of molded plastic. 4. Elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kunststoff-Verstärkung (5) aus einer ko-extrudierten Folie besteht.4. Electrically heatable reflection element according to claim 1, characterized in that the plastic reinforcement (5) consists of a co-extruded film. 5. Elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die metallische Reflexionsschicht (3) aufgedampft ist.5. Electrically heatable reflection element according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the metallic reflection layer (3) is evaporated. 6. Elektrisch beheizbares Reflexionselement nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Reflexionsschicht (3) mit einer Schutzschicht (4) versehen ist.6. Electrically heatable reflection element according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the reflection layer (3) is provided with a protective layer (4).
EP85103096A 1984-03-31 1985-03-18 Electrically heatable reflection element Expired EP0160198B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3412055 1984-03-31
DE19843412055 DE3412055A1 (en) 1984-03-31 1984-03-31 ELECTRICALLY HEATED REFLECTION ELEMENT

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0160198A1 true EP0160198A1 (en) 1985-11-06
EP0160198B1 EP0160198B1 (en) 1987-09-09

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EP85103096A Expired EP0160198B1 (en) 1984-03-31 1985-03-18 Electrically heatable reflection element

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EP (1) EP0160198B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS60229746A (en)
CA (1) CA1249008A (en)
DE (2) DE3412055A1 (en)
ES (1) ES296254Y (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2219101A (en) * 1988-05-27 1989-11-29 Joseph Clark Mirror with electrical heater element
GB2263556A (en) * 1992-01-15 1993-07-28 Verreries Hirtz Sa Heatable mirrors
WO2013091964A1 (en) * 2011-12-20 2013-06-27 Saint-Gobain Glass France Polymeric panel having an electrically conductive structure

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8717554U1 (en) * 1987-06-01 1989-02-16 Man Technologie Gmbh, 8000 Muenchen, De
DE3825164A1 (en) * 1988-07-23 1990-01-25 Hohe Kg Heatable mirror for a vehicle wing mirror
US4940317A (en) * 1988-08-01 1990-07-10 Ronnie Reuben Electric heating device for mirror
DE4223590A1 (en) * 1992-07-17 1994-01-20 Leybold Ag Minor used for outer mirrors of vehicles - comprising transparent substrate, mirror coating on reverse side of substrate and an electric heater
DE4325124C2 (en) * 1993-07-27 1996-06-13 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Mirrors, in particular vehicle rear view mirrors
DE4336355A1 (en) * 1993-10-25 1995-04-27 Hirschmann Richard Gmbh Co Receiving device for the reception of electromagnetic waves at different frequencies
DE4426188A1 (en) * 1994-07-23 1996-01-25 Mekra Rangau Plastics Outside mirrors for motor vehicles
DE19720808A1 (en) * 1996-12-20 1998-07-02 Hohe Gmbh & Co Kg Heated, vibration-damped rear view mirror for vehicle

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2710588A1 (en) * 1977-03-11 1978-09-14 Licentia Gmbh Heated exterior driving mirror - has resistive heating backing layer keeping surface clear

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2710588A1 (en) * 1977-03-11 1978-09-14 Licentia Gmbh Heated exterior driving mirror - has resistive heating backing layer keeping surface clear

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2219101A (en) * 1988-05-27 1989-11-29 Joseph Clark Mirror with electrical heater element
GB2219101B (en) * 1988-05-27 1992-03-04 Joseph Clark Mirror with heater element
GB2263556A (en) * 1992-01-15 1993-07-28 Verreries Hirtz Sa Heatable mirrors
GB2263556B (en) * 1992-01-15 1995-10-11 Verreries Hirtz Sa Heatable mirrors
WO2013091964A1 (en) * 2011-12-20 2013-06-27 Saint-Gobain Glass France Polymeric panel having an electrically conductive structure
CN104039609A (en) * 2011-12-20 2014-09-10 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 Polymeric panel having an electrically conductive structure
CN104039609B (en) * 2011-12-20 2016-09-07 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 Polymer plate with conductive structure

Also Published As

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ES296254U (en) 1987-08-16
ES296254Y (en) 1988-03-16
DE3412055A1 (en) 1985-10-03
EP0160198B1 (en) 1987-09-09
DE3560605D1 (en) 1987-10-15
JPS60229746A (en) 1985-11-15
CA1249008A (en) 1989-01-17

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