EP0153444A1 - Shaped charge warhead - Google Patents

Shaped charge warhead Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0153444A1
EP0153444A1 EP84110721A EP84110721A EP0153444A1 EP 0153444 A1 EP0153444 A1 EP 0153444A1 EP 84110721 A EP84110721 A EP 84110721A EP 84110721 A EP84110721 A EP 84110721A EP 0153444 A1 EP0153444 A1 EP 0153444A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
supports
projectile
container
guides
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP84110721A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0153444B1 (en
Inventor
Wolfram Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Witt
Herbert Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Scholles
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Rheinmetall Industrie AG
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Rheinmetall GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Rheinmetall GmbH filed Critical Rheinmetall GmbH
Publication of EP0153444A1 publication Critical patent/EP0153444A1/en
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Publication of EP0153444B1 publication Critical patent/EP0153444B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C1/00—Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact
    • F42C1/14—Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact operating at a predetermined distance from ground or target by means of a protruding member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00—Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20—Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22—Homing guidance systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/1235—Collapsible supports; Means for erecting a rigid antenna

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an air-loadable device for producing a projectile according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • Such devices are brought by a flying means of transport over a target area and are expelled there in order to independently search for and combat targets.
  • a shaped charge mine is known which sinks down on a parachute and in which a sensor system is fastened within an elastic calotte arranged on the front.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a device of the type mentioned, which takes up only a comparatively small space during storage and transport, which can withstand particularly high acceleration stresses in the flight phase and which nevertheless ensures optimal functioning of the sensor and active part.
  • the device should be very compact, since it is to be accommodated in a transport device with many other devices of the same type and must withstand very high acceleration values during transport; on the other hand, the antenna of the target recognition device should work optimally for an optimal target acquisition and finally the projectile generated by the interaction of the active charge with the projectile-forming assignment according to the target acquisition should be able to form undisturbed by the antenna structure.
  • a compact, space-saving and acceleration-resistant device is gem.
  • Fig. 1 achieved in that the antenna 11 is designed to be extendable in the axial direction.
  • guides 13 are provided in the housing 16 of the device 1, which are expediently arranged evenly distributed over the circumference of the device 1.
  • supports 12 are slidably mounted, which in turn carry the antenna 11.
  • An active charge 3 is arranged within the housing 16 of the device 1, which is detonated at a favorable target distance and converts a projectile-forming occupancy 2 into a projectile suitable for target combat.
  • the device 1 assumes the shape outlined in FIG. 1, ie the antenna 11 is retracted. This results in a very robust arrangement that can withstand the high acceleration values in the flight and ejection phases of the unit.
  • the antenna 11 is extended in order to assume the operating position.
  • spring elements 14 FIG. 1 are provided within the guides 13, which are initially secured, but after unlocking press the supports 12 out of the guides 13 and thereby advance the antenna 11 into the operating position.
  • the spring elements are replaced by pyrotechnic charges 15 which, ignited at the appropriate moment, build up a gas pressure within the guides 13, which in turn pushes out the supports 12 and brings the antenna 11 into the operating position.
  • a container 17 which is inflatable with a gaseous medium is provided for extending the antenna 11 in the operating position and is arranged between the antenna 11 and the housing 16 of the device 1. In the rest position (FIG. 1), this container 17 is shown in a folded position.
  • This container 17, which is, for example, an inflatable plastic casing, interacts with a gas generator 18 which, after being activated, fills the container with a gaseous medium and thereby lifts the antenna 11 into its operating position. It is of course possible to provide the spring elements 14 and / or the pyrotechnic charges 15 for extending the antenna 11 in addition to the container 17 at the same time.
  • the antenna 11 - as seen in the direction of flight - is arranged in front of all the other components of the device 1, it can perform its function optimally since there is no shading and it can evaluate the electromagnetic radiation picked up by a target area without being disturbed.
  • This arrangement of the antenna is indeed optimal for the mode of operation of the target recognition device; however, it impedes the trajectory of the projectile, which is generated after the detonation of the active charge 3 from the projectile-forming occupancy 2, particularly in the case of a massive formation of the antenna 11. In order to remove this hindrance, it is most expedient to remove the antenna 11 arranged in front of the projectile-forming charge 2 after a target has been reliably detected and the target recognition device and the antenna 11 interacting with it have fulfilled their function.
  • the antenna 11 can be blown off by means of the container 17, namely by the gas generator 18 using an explosive gas mixture 20, e.g. B. ethylene oxide / oxygen, acetylene / oxygen or hydrogen / oxygen is filled, which first expands the container 17 and thereby moves the antenna 11 in the operating position, but which is then detonated via an ignition device 19 at the time of blasting.
  • the container 17 is destroyed and the antenna 11 is separated from the rest of the housing 16 of the device 1.
  • predetermined breaking points 21 are expediently attached to the supports 12 (FIG. 2).
  • the antenna 11 consists of an outer ring 31 (FIG.
  • struts 32 are also expediently weakened by predetermined breaking points 33.

Abstract

Die Erfindung betrifft eine luftverlastbare Einrichtung 1 zur Erzeugung eines Projektils mit einer Wirkladung 3, einer projektilbildenden Belegung 2, und einem eine Antenne 11 umfassenden Zielerkennungsgerät. Um einerseits eine robuste, hohen Beschleunigungswerten standhaltende Einrichtung 1 zu schaffen und andererseits eine optimale Funktion der Antenne 11 zu gewährleisten, ist die Antenne 11 in Axialrichtung ausfahrbar ausgebildet, so daß sie von einer Ruhe- bzw. Transportlage in eine Betriebslage bewegbar ist. Zu diesem Zweck ist die Antenne 11 von Stützen 12 gehaltert, die gleichmäßig auf dem Umfang der Einrichtung 1 verteilt angeordnet und im Gehäuse 16 der Einrichtung 1 in Führungen 13 gleitbar gelagert sind.The invention relates to an air-loadable device 1 for producing a projectile with an active charge 3, a projectile-forming assignment 2, and a target recognition device comprising an antenna 11. In order on the one hand to create a robust device 1 which withstands high acceleration values and on the other hand to ensure optimal functioning of the antenna 11, the antenna 11 is designed to be extendable in the axial direction so that it can be moved from a rest or transport position into an operating position. For this purpose, the antenna 11 is supported by supports 12 which are distributed uniformly over the circumference of the device 1 and are slidably mounted in guides 13 in the housing 16 of the device 1.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine luftverlastbare Einrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Projektils nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to an air-loadable device for producing a projectile according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

Derartige Einrichtungen werden von einem fliegenden Transportmittel über ein Zielgebiet gebracht und dort ausgestoßen, um Ziele selbsttätig zu suchen und zu bekämpfen. Aus der DE-OS 22 07 557 ist eine Hohlladungsmine bekannt, die an einem Fallschirm herabsinkt und bei der innerhalb einer frontseitig angeordneten elastischen Kalotte ein Sensorsystem befestigt ist.Such devices are brought by a flying means of transport over a target area and are expelled there in order to independently search for and combat targets. From DE-OS 22 07 557 a shaped charge mine is known which sinks down on a parachute and in which a sensor system is fastened within an elastic calotte arranged on the front.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Einrichtung der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, die bei Lagerung und Transport nur einen vergleichsweise geringen Raum beansprucht, die in der Flugphase besonders hohen Beschleunigungsbeanspruchungen standhalten kann und die dennoch eine optimale Funktion des Sensor- und Wirkteils gewährleistet.The invention has for its object to provide a device of the type mentioned, which takes up only a comparatively small space during storage and transport, which can withstand particularly high acceleration stresses in the flight phase and which nevertheless ensures optimal functioning of the sensor and active part.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die in Patentanspruch 1 angegebene Erfindung gelöst.This object is achieved by the invention specified in claim 1.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor.Advantageous refinements and developments of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezug auf die Zeich-. nung näher erläutert. Dabei zeigt:

  • Fig. 1: teilweise im Schnitt eine Seitenansicht der Einrichtung mit einer in Transportstellung befindlichen Antenne;
  • Fig. 2: eine Seitenansicht der Einrichtung mit der Antenne in Arbeitstellung;
  • Fig. 3: eine Aufsicht auf die Antennenseite der Einrichtung;
  • Fig. 4: eine vergrößerte Ausschnittsdarstellung eines weiteren Ausführungsbeispiels der Erfindung.
The invention is described below with reference to the drawing. tion explained in more detail. It shows:
  • 1: partially in section, a side view of the device with an antenna in the transport position;
  • 2 shows a side view of the device with the antenna in the working position;
  • 3: a top view of the antenna side of the device;
  • 4: an enlarged detail representation of a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.

An Einrichtungen der eingangs genannten Art werden zahlreiche Anforderungen gestellt, die sich z. T. widersprechen. So soll die Einrichtung einerseits sehr kompakt sein, da sie mit vielen weiteren Einrichtungen der gleichen Art in einer Transporteinrichtung untergebracht werden soll und auf dem Transport sehr hohen Beschleunigungswerten standhalten muß; zum anderen soll für eine optimale Zielerfassung die Antenne des Zielerkennungsgerätes optimal arbeiten und schließlich soll das durch Zusammenwirken der Wirkladung mit der projektilbildenden Belegung nach Zielauffassung erzeugte Projektil sich ungestört von der Antennenstruktur ausbilden können.On facilities of the type mentioned, numerous requirements are placed, which z. T. disagree. On the one hand, the device should be very compact, since it is to be accommodated in a transport device with many other devices of the same type and must withstand very high acceleration values during transport; on the other hand, the antenna of the target recognition device should work optimally for an optimal target acquisition and finally the projectile generated by the interaction of the active charge with the projectile-forming assignment according to the target acquisition should be able to form undisturbed by the antenna structure.

Eine kompakte, raumsparende und beschleunigungsfeste Einrichtung wird gem. Fig. 1 dadurch erzielt, daß die Antenne 11 in Axialrichtung ausfahrbar ausgebildet ist. Dazu sind im Gehäuse 16 der Einrichtung 1 Führungen 13 vorgesehen, die zweckmäßig gleichmäßig auf dem Umfang der Einrichtung 1 verteilt angeordnet sind. In diesen Führungen sind Stützen 12 gleitbar gelagert, die ihrerseits die Antenne 11 tragen. Durch Ausfahren der Stützen 12 ist die Antenne 11 von einer Ruhe- bzw. Transportlage (Fig. 1) in eine Betriebslage (Fig. 2) bewegbar, in der sie optimal funktionsfähig ist. Innerhalb des Gehäuses 16 der Einrichtung 1 ist eine Wirkladung 3 angeordnet, die in günstiger Zielentfernung zur Detonation gebracht wird und eine projektilbildende Belegung 2 in ein für die Zielbekämpfung geeignetes Projektil umformt. Während der Lagerzeiten und der Transportphase nimmt die Einrichtung 1 die in Fig. 1 skizzierte Gestalt an, d. h. die Antenne 11 ist eingefahren. Auf diese Weise ergibt sich eine sehr robuste Anordnung, die den hohen Beschleunigungswerten in der Flug- und Ausstoßphase der Einheit standhält. Nach dem Ausstoßen der Einheit über dem Zielgebiet wird die Antenne 11 ausgefahren um die Betriebslage einzunehmen. Um dieses Ausfahren zu ermöglichen, sind innerhalb der Führungen 13 unter Vorspannung stehende Federelemente 14 (Fig. 1) vorgesehen, die zunächst gesichert sind, nach Entsicherung jedoch die Stützen 12 aus den Führungen 13 herausdrücken und dabei die Antenne 11 in die Betriebslage vorschieben.A compact, space-saving and acceleration-resistant device is gem. Fig. 1 achieved in that the antenna 11 is designed to be extendable in the axial direction. For this purpose, guides 13 are provided in the housing 16 of the device 1, which are expediently arranged evenly distributed over the circumference of the device 1. In these guides supports 12 are slidably mounted, which in turn carry the antenna 11. By extending the supports 12, the antenna 11 can be moved from a rest or transport position (FIG. 1) to an operating position (FIG. 2) in which it is optimally functional. An active charge 3 is arranged within the housing 16 of the device 1, which is detonated at a favorable target distance and converts a projectile-forming occupancy 2 into a projectile suitable for target combat. During the storage times and the transport phase, the device 1 assumes the shape outlined in FIG. 1, ie the antenna 11 is retracted. This results in a very robust arrangement that can withstand the high acceleration values in the flight and ejection phases of the unit. After the unit has been ejected above the target area, the antenna 11 is extended in order to assume the operating position. To enable this extension, spring elements 14 (FIG. 1) are provided within the guides 13, which are initially secured, but after unlocking press the supports 12 out of the guides 13 and thereby advance the antenna 11 into the operating position.

In einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung (Fig. 4) sind die Federelemente durch pyrotechnische Ladungen 15 ersetzt, die - im geeigneten Moment gezündet - innerhalb der Führungen 13 einen Gasdruck aufbauen, der wiederum die Stützen 12 hinausdrückt und die Antenne 11 in Betriebslage bringt.In a further exemplary embodiment of the invention (FIG. 4), the spring elements are replaced by pyrotechnic charges 15 which, ignited at the appropriate moment, build up a gas pressure within the guides 13, which in turn pushes out the supports 12 and brings the antenna 11 into the operating position.

In einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist zum Ausfahren der Antenne 11 in Betriebslage ein mit einem gasförmigen Medium aufblasbarer Behälter 17 vorgesehen, der zwischen der Antenne 11 und dem Gehäuse 16 der Einrichtung 1 angeordnet ist. In Ruhelage (Fig. 1) ist dieser Behälter 17 in einer zusammengefalteten Stellung gezeigt. Dieser Behälter 17, bei dem es sich beispielsweise um eine aufblasbare Kunststoffhülle handelt, wirkt mit einem Gasgenerator 18 zusammen, der nach seiner Aktivierung den Behälter mit einem gasförmigen Medium füllt und dabei die Antenne 11 in ihre Betriebsposition abhebt. Es ist selbstverständlich möglich, neben dem Behälter 17 gleichzeitig noch die oben schon erwähnten Federelemente 14 und/oder die pyrotechnischen Ladungen 15 zum Ausfahren der Antenne 11 vorzusehen.In a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, a container 17 which is inflatable with a gaseous medium is provided for extending the antenna 11 in the operating position and is arranged between the antenna 11 and the housing 16 of the device 1. In the rest position (FIG. 1), this container 17 is shown in a folded position. This container 17, which is, for example, an inflatable plastic casing, interacts with a gas generator 18 which, after being activated, fills the container with a gaseous medium and thereby lifts the antenna 11 into its operating position. It is of course possible to provide the spring elements 14 and / or the pyrotechnic charges 15 for extending the antenna 11 in addition to the container 17 at the same time.

Da die Antenne 11 - in Flugrichtung gesehen - vor allen übrigen Bauelementen der Einrichtung 1 angeordnet ist, kann sie Ihre Funktion optimal erfüllen, da keinerlei Abschattung erfolgt und sie die von einem Zielgebiet aufgenommene elektromagnetische Strahlung ungestört auswerten kann. Zwar ist diese Anordnung der Antenne für die Wirkungsweise des Zielerkennungsgeräts optimal; sie behindert jedoch, insbesondere bei massiver Aufbildung der Antenne 11, die Flugbahn des Projektils, das nach Detonation der Wirkladung 3 aus der projektilbildenden Belegung 2 erzeugt wird. Um diese Behinderung auszuräumen, erweist es sich am zweckmäßigsten, die vor der projektilbildenden Ladung 2 angeordnete Antenne 11 zu beseitigen, nachdem ein Ziel sicher erfaßt ist und das Zielerkennungsgerät und die mit diesem zusammenwirkende Antenne 11 ihre Funktion erfüllt haben.Since the antenna 11 - as seen in the direction of flight - is arranged in front of all the other components of the device 1, it can perform its function optimally since there is no shading and it can evaluate the electromagnetic radiation picked up by a target area without being disturbed. This arrangement of the antenna is indeed optimal for the mode of operation of the target recognition device; however, it impedes the trajectory of the projectile, which is generated after the detonation of the active charge 3 from the projectile-forming occupancy 2, particularly in the case of a massive formation of the antenna 11. In order to remove this hindrance, it is most expedient to remove the antenna 11 arranged in front of the projectile-forming charge 2 after a target has been reliably detected and the target recognition device and the antenna 11 interacting with it have fulfilled their function.

Auf besonders einfache Weise kann ein Absprengen der Antenne 11 mittels des Behälters 17 erzielt werden, indem dieser nämlich durch den Gasgenerator 18 mit einem explosiven Gasgemisch 20, z. B. Ethylenoxid/Sauerstoff, Acetylen/Sauerstoff oder Wasserstoff/Sauerstoff gefüllt wird, das zunächst den Behälter 17 ausdehnt und dabei die Antenne 11 in Betriebslage fortbewegt, das jedoch anschließend zum Zeitpunkt des Absprengens über eine Zündeinrichtung 19 zur Detonation gebracht wird. Dabei wird der Behälter 17 zerstört und die Antenne 11 vom restlichen Gehäuse 16 der Einrichtung 1 abgetrennt. Um diese Abtrennung zu erleichtern, werden an den Stützen 12 (Fig. 2) zweckmäßig Sollbruchstellen 21 angebracht. Zum Zwecke der Gewichtseinsparung besteht die Antenne 11 aus einem äußeren Ring 31 (Fig. 3), der von den Stützen 12 getragen wird, und einer zentralen Antennefläche 30, die vermittels Streben 32 mit dem äußeren Ring 31 verbunden ist. Um ein Abtrennen der Antennenteile, insbesondere der zentralen Antennenfläche 30 zu erleichtern, werden auch diese Streben 32 zweckmäßig durch Sollbruchstellen 33 geschwächt.In a particularly simple manner, the antenna 11 can be blown off by means of the container 17, namely by the gas generator 18 using an explosive gas mixture 20, e.g. B. ethylene oxide / oxygen, acetylene / oxygen or hydrogen / oxygen is filled, which first expands the container 17 and thereby moves the antenna 11 in the operating position, but which is then detonated via an ignition device 19 at the time of blasting. The container 17 is destroyed and the antenna 11 is separated from the rest of the housing 16 of the device 1. In order to facilitate this separation, predetermined breaking points 21 are expediently attached to the supports 12 (FIG. 2). For the purpose of saving weight, the antenna 11 consists of an outer ring 31 (FIG. 3) which is supported by the supports 12 and a central antenna surface 30 which is connected to the outer ring 31 by means of struts 32. In order to facilitate separation of the antenna parts, in particular the central antenna area 30, these struts 32 are also expediently weakened by predetermined breaking points 33.

Claims (7)

1. Luftverlastbare Einrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Projektils mit einer Wirkladung, einer projektilbildenden Belegung und einem eine Antenne umfassenden Zielerkennungsgerät, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Antenne (11) in Axialrichtung ausfahrbar ausgebildet ist.1. Air-loadable device for generating a projectile with an active charge, a projectile-forming assignment and a target recognition device comprising an antenna, characterized in that the antenna (11) is designed to be extendable in the axial direction. 2. Einrichtung nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Antenne (11) von Stützen (12) gehaltert ist, die gleichmäßig auf dem Umfang der Einrichtung (1) verteilt angeordnet und dort derart in Führungen (13) gleitbar gelagert sind, daß die Antenne (11) durch Ausfahren der Stützen (12) von einer Ruhe- bzw. Transportlage in eine Betriebslage bewegbar ist.2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the antenna (11) is supported by supports (12) which are distributed uniformly over the circumference of the device (1) and are slidably mounted there in guides (13) that the Antenna (11) can be moved from a rest or transport position into an operating position by extending the supports (12). 3. Einrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Austreiben der Stützen (12) innerhalb der Führungen (13) Federelemente (14) angeordnet sind.3. Device according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that for driving out the supports (12) within the guides (13) spring elements (14) are arranged. 4. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Austreiben der Stützen (12) innerhalb der Führungen (13) pyrotechnische Ladungen (15) angeordnet sind.4. Device according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that pyrotechnic charges (15) are arranged for driving out the supports (12) within the guides (13). 5. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen Antenne (11) und dem Gehäuse (16) der Einrichtung (1) ein mit einem gasförmigen Medium aufblasbarer Behälter (17) angeordnet ist.5. Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that between the antenna (11) and the housing (16) of the device (1) with a gaseous medium inflatable container (17) is arranged. 6. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Aufblasen des Behälters (17) ein Gasgenerator (18) vorgesehen ist, der den Behälter (17) mit einem expolosiven Gasgemisch füllt.6. Device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a gas generator (18) is provided for inflating the container (17) which fills the container (17) with an exposable gas mixture. 7. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß innerhalb des Behälters (17) eine Zündeinrichtung (19) zur Zündung des explosiven Gasgemisches vorgesehen ist.7. Device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that an ignition device (19) is provided for igniting the explosive gas mixture within the container (17).
EP84110721A 1983-11-30 1984-09-07 Shaped charge warhead Expired EP0153444B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19833343267 DE3343267A1 (en) 1983-11-30 1983-11-30 AIR RESISTABLE DEVICE FOR PRODUCING A PROJECTILE
DE3343267 1983-11-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0153444A1 true EP0153444A1 (en) 1985-09-04
EP0153444B1 EP0153444B1 (en) 1987-06-10

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EP84110721A Expired EP0153444B1 (en) 1983-11-30 1984-09-07 Shaped charge warhead

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US (1) US4640194A (en)
EP (1) EP0153444B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3343267A1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1986005266A1 (en) * 1985-03-09 1986-09-12 Rheinmetall Gmbh Pay load projectile
US4722282A (en) * 1985-03-09 1988-02-02 Rheinmetall Gmbh Payload-carrying projectile

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DE3464158D1 (en) 1987-07-16
EP0153444B1 (en) 1987-06-10
DE3343267A1 (en) 1985-06-05
US4640194A (en) 1987-02-03

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