EP0144817A2 - Process for manufacturing wear-resistant running faces of combustion-engine cylinders - Google Patents

Process for manufacturing wear-resistant running faces of combustion-engine cylinders Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0144817A2
EP0144817A2 EP84113675A EP84113675A EP0144817A2 EP 0144817 A2 EP0144817 A2 EP 0144817A2 EP 84113675 A EP84113675 A EP 84113675A EP 84113675 A EP84113675 A EP 84113675A EP 0144817 A2 EP0144817 A2 EP 0144817A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hardness
cylinder
cylinder bore
traces
hardening
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EP84113675A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0144817A3 (en
EP0144817B1 (en
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Welf Dr. Amende
Wolfram Dr. Lausch
Hartwin Dr. Zechmeister
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MAN B&W Diesel GmbH
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MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG
MAN B&W Diesel GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
    • C21D9/14—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes wear-resistant or pressure-resistant pipes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2203/00—Non-metallic inorganic materials
    • F05C2203/04—Phosphor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/902—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics
    • Y10S148/903—Directly treated with high energy electromagnetic waves or particles, e.g. laser, electron beam
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/902—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics
    • Y10S148/91—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics in pattern discontinuous in two dimensions, e.g. checkerboard pattern

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing wear-resistant cylinder running surfaces of internal combustion engines which are created on cylinders or cylinder liners cast from alloyed, in particular also low-phosphorus, cast iron, by the method steps specified in the preamble of the main claim.
  • This object is achieved according to the invention in a method with the method steps specified at the outset by a special execution of certain method steps, namely in that by appropriately guiding the laser beams relative to a cylinder bore wall obliquely to the cylinder axis and including an acute angle with the latter, traces of hardness are generated, with a Edge distance X between two adjacent ones, which is so large that the maxima lying between and at a distance K from the hardness edge of the tensile stresses occurring in machine operation cannot coincide, and thus the condition X is greater than z. K obeys.
  • the cylinder running surfaces of cylinders or cylinder liners of internal combustion engines cast from alloyed, and in particular also low-phosphorus cast iron, can be made wear-resistant by the method steps described below.
  • Figures 1, 2 and 3 each show traces of hardness 1 with a width a in a known arrangement and assignment to each other. All of these three known arrangements have proven to be disadvantageous, as explained at the beginning. In the arrangement of the hardness traces shown in Fig. 1, these are spaced apart from one another, but not so far that the tensile residual stresses do not influence one another, i.e. could overlay. The edge distance b between two adjacent hardness marks 1 was therefore too small. In the other known arrangement shown in FIG. 2 with immediately adjacent hardness traces 1, the influencing of them is even greater than in the case of the embodiment according to FIG. 1, because their tensile residual stresses are in each case in the tempered, dashed and designated edge zones had layered even more.
  • hardness traces 4 are generated, which - as can be seen from FIG. 4 - run parallel to one another and at an angle to the cylinder axis 3 and enclose an acute angle ⁇ therewith.
  • This angle ⁇ will generally be in a range from approximately 10 ° to 60 °.
  • the hardness tracks 4 are spaced so far apart that there is an edge distance X between each two adjacent ones that is so large that the maxima of the machine operation occurring between and at a distance K from the hardness track edge Tensile stresses cannot coincide, and thus condition X is greater than 2.
  • K obey.
  • the width f of the hardness traces 4 which run obliquely to the cylinder axis 3 according to the invention is freely selectable and, depending on the application, can be adapted to the requirements.
  • the cylinder bore walls 2 are honed to the final diameter in order to maintain the cylinder running surfaces, and those material elevations are removed which had resulted during the hardening during the structural transformation into a martensitic structure.
  • the cylinder bore walls then have signs of hardness, preferably with a surface roughness of RZ 6 u + 3 and R 3Z 2 u to 4 u.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Abstract

Im Rahmen eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung verschleißfester Zylinderlaufflächen von Brennkraftmaschinen durch Laserhärten wird vorgeschlagen, durch entsprechende Führung der Laserstrahlen relative zur Zylinderbohrungswand schräg zur Zylinderachse verlaufende und einen spitzen Winkel mit letzterer einschließende Härtespuren zu erzeugen. Zwischen zwei benachbarten Härtespuren muß außerdem ein Randabstand X gegeben sein, der je nach Werkstoff der Zylinderbohrungswand und Einhärtetiefe verschieden, aber immer so groß ist, daß die zwischen zwei benachbarten Härtespuren und in einem Abstand k vom Härtespur-Rand liegenden Maxima der im Machinenbetrieb auftretenden Zugspannungen nicht zusammenfallen können. Der Randabstand x gehorcht also der Bedingung X ist größer als 2 . k und liegt im Bereich bis zu einigen Millimetern.In the context of a method for producing wear-resistant cylinder running surfaces of internal combustion engines by means of laser hardening, it is proposed to produce traces of hardness which run obliquely to the cylinder axis relative to the cylinder bore wall and include an acute angle with the latter by appropriate guiding of the laser beams. There must also be an edge distance X between two adjacent hardness tracks, which varies depending on the material of the cylinder bore wall and hardening depth, but is always so large that the maxima of the tensile stresses occurring in machine operation between two adjacent hardness tracks and at a distance k from the hardness track edge cannot coincide. The edge distance x obeys the condition X is greater than 2. k and is in the range up to a few millimeters.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung verschleißfester Zylinderlaufflächen von Brennkraftmaschinen, die an aus legiertem, insbesondere auch phosphorarmem, Gußeisen gegossenen Zylindern bzw. Zylinderbuchsen durch jene im Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruchs angegebenen Verfahrensschritte geschaffen werden.The invention relates to a method for producing wear-resistant cylinder running surfaces of internal combustion engines which are created on cylinders or cylinder liners cast from alloyed, in particular also low-phosphorus, cast iron, by the method steps specified in the preamble of the main claim.

Ein solches Verfahren ist beispielsweise aus der US-PS 4 093 842 bekannt. Allgemeine Auskünfte über die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Kohlendioxyd-Hochleistungslasern für eine Gußeisenhärtung sind auch aus der Zeitschrift "Maschinenmarkt", Würzburg 86 (1980) 96, Seiten 1915 - 1918, bekannt.Such a method is known, for example, from US Pat. No. 4,093,842. General information about the possible uses of high-power carbon dioxide lasers for cast iron hardening is also known from the magazine "Maschinenmarkt", Würzburg 86 (1980) 96, pages 1915-1918.

Bei Zylindern bzw. Zylinderbuchsen, die nach der bekannten Methode gehärtet wurden, lagen die Härtespuren entweder zu engbeieinander oder haben sich sogar teilweise überlappt. Dabei ergaben sich zwischen zwei Härtespuren bzw. bei aneinander angrenzenden oder sich überlappenden Härtespuren im angelassenen Bereich derselben Zugeigenspannungen, die so groß waren, daß während des Betriebes der Brennkraftmaschine durch die sich dann überlagernden Betriebsspannungen in den Zylinderbohrungswänden Risse mit einer Länge bis zu mehreren Zentimetern auftraten. Diese Risse waren zunächst nach dem Härten und anschließenden Honen nicht vorhanden.In the case of cylinders or cylinder liners that were hardened using the known method, the hardening marks were either too close together or even partially overlapped. This resulted in two hardness traces or, in the case of adjacent or overlapping traces of hardness in the tempered area of the same tensile residual stresses, which were so large that cracks with a length of up to several centimeters occurred in the cylinder bore walls during operation of the internal combustion engine . These cracks were not present after hardening and subsequent honing.

Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, das bekannte Verfahren in seiner Anwendung so zu verbessern, daß sich in den Zylinderbohrungswänden während des Brennkraftmaschinenbetriebes keine Risse ergeben.It is therefore an object of the invention to improve the known method in its application so that there are no cracks in the cylinder bore walls during engine operation.

Diese Aufgabe ist bei einem Verfahren mit den eingangs angegebenen Verfahrensschritten erfindungsgemäß durch eine spezielle Ausführung bestimmter Verfahrensschritte gelöst, nämlich dadurch, daß durch entsprechende Führung der Laserstrahlen relativ zu einer Zylinderbohrungswand schräg zur Zylinderachse verlaufende und einen spitzen Winkel mit letzterer einschließende Härtespuren erzeugt werden, mit einem Randabstand X zwischen zwei benachbarten derselben, der so groß ist, daß die dazwischen und in einem Abstand K vom Härtespur-Rand liegenden Maxima der im Maschinenbetrieb auftretenden Zugspannungen nicht zusammenfallen können, und damit der Bedingung X ist größer als z . K gehorcht.This object is achieved according to the invention in a method with the method steps specified at the outset by a special execution of certain method steps, namely in that by appropriately guiding the laser beams relative to a cylinder bore wall obliquely to the cylinder axis and including an acute angle with the latter, traces of hardness are generated, with a Edge distance X between two adjacent ones, which is so large that the maxima lying between and at a distance K from the hardness edge of the tensile stresses occurring in machine operation cannot coincide, and thus the condition X is greater than z. K obeys.

Nachstehend ist das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren detailliert anhand der Zeichnung erläutert: In der Zeichnung zeigen:

  • Fig.1, 2 und 3 je ein Beispiel einer bekannten Anordnung von Härtespuren, die nach ebenfalls bekannter Art und Weise an Zylinderbohrungswänden durch Laserhärten erzeugt wurden,
  • Fig.4 ein Beispiel für eine Anordnung und Ausbildung der Härtespuren nach Anwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens,
  • Fig.5 ein Zug-Druck-Diagramm, das den Spannungsverlauf in und zwischen zwei Härtespuren aufzeigt.
The method according to the invention is explained in detail below with reference to the drawing:
  • 1, 2 and 3 each show an example of a known arrangement of hardness traces which were produced in a likewise known manner on cylinder bore walls by laser hardening,
  • 4 shows an example of an arrangement and formation of the hardness traces after using the method according to the invention
  • 5 shows a train-pressure diagram, which shows the stress curve in and between two hardness traces.

Die Zylinderlaufflächen von aus legiertem, und insbesondere auch phosphorarmen Gußeisen gegossenen Zylindern bzw. Zylinderbuchsen von Brennkraftmaschinen können durch nachfolgend beschriebene Verfahrensschritte verschleißfest gemacht werden.The cylinder running surfaces of cylinders or cylinder liners of internal combustion engines cast from alloyed, and in particular also low-phosphorus cast iron, can be made wear-resistant by the method steps described below.

  • a) Jede Zylinderbohrung wird zunächst durch spanabhebende Bearbeitung für das spätere Härten vorbereitet, wobei zumindest die letzte Spanabnahme vorzugsweise durch Honen erfolgt. Anschließend besitzt die Zylinderbohrung im zu härtenden Bereich einen Durchmesser, der vorzugsweise um etwa 2/100 bis 5/100 mm kleiner als der gewünschte Enddurchmesser ist. Die Oberfläche der Zylinderobhrungswand besitzt dann vorzugsweise eine Rauhigkeit RZ 15 n + 3 u.a) Each cylinder bore is first prepared for subsequent hardening by machining, at least the last chip removal preferably being done by honing. The cylinder bore in the area to be hardened then has a diameter which is preferably approximately 2/100 to 5/100 mm smaller than the desired final diameter. The surface of the cylinder bore wall then preferably has a roughness RZ 15 n + 3 u.
  • b) Im zweiten Verfahrensschritt wird auf die Wandfläche der Zylinderbohrung ein Absorptionsmittel aufgebracht, das die Reflexion von Laserlicht auf wenige Prozent zu senken vermag.b) In the second process step, an absorbent is applied to the wall surface of the cylinder bore, which is able to reduce the reflection of laser light to a few percent.
  • c) Im dritten Verfahrensschritt erfolgt das Härten der Zylinderbohrungswand im zu härtenden Bereich der Zylinderbohrung mittels Laserstrahlen, derart, daß sich Härtespuren mit in der Randzone des Gußeisens martensitischem Gefüge ergeben. Gehärtet wird beispielsweise mit einem 5 kW-Kohlendioxyd-Laser. Dabei werden die Laserstrahlen relativ zur Zylinderbohrungswand geführt, derart, daß sich parallel nebeneinander und schraubenförmig verlaufende Härtespuren ergeben. Um dies zu erreichen, wird beispielsweise einerseits eine Zylinderbüchse durch eine Vorrichtung in ene kontinuierliche Drehbewegung versetzt, andererseits die Laserapparatur in Richtung der Längsachse der Zylinderbuchse verschoben, wobei deren Vorschubgeschwindigkeit an die Drehgeschwindigkeit der Zylinderbuchse für die gewünschte Steigung der Härtespuren angepaßt ist. Verwendet wird für das Härten vorzugsweise ein mit einem Integrator geformter Laserstrahl, der eine Härtespur mit rechteckigem Querschnitt, und ein gleichmäßiges Strahlintensitäts-Verteilungsprofil für die Einhärtung erzeugen kann. Die Einhärtetiefe ist regelbar und liegt vorzugsweise zwischen 0,5 mm und 1,3 mm.c) In the third process step, the cylinder bore wall is hardened in the region of the cylinder bore to be hardened by means of laser beams, such that there are traces of hardening with a martensitic structure in the edge zone of the cast iron. Hardening is carried out, for example, with a 5 kW carbon dioxide laser. The laser beams are guided relative to the cylinder bore wall in such a way that there are helical traces of hardness running parallel to one another. To achieve this, for example, a cylinder liner is set in a continuous rotary movement by a device, on the one hand, and the laser apparatus is displaced in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cylinder liner, the feed speed of which is adapted to the rotational speed of the cylinder liner for the desired slope of the hardening marks. For hardening, a laser beam shaped with an integrator is preferably used, which can produce a hardening track with a rectangular cross-section and a uniform beam intensity distribution profile for hardening. The hardening depth is adjustable and is preferably between 0.5 mm and 1.3 mm.

Die Figuren 1, 2 und 3 zeigen jeweils Härtespuren 1 mit einer Breite a in bekannter Anordnung und Zuordnung zueinander. Alle diese drei bekannten Anordnungen haben sich als nachteilig erwiesen, wie eingangs erläutert. Bei der in Fig.1 dargestellten Anordnung der Härtespuren sind diese zwar voneinander beabstandet, jedoch nicht so weit, daß sich die Zugeigenspannungen nicht gegenseitig beeinflussen, d.h. überlagern könnten. Der Randabstand b zwischen zwei benachbarten Härtespuren 1 ist mithin zu klein gewesen. Bei der anderen bekannten, aus Fig.2 ersichtlichen Anordnung mit unmittelbar aneinander angrenzenden Härtespuren 1 ist die Beeinflussung derselben untereinander noch größer als im Falle der Ausführung gemäß Fig.1, weil sich deren Zugeigenspannungen jeweils in den angelassenen, gestrichelt dargestellten und mit c bezeichneten Randzonen noch stärker überlagert hatten. Als besonders nachteilig erwies sich jedoch jene Anordnung der Härtespuren 1, wie in Fig.3 gezeigt. In diesem Fall überlappten sich die Härtespuren 1 in ihren Randzonen, wobei die jeweiligen Überdeckungsbereiche mit d und die angelassenen Bereiche mit e bezeichnet sind. Durch diese Überlappung zweier benachbarter Härtespuren ergeben sich die stärksten Beeinflussungen der auftretenden Zugeigenspannungen, weil dann meist deren Maxima zusammenfallen und diese sich addieren.Figures 1, 2 and 3 each show traces of hardness 1 with a width a in a known arrangement and assignment to each other. All of these three known arrangements have proven to be disadvantageous, as explained at the beginning. In the arrangement of the hardness traces shown in Fig. 1, these are spaced apart from one another, but not so far that the tensile residual stresses do not influence one another, i.e. could overlay. The edge distance b between two adjacent hardness marks 1 was therefore too small. In the other known arrangement shown in FIG. 2 with immediately adjacent hardness traces 1, the influencing of them is even greater than in the case of the embodiment according to FIG. 1, because their tensile residual stresses are in each case in the tempered, dashed and designated edge zones had layered even more. However, that arrangement of the hardness traces 1, as shown in FIG. 3, proved to be particularly disadvantageous. In this case, the hardness traces 1 overlapped in their edge zones, the respective overlap areas being designated by d and the tempered areas by e. This overlapping of two adjacent traces of hardness results in the strongest influences on the residual tensile stresses occurring, because then their maxima usually coincide and these add up.

Um solche gegenseitige Einflußnahmen der Zugeigenspannungen der Härtespuren zu vermeiden, werden nun erfindungsgemäß durch entsprechende Führung der Laserstrahlen relativ zur Zylinderbohrungswand 2 Härtespuren 4 erzeugt, die - wie aus Fig.4 ersichtlich - parallel zueinander und schräg zur Zylinderachse 3 verlaufen sowie mit dieser einen spitzen Winkel α einschließen. Dieser Winkel α wird in der Regel in einem Bereich von etwa 10° bis 60° liegen.In order to avoid such mutual influences of the tensile residual stresses of the hardness traces, according to the invention, relative guidance of the laser beams is now used to the cylinder bore wall 2 hardness traces 4 are generated, which - as can be seen from FIG. 4 - run parallel to one another and at an angle to the cylinder axis 3 and enclose an acute angle α therewith. This angle α will generally be in a range from approximately 10 ° to 60 °.

Entsprechend einem weiteren Kriterium der Erfindung sind die Härtespuren 4 so weit voneinander beabstandet, daß jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten derselben ein Randabstand X gegeben ist, der so groß ist, daß die dazwischen und in einem Abstand K vom Härtespur-Rand liegenden Maxima der im Maschinenbetrieb auftretenden Zugspannungen nicht zusammenfallen können, und damit der Bedingung X ist grösser als 2 . K gehorchen. Die Breite f der erfindungsgemäß schräg zur Zylinderachse 3 verlaufenden Härtespuren 4 ist frei wählbar und je nach Anwendungsfall den Erfordernissen anzupassen.According to a further criterion of the invention, the hardness tracks 4 are spaced so far apart that there is an edge distance X between each two adjacent ones that is so large that the maxima of the machine operation occurring between and at a distance K from the hardness track edge Tensile stresses cannot coincide, and thus condition X is greater than 2. K obey. The width f of the hardness traces 4 which run obliquely to the cylinder axis 3 according to the invention is freely selectable and, depending on the application, can be adapted to the requirements.

d) Nach dem Härten erfolgt ein Honen der Zylinderbohrungswände 2 auf Enddurchmesser zum Erhalt der Zylinderlaufflächen, wobei jene Materialerhebungen abgetragen werden, die sich beim Härten bei der Gefügeumwandlung in martensitische Struktur ergeben hatten. Die Zylinderbohrungswände besitzen anschließend Härtespuren vorzugsweise mit einer Oberflächenrauhigkeit RZ 6 u + 3 und R3Z 2 u bis 4 u. Je nach Anwendungsfall kann es zweckmäßig sein, die gehärteten Zylinderbohrungswände 2 anzulassen, um eine Vergleichmäßigung des Eigenspannungsniveaus zu erreichen und eine Restaustenitbildung teilweise vorwegzunehmen. Dieses Anlassen kann beispielsweise bei einer Temperatur von 200°C über eine Zeit von größer / gleich 5 Stunden erfolgen. Dabei werden Spannungsspitzen abgebaut auf ein insgesamt niedrigeres Eigenspannungsniveau.d) After hardening, the cylinder bore walls 2 are honed to the final diameter in order to maintain the cylinder running surfaces, and those material elevations are removed which had resulted during the hardening during the structural transformation into a martensitic structure. The cylinder bore walls then have signs of hardness, preferably with a surface roughness of RZ 6 u + 3 and R 3Z 2 u to 4 u. Depending on the application, it may be expedient to leave the hardened cylinder bore walls 2 on in order to achieve an equalization of the residual stress level and to partially anticipate the formation of residual austenite. This tempering can take place, for example, at a temperature of 200 ° C. for a period of 5 hours or more. Stress peaks are reduced to an overall lower residual stress level.

Durch den erfindungsgemäßen Schrägverlauf der Härtespuren 4 zur Zylinderachse 3 und den Randabstand X zwischen zwei benachbarten Härtespuren 4, so wie weiter vorn bereits angegeben, ergeben sich im Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine in der Zylinderbohrungswand 2 Spannungsverläufe, wie aus Fig.5 ersichtlich. Im dort dargestellten Zug-Druck-Diagramm sind senkrecht zur Abszisse die nach der Erfindung angeordneten und beabstandeten Härtespuren 4 aufgetragen. Auf der Ordinate sind in der mit einem Pluszeichen versehenen Richtung die sich in der Zylinderbohrungswand 2 ausbildenden Zugspannungen aufgetragen, während in der mit einem Minuszeichen versehenen Richtung die in der Zylinderbohrungswand 2 wirkenden Druckspannungen aufgetragen sind. Die Spannungsverläufe selbst, die sich während des Betriebes der Brennkraftmaschine mit ständig wechselndem Vorzeichen in einer Zylinderbohrungswand 2 ergeben, sind in Fig.5 durch Spannungsverlaufslinien 5 und 6 aufgetragen. Dabei wird ersichtlich, daß die Druckmaxima 7 bzw. 8 der Spannungsverläufe 5 bzw. 6 innerhalb der jeweiligen Härtespur 4 liegen; die Zugspannungen wirken jedoch nicht nur innerhalb der Härtespuren 4, sondern auch außerhalb zwischen zwei derselben im ungehärteten Bereich der Zylinderbohrungswand 2, in welchem Bereich auch die Zugspannungsmaxima 9 bzw. 10 der beiden Spannungsverläufe 5 bzw. 6 jeweils im Abstand K vom Rand einer Härtespur 4 entfernt liegen. Diese Zugspannungsmaxima 9 bzw. 10 liegen, wie umfangreiche Forschungen erwiesen haben, je nach Zylinderbuchsenwerkstoff und Einhärtetiefe unterschiedlich, aber immer in einem gewissen Abstand K kleiner / gleich 2 mm vom Rand einer Härtespur 4 entfernt. Durch die erfindungsgemäße Festlegung, nämlich daß der Randabstand zweier benachbarter Härtespuren 4 nicht kleiner als 2. K ist, wird sichergestellt, daß sich die Spannungsverläufe 5 und 6 niemals so überlagern können, daß deren Maxima 9 und 10 zusammenfallen und sie sich dann in schädlicher Weise addieren könnten. Der Randabstand X zweier benachbarter Härtespuren 4 muß daher immer größer als 2 . K sein. Hierdurch ist gewährleistet, daß sich im Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine in einer Zylinderbohrungswand 2 weder Mikrorisse noch Makrorisse ausbilden können.Due to the inclined course of the hardness traces 4 to the cylinder axis 3 and the edge distance X between two adjacent hardness traces 4, as already indicated further above, during the operation of the internal combustion engine there are 2 voltage profiles in the cylinder bore wall, as can be seen from FIG. 5. In the train-pressure diagram shown there, perpendicularly to the abscissa, the hardness tracks 4 arranged and spaced apart according to the invention are plotted. The tensile stresses which form in the cylinder bore wall 2 are plotted on the ordinate in the direction provided with a plus sign, while the compressive stresses acting in the cylinder bore wall 2 are plotted in the direction provided with a minus sign. The voltage profiles themselves, which result during the operation of the internal combustion engine with a constantly changing sign in a cylinder bore wall 2, are plotted in FIG. 5 by voltage profile lines 5 and 6. It can be seen that the pressure maxima 7 and 8 of the voltage profiles 5 and 6 lie within the respective hardness track 4; However, the tensile stresses act not only within the hardness traces 4, but also outside between two of them in the unhardened area of the cylinder bore wall 2, in which area the tensile stress maxima 9 and 10 of the two stress profiles 5 and 6 are each at a distance K from the edge of a hardness track 4 lie away. These tensile stress maxima 9 and 10 are, as extensive research has shown, different depending on the cylinder liner material and hardening depth, but always at a certain distance K less than / equal to 2 mm from the edge of a hardness track 4. The definition according to the invention, namely that the edge distance between two adjacent hardness traces 4 is not less than 2. K, ensures that the voltage profiles 5 and 6 can never overlap in such a way that their maxima 9 and 10 coincide and they then become harmful could add up. The edge distance X between two neighboring ones Hardness marks 4 must therefore always be greater than 2. K be. This ensures that, during operation of the internal combustion engine, neither micro cracks nor macro cracks can form in a cylinder bore wall 2.

Claims (2)

1. Verfahren zur Herstellung verschleißfester Zylinderlaufflächen von Brennkraftmaschinen, die an aus legiertem, insbesondere auch phosphorarmen, Gußeisen gegossenen Zylindern bzw. Zylinderbuchsen durch folgende Verfahrensschritte geschaffen werden: a) Spanabhebende Bearbeitung der Zylinderbohrung, im zu härtenden Bereich auf einen Durchmesser, der kleiner als der gewünschte Enddurchmesser ist, b) Aufbringung eines Absorptionsmittels auf die Zylinderbohrungsfläche, mit der Eigenschaft, die Reflexion von Laserlicht auf wenige Prozent zu senken, c) Härten der Zylinderbohrungswand im zu härtenden Bereich mittels Laserstrahlen, derart, daß sich Härtespuren mit in der Randzone des Gußeisens martensitischem Gefüge ergeben, d) Honen der Zylinderbohrungswand auf Enddurchmesser zum Erhalt der Zylinderlauffläche,dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß durch entsprechende Führung der Laserstrahlen relativ zur Zylinderbohrungswand (2) parallel zueinander und schräg zur Zylinderachse (3) verlaufende und mit letzterer einen spitzen Winkel (oC) einschliessende Härtespuren (4) erzeugt werden, mit einem Randabstand (x) zwischen zwei benachbarten derselben, der so groß ist, daß die dazwischen- und in einem Abstand (k) vom Härtespur-Rand liegenden Maxima der im Maschinenbetrieb auftretenden Zugspannungen nicht zusammenfallen können, und damit der Bedingung X ist größer als 2 . k gehorchen.1. Method for the production of wear-resistant cylinder running surfaces of internal combustion engines, which are created on cylinders or cylinder liners cast from alloyed, in particular also low-phosphorus, cast iron by the following method steps: a) machining of the cylinder bore in the area to be hardened to a diameter that is smaller than the desired final diameter, b) applying an absorbent to the cylinder bore surface with the property of reducing the reflection of laser light to a few percent, c) hardening of the cylinder bore wall in the area to be hardened by means of laser beams, such that there are traces of hardening with a martensitic structure in the edge zone of the cast iron, d) honing the cylinder bore wall to the final diameter to maintain the cylinder running surface, characterized in that by corresponding guidance of the laser beams relative to the cylinder bore wall (2) parallel to one another and obliquely to the cylinder axis (3) and with the latter forming an acute angle (oC) including hardness traces (4) are produced, with an edge distance (x) between two neighboring thereof, which is so large that the maxima of the tensile stresses occurring in machine operation, which are between and at a distance (k) from the hardness track edge, cannot coincide, and thus the condition X is greater than 2. o obey. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß alle Härtespuren (4), eine nach der anderen, parallel zueinander verlaufend erzeugt werden durch einen nach dem Prinzip eines Integrators arbeitenden und in den Härtespuren (4) ein rechteckiges Härtesprofil mit gleichbleibender, einstellbarer Breite und einer Einhärtetiefe bis zu ca. 1,3 Millimeter erzeugenden Laser.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that all hardness traces (4), one after the other, running parallel to each other are generated by a working on the principle of an integrator and in the hardness traces (4) a rectangular hardness profile with a constant, adjustable width and a hardening depth of up to approx. 1.3 millimeters.
EP84113675A 1983-12-03 1984-11-13 Process for manufacturing wear-resistant running faces of combustion-engine cylinders Expired EP0144817B1 (en)

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DE3343783A DE3343783C1 (en) 1983-12-03 1983-12-03 Process for the production of wear-resistant cylinder running surfaces of internal combustion engines
DE3343783 1983-12-03

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EP0144817A3 EP0144817A3 (en) 1985-07-10
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FI76120C (en) 1988-09-09
JPS60135527A (en) 1985-07-18
DE3343783C1 (en) 1984-07-05
ES537972A0 (en) 1985-11-01
FI844728L (en) 1985-06-04
JPH072970B2 (en) 1995-01-18
FI76120B (en) 1988-05-31
US4617070A (en) 1986-10-14
FI844728A0 (en) 1984-11-30
EP0144817A3 (en) 1985-07-10
EP0144817B1 (en) 1988-04-06
ES8600784A1 (en) 1985-11-01
DE3470328D1 (en) 1988-05-11

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