EP0141760A1 - Process for the treatment of steel by calcium to increase the cold-workability and to decrease the silicium content - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention concerns the production of steels which have an isotropic structure, are very well adapted to cold forming particularly by pressing and which have a very low silicon content. The method comprises taking a deoxidated liquid steel with a low silicon content and placing in it a cored wire containing a divided material, which is a mixture of silico-calcium and granular calcium in a specific quantity and specific proportions. The method is applicable to non-alloyed or slightly alloyed steels and is particularly suitable for a continuous casting installation.

Description

The process which is the subject of the invention relates to steels whose inclusions, thanks to an appropriate treatment, remain globular after rolling which gives them in the state of use particularly advantageous properties such as a great ability to stamping or cold stamping.

It is known to call upon the preparation of such steels for an addition of calcium in the liquid steel before casting the latter.

The introduction of this element into liquid steel presents particular difficulties due to its low density and its very high oxidizability.

A particularly effective method for carrying out this introduction is that described in European patent application EP 34994 page 8, lines 13-35.

It consists in using a silico-calcium containing 30% calcium; this alloy is used in the form of powder which is wrapped in a thin steel sheath and compacted in situ. The composite product thus produced, commonly called cored wire, is introduced by unwinding from a coil at the heart of the bath of liquid steel to be treated. This prevents any oxidation of the active element, calcium, and it acts directly on the metal bath with high efficiency and repro _- ducible.

The steels thus treated have improved properties in many fields: isotropy, ductility, machinability. In addition, this addition of calcium makes the inclusions present in the liquid metal liquid and therefore avoids the risks of clogging of the continuous casting nozzles.

This method cannot however be used when it is desired to prepare certain steels having a particular aptitude for shaping, cold and more especially for deep drawing.

Such steels must have a very low silicon content. The limit not to be exceeded is most often 20 to 30 thousandths percent of silicon. In practice, the silico-calcium used contains approximately 30% of Ca, 60% of Si and 10% of Fe + various impurities.

The weight of this silico-calcium which must be introduced into the liquid steel to obtain the full effectiveness of the calcium is about 0.5 to 1.5 kg per tonne of liquid steel.

This addition therefore results in a silicon enrichment of the liquid steel of 30 to 90 thousandths percent, and this with a yield of practically 100%.

Tests have shown that it is undesirable to use silico-calcium containing more than 30% of calcium. Indeed, these alloys in the ground state are unstable and susceptible to explosion. Similar risks of explosion exist in the case of ground calcium which contains large proportions of extremely oxidizable and unstable fines.

We know the possibility of developing pure calcium, in the form of grains and free of fines. Such a product can in particular be obtained by the process described in international PCT application WO81 / 01811. We can therefore consider using it for the development of very low silicon steels.

However, this product has the disadvantage of a high cost which significantly increases the cost of refining such steels.

We therefore sought the possibility of developing, under much more favorable cost conditions, calcium steels having a very low silicon content so as to obtain particularly advantageous properties such as in particular cold deformability.

The process according to the invention consists in developing in a known manner a liquid steel with a very low silicon content and then in introducing into this liquid steel a cored wire, provided with an envelope usually made of steel, the core of which is a material. divided comprising at least two components. The first of these components is metallic calcium in grains the content of particles smaller than the meshes of the 150 mesh sieve does not exceed 2 to 3% by weight of said component.

The second is silico-calcium containing in mass% Ca 25 to 35, Si 50 to 70, Fe and impurities 5 to 15.

The mass ratio K, in the divided material, between the first component and the second is between 0.1 and 3.

Most often, about 125 to 600 g of calcium and a quantity of silicon not exceeding 300 g are introduced into the liquid steel, by means of this cored wire, per ton of steel treated.

Preferably, the liquid steel is worked up so that its silicon content, before introduction of the cored wire, is less than 5 thousandths percent by mass.

One can in particular, after calming the liquid steel with aluminum, treat it with a basic reducing slag containing for example fluorspar to desulfurize it.

The cored wire advantageously comprises a core of divided material which is in the compacted state inside the envelope, the latter having at least two parallel flattened zones, facing one another. Preferably the grain calcium used is obtained by the process which is the subject of international PCT application WO 81/01811.

This process consists of melting the starting calcium and then passing it in the divided state through a purification bath, then, after decanting, spraying it by passage through a vibrating orifice and finally solidifying the drops obtained in grains.

The process according to the invention most often applies to the production of non-alloyed or low-alloyed steels.

In general, the process according to the invention makes it possible to carry out, in a particularly economical manner, calcium additions to a steel, at the desired concentration in order to obtain the globularization of the inclusions, while maintaining the silicon content below a limit level, generally fixed by a standard.

A steel is thus obtained which, while having the characteristics specific to steels treated with calcium, in particular good isotropy of mechanical properties and excellent machinability, also exhibits excellent aptitude for cold deformation and more particularly stamping.

Thanks to the process according to the invention, it is possible to significantly reduce the cost of developing these steels. For this, we first determine for each type of processing the total amount of calcium that must be introduced into the steel, using a cored wire, taking into account that the reaction yield of calcium thus introduced is 15 to 20%.

The quantities of silicon that can be introduced into the steel are also determined without exceeding the maximum acceptable limit.

This limit is most often around 20 to 30 thousandths percent. Insofar as the production of steel has made it possible to obtain a liquid steel with a very low silicon content, for example less than 5 thousandths percent, it is possible to accept an increase in the silicon content of the steel during the introduction of the cored wire into the liquid steel of about 15 to 30 thousandths percent according to the specifications which the steel must meet. It is therefore possible to introduce into the steel, taking into account its initial silicon content and the limit fixed by the specification, 150 to 300 g of silicon per tonne of liquid steel. When this silicon is introduced in the form of a common type of calcium calcium, containing approximately in mass% Si 60, Ca 30 and Fe + impurities 10, it can be seen that the total amount of calcium calcium to be introduced is from 250 to 500 g per tonne of liquid steel. The corresponding amount of calcium thus introduced is 75 to 150 g per ton. It is enough to mix the calcium calcium in grains with silico-calcium to reach the amount of total calcium to be introduced. We can thus minimize the cost of developing such steels. In fact, on the one hand, a quantity of silico-calcium is used as high as possible, the cost price per unit of calcium introduced is particularly low, and, on the other hand, the use of pure calcium instead of silico-calcium for the complement reduces the total mass and the corresponding volume of divided matter to be introduced.

This means that, with equal cross-section and compaction rate, a shorter length of cored wire will have to be introduced into the bath of liquid steel, which will also contribute to reducing costs. This introduction will most often be made in a pocket or even in a distributor in the case of continuous casting. The steel will have been deoxidized beforehand under conditions such that its silicon content is lowered to a level generally less than 5 thousandths percent and in general of the order of 1 to 3 thousandths percent.

The invention also relates to a cored wire for the treatment of steel baths comprising a metallic envelope inside which is enclosed a divided material based on calcium and silicon. This divided material comprises at least two components, the first being metallic calcium in grains of which the content of particles smaller than the meshes of the sieve of 150 mesh does not exceed 2 to 3% by weight of said component, the second being of silico-calcium containing in% by mass Ca 25 to 35%, Si 50 to 70%, Fe and impurities 5 to 15%, the ratio K between the contents of the first and second components being between 0.1 and 3 and preferably 0, 3 and 2.

Advantageously, the envelope of the cored wire according to the invention is made of steel.

Advantageously also the divided material enclosed in the envelope is in the compacted state. A particularly advantageous solution for producing the cored wire is constituted by a wire whose envelope has at least two flattened parallel zones opposite one another.

The attached figure makes it possible to better understand the possibilities of the method according to the invention and its mode of implementation.

This figure gives the ordinate the enrichment of the metal with silicon by injecting the cored wire as a function of the average calcium content of the mixture used.

• - 450 g/tonne pour la courbe (1)
• - 300 g/tonne pour la courbe (2)
• - 150 g/tonne pour la courbe (3)

This figure includes 3 curves (1) (2) and (3) which each correspond to a constant amount of calcium added to the ton of steel.

• - 450 g / ton for the curve (1)
• - 300 g / ton for the curve (2)
• - 150 g / ton for the curve (3)

• Si 60% - Ca 30% - Fe et impuretés 10%

These mixtures are composed of pure calcium in grains free of fines (absence of grains whose diameter is less than 100 microns) and of a ground silico-calcium which contains in% by mass:

• If 60% - Ca 30% - Fe and impurities 10%

On the abscissa is given the total Ca content in% by mass of the calcium / silico-calcium mixtures at each point of the curves. This content can be calculated from the ratio K between the quantities of pure calcium and silico-calcium contained in the mixtures at each point. Curve (4) represents the variation in total calcium content of the mixtures as a function of the K ratio.

The value K = 0 corresponds to a divided material composed solely of calcium calcium with 30% calcium. This value defines the starting points (5), (6) and (7) of each of the curves (1), (2) and (3).

At each of these points the divided matter is constituted respectively by 1.5-1 and 0.5 kg of silico-calcium without addition of pure calcium. The corresponding quantities of silicon which will be introduced into the liquid steel are: 900 g-600 g and 300 g of silicon per ton. The introduction yield of this silicon being practically 100% it is seen that these additions of silicon-calcium enrich the steel in silicon respectively at these points by 90, 60 and 30 thousandths percent. Such enrichments are not acceptable if we want to limit the final silicon content to a level, for example, less than 30 thousandths percent or even less than 25 or 20 thousandths percent.

The curves in the figure show that it is possible, by moderate enrichment in pure calcium of the divided matter, to lower the silicon content to the desired level. It can be seen, for example, that a mixture of divided matter having a K ratio of 0.6, that is to say in which the mass of pure calcium is equal to 60% of the mass of silica- calcium, divides by three the enrichment in silicon all other things being equal. This mixture contains 56% of Ca instead of 30% in the case of silico-calcium alone, and the mass necessary to treat a tonne of liquid steel no longer represents 53.6% of the initial mass.

In many cases it suffices to enrich the divided matter in a relatively small way to obtain the desired result.

For the implementation of the invention, divided materials are used, the K ratio of which can vary as required between 0.1 and 3. In practice, most often, we limit ourselves to K ratios of between 0.2 and 2. It is preferable to seek the use of K ratios as low as possible according to the aim sought so as to minimize the cost of the addition.

The example below describes in a nonlimiting manner a mode of implementation of the method according to ivention.

1 °) A steel for stamping is produced in a known manner by means of an LD converter which, after casting in a pocket, with dolomite coating, the following composition in% by mass:
C = 0.055; If = 0.004; Mn = 0.280; S = 0.012; P = 0.014; Cu = 0.015.

Calming in the ladle is carried out with aluminum without the addition of ferro-silicon. This steel is treated in the ladle with a basic slag consisting of a mixture of alumina lime and fluorine spatch with stirring by blowing argon through a porous plug placed in the bottom of the ladle. After 10 minutes of blowing, the composition of the steel is as follows in% by mass:
C = 0.057; If = 0.003; Mn = 0.290; S = 0.008; P = 0.017; Cu = 0.016 and Al = 0.045.

A cored wire with a steel casing is then introduced into the liquid steel, the divided material of which is a calcium calcium containing in% by mass Ca = 30, Si = 60, Fe and impurities 10. The quantity of silico-calcium introduced is 1.2 kg (corresponding to 0.36 kg of calcium) per tonne of liquid steel. After 3 minutes of argon blowing, the steel is poured into ingots which are then transformed into slabs. The average composition of these is then as follows in% by mass: C = 0.058; If = 0.076; Mn = 0.290; S = 0.006.

2) A steel for drawing of the same grade is produced by the process according to the invention for which the specification imposes a silicon content of less than 0.020%. After preparation with the LD converter then calming with aluminum and treatment with a basic slag with blowing of argon as in the first case, the following composition is obtained:
C = 0.053; If = 0.002; Mn = 0.268; S = 0.007; P = 0.014; Cu = 0.020 Al = 0.042.

A cored wire with a steel casing is then introduced into the liquid steel, the divided material of which is a mixture of silico-calcium of the same composition as for the first preparation, and of pure calcium in grains. The ratio K is equal to 1.33, which corresponds to a divided material whose average calcium content is 70%.

The amount of total calcium added is the same as in the first case, that is to say 360 g / t of liquid steel to be treated. This time the divided matter mixture contains 294 g of pure calcium in grains, 221 g of silico-calcium containing only 132 g of silicon. The mass of mixture to be introduced is reduced to 515 g / t instead of 1200 g / t, which significantly reduces the length of the cored wire.

After 3 minutes of argon blowing, the steel is poured into ingots which are transformed into slabs, the average composition of which is as follows in% by mass:
C = 0.055; If = 0.016; Mn = 0.270; S = 0.005; P = 0.015; Cu = 0.019; Al = 0.035; Ca = 0.0040.

The steel obtained by the process according to the invention therefore conforms to the specification relating to the silicon content. It has a structure substantially isotropic, a very good drawing ability.

Many alternative embodiments can be made to the method according to the invention which do not depart from the field thereof.

In particular, the invention makes it possible to determine in each case the optimal amounts of calcium and of silico-calcium to be used to obtain a drawing steel under the most economical conditions.

The invention applies particularly well to the continuous casting of steels. In this case, the injection of the cored wire for the above treatment can be carried out either in a bag or in a distributor.

Claims (12)

1) Process for the production of a steel having a great aptitude for cold forming, in which a deoxidized liquid steel with a low silicon content is prepared, then a cored wire is introduced into this liquid steel which contains a divided material, characterized in that this divided material comprises at least two components - .., the first being metallic calcium in grains, the content of particles of which is less than the mesh size of the 150 mesh sieve does not exceed 2 to 3% by weight of said component, the second being silico-calcium containing in% by mass: Ca 25 to 35; If 50 to 70; Fe and impurities 5 to 15, the ratio K between the contents of the first and of the second component being between 0.1 and 3 and preferably between 0.3 and 2. 2 °) Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the envelope of the cored wire is steel. 3 °) Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a quantity of calcium of between 125 and 600 g per tonne of treated steel and a quantity of silicon not exceeding is introduced into the steel by means of the cored wire. not 300 g per tonne of treated steel. 4 °) Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the liquid steel is produced so that its silicon content before introduction of the cored wire is less than 5 thousandths percent by mass. 5 °) Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that before introduction of the cored wire the steel was calmed with aluminum and then treated with a basic reducing slag. 6 °) Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the cored wire comprises a core of divided material compacted inside the envelope, and in that this envelope has at least two parallel flattened zones , opposite one another. 7 °) Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the calcium in grains, which constitutes one of the components of the divided matter, is obtained by fusion of the starting calcium, passage of this molten calcium to the divided state through a purification bath, decantation of this calcium, spraying of this decanted calcium by passage through a vibrating orifice and finally solidification in grains of the calcium drops thus formed. 8 °) Method following one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the introduction of the cored wire is carried out in the distributor or in the pocket of a continuous casting installation. 9 °) Cored wire for the treatment of steel baths comprising a metallic envelope inside which is enclosed a divided material based on calcium and silicon, characterized in that this divided material comprises at least two components, the first being metallic calcium in grains, the content of particles of which is less than 150 mesh of the sieve of the mesh does not exceed 2 to 3% by weight of said component, the second being silico-calcium containing in mass% Ca 25 to 35 , If 50 to 70, Fe and impurities 5 to 15, the ratio K between the contents of the first and of the second component being between 0.1 and 3 and preferably 0.3 and 2. 10 °) cored wire according to claim 9, characterized in that the envelope of the cored wire is made of steel. 11 °) cored wire according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the divided material enclosed in the envelope is in the compacted state. 12 °) cored wire according to one of claims 9, 10 or 11, characterized in that the envelope has at least two flattened zones parallel opposite one another.

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