EP0138712B1 - Bloc structural d'insonorisation avec des cavités disposées en séquence - Google Patents

Bloc structural d'insonorisation avec des cavités disposées en séquence Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0138712B1
EP0138712B1 EP84402051A EP84402051A EP0138712B1 EP 0138712 B1 EP0138712 B1 EP 0138712B1 EP 84402051 A EP84402051 A EP 84402051A EP 84402051 A EP84402051 A EP 84402051A EP 0138712 B1 EP0138712 B1 EP 0138712B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sound
cavity
wall
cavities
orifice
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP84402051A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0138712A3 (en
EP0138712A2 (fr
Inventor
Miquel C. Junger
Klaus Kleinschmidt
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Priority to AT84402051T priority Critical patent/ATE56994T1/de
Publication of EP0138712A2 publication Critical patent/EP0138712A2/fr
Publication of EP0138712A3 publication Critical patent/EP0138712A3/fr
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Publication of EP0138712B1 publication Critical patent/EP0138712B1/fr
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B1/8404—Sound-absorbing elements block-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
    • E04B2001/8476—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/848—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling the cavities opening onto the face of the element
    • E04B2001/8485—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling the cavities opening onto the face of the element the opening being restricted, e.g. forming Helmoltz resonators
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
    • E04B2001/8476—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/848—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling the cavities opening onto the face of the element
    • E04B2001/849—Groove or slot type openings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structural block having soundproofing properties, and more specifically a soundproofing block made of a molded structural material of the general type described in US Patents Nos. 2,933,146 and 3,866,001, but with a series of internal cavities arranged in cascade and connected by internal slots to produce a multiplicity of sound absorption peaks for preset frequency values.
  • U.S. Patent No. 2,933,146 to Zaldastani and one of the Applicants, describes the general concept of forming structures, such as load-bearing walls and building ceilings, with blocks of molded aggregate, such as concrete , the blocks having one or more interior cavities which communicate with a source of noise by one or more slots with practically parallel sides.
  • the acoustic energy is dissipated mainly by a Helmholtz resonance effect and a "block body” effect resulting from the multiple reflections inside the cavity. Some dissipation may be due to a resonance absorption effect in the air "tube" from the slot to the rear wall of the associated cavity.
  • the Helmholtz resonator effect can be compared to a mass-spring system, in which the mass is the air entrained in the slot and the spring is the air in the much larger volume of the cavity.
  • this acoustic resonator has a natural frequency f n , for which the absorption of acoustic energy is maximum.
  • Patent No. 3,506,089 to the present Applicant and US Patent No. 3,837,426 describe improvements to the basic concept of Patent 2,933,146.
  • the configuration of the slot is designed to reduce the impedance mismatch. of the Helmholtz resonator and to increase the natural frequency above that obtained with a slit having a maximum dimension of the throat alone.
  • Patent 3,506,089 describes a first effort in which the slot, instead of having parallel sides, has a configuration which widens outwards.
  • Patent 3,837,426 describes another configuration of the slot, which flares inward. It also provides better response at high frequency, and also other important advantages both in terms of structural resistance (for a given natural frequency) and use.
  • US Patent 3,866,001 describes yet another improvement, in which a diaphragm, usually a thin metal foil, is placed in the cavity.
  • the diaphragm has a differential acoustic transmission, reflecting high frequency sounds in a "front” volume and transmitting low frequency sounds at a "back” volume far from the associated slot.
  • the incident acoustic energy "sees” two cavities with different volumes. This results in two or more absorption peaks for each cavity depending on the number of diaphragms used.
  • the frequency response can be tuned to obtain absorption peaks having desired values or close to these values.
  • diaphragms Although these inventions have generally been found to be commercially satisfactory, there are nevertheless certain drawbacks associated with the use of diaphragms. Metal diaphragms are themselves expensive and must be introduced manually into each cavity, which increases the labor cost associated with manufacturing. In some embodiments, the diaphragms are glued to a fibrous filling material and introduced with it into a cavity. This approach involves the cost of the filling material and the diaphragm and still requires a separate assembly procedure to introduce the diaphragm-filling material assembly into the cavity.
  • Another object is to provide a soundproofing block with the above advantage, which can be formed using only conventional molding methods to form concrete blocks.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide such a block which can also absorb the acoustic energy falling on both its front wall and its rear wall.
  • Another object is to provide a soundproofing structural block with the above advantages, which is compatible with the improvements of US Patents Nos. 3,506,089, 3,837,426 and 3,866,001.
  • Another object is to provide a soundproofing structural block which can be easily manufactured and which has a favorable manufacturing cost compared to the previous blocks, with equivalent characteristics.
  • a soundproofing block of a molded structural material has a generally rectangular configuration, with an open bottom and upper, end, front side and rear side walls molded in one piece with each other. At least one of the side walls, front and rear, those which normally face the acoustic energy to be removed, contains openings, preferably elongated slots, which communicate the external surface of the block with an internal cavity.
  • the slit and the cavity form a Helmholtz acoustic resonator with a natural frequency f, a function of the cross-sectional area A of the slit and of the volume V of the adjacent interior cavity.
  • Internal walls molded in one piece with the external walls of the block and connecting to these external walls divide the internal space of the block into a multiplicity of cavities, at least two of which are associated with each "external" slot in the block and form a sequence or a series.
  • Interior slots formed in at least one of the interior walls acoustically couple each cavity in a sequence.
  • the volume of the cavities in a sequence gradually increases from the "first" cavity adjacent to the outer slot.
  • the first slot-cavity pair in the series therefore has a natural frequency f, which is greater than the natural frequency f 2 of the first interior slot and its associated "second" cavity. If the block has other cavities, then f n is greater than f ,,,, n being the order of the cavity in the sequence.
  • a standard block with two cavities has two interior walls which each divide one of the "usual" cavities into two smaller cavities.
  • An orifice preferably in the form of an elongated slot, is formed in each of these interior walls.
  • an interior slot is made in the partition and the other two interior walls are spaced at varying distances from the exterior slots. A sequence of cavities then produces three absorption peaks.
  • a solid interior partition wall extends between the side walls, and the split interior walls generally extend transversely to the partition wall.
  • the interior slot is formed in a partition wall running from front to back inside the block to produce a block with only two cavities in sequence.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show, according to a first embodiment of the invention, a load-bearing and sound-absorbing masonry block 12.
  • Block 12 is fabricated using a conventional block molding facility from a curable mixture such as concrete. The mixture is packed during manufacture around at least one male punch 14 of the type shown in FIG. 3. The mold parts are removed before setting. After setting, there remains a hard support element with the cross section shown in Figures 1 and 2.
  • These blocks 12 can be cemented together in rows to form a structure, such as a building wall, which dissipates acoustic energy emanating from a source located on at least one side of the structure. In a modified configuration, the blocks 12 can be used to form a building ceiling.
  • the block 12 has an external shape similar to a box, generally rectangular, with two closed end walls 16, 16, a third closed wall or upper wall 18 contiguous to the walls 16, 16, a fourth closed wall or rear wall 20 contiguous to the walls 16 and 18, a continuous closed partition 22, and a fifth wall or front wall 24 opposite the fourth wall and designed to face the source of the sound to be suppressed.
  • a bottom plane 26, opposite the wall 18, is open on the interior cavities 28, 28 and 30, 30 inside the block. Of course, this opening is closed by an upper wall 18 of another block and by a layer of mortar when the blocks 12 are placed in rows to form structures.
  • the front wall 24 has holes 32, 32 in the form of elongated slots with parallel walls.
  • the punch 14 has a projection 14a with sides approaching towards the outside, which produces one of the slots 32, the main bodies 14b and 14c also with sides approaching towards the outside, which produce the cavities 28 and 30 , and a connecting part 14b similar in shape and in location to the projection 14a, which produces an interior slot 34.
  • the separation between the bodies 14b and 14c forms an interior wall 31 separating the cavities.
  • the "front” cavity 28 is in direct acoustic communication with the "outside” slot 32.
  • the “rear” cavity 30 is in direct acoustic communication with the "inside” slot 34.
  • the combination of the front cavity 28 and the slot 32 and the combination of the slot 34 and the cavity 30 each form an acoustic Helmholtz resonator which operates as described in the aforementioned US Patents.
  • the slots 32 each extend in length "vertically" from the bottom plane 26 towards the interior surface of the upper wall 28.
  • the width of the slot 32 at the exterior surface of the wall 24, and over any the depth of the slot is shown to be practically constant.
  • the slots may decrease as described in US Patents Nos. 3,506,089 or 3,837,426.
  • This embodiment of an orifice with open ends, namely a slot extending to the open plane 26, makes it possible to form slots in a manner compatible with conventional block manufacturing techniques.
  • a main feature of the present invention is the use of interior dividing walls 31 in combination with the "interior" slots 34.
  • Each slot 34 extends from the bottom plane 26 towards the top wall 18 in a direction generally vertical and these slots 34 are also preferably made like the slots 32.
  • the slots 34 have walls which are practically parallel, although they may also have the configurations described in US Patents 3,506,089 or 3 837 426.
  • each slot 34 provides an acoustic coupling between the cavity 28 and the cavity 30.
  • the rear volume filled with air 30 and its associated slot 34 form a second acoustic Helmholtz resonator, the first resonator being formed by the slot 32 and the front cavity 28.
  • the two resonators use the air flowing through the slot as the "mass” of the resonator and the cavity filled ie air like the "spring".
  • the natural frequency f n of such a resonator is given by the equation and the stiffness k of the "spring" is given by
  • p is the density of air, it is the speed of sound in air
  • A is the cross-sectional area of the orifice (here a slit) facing the incident acoustic waves
  • V is the volume of the cavity
  • L is the depth of the slit in a direction perpendicular to the cross section A
  • AL is the additional length of the entrained air mass which reacts functionally with the slit to dissipate the acoustic energy.
  • AL is proportional to A1 ⁇ 2.
  • the natural frequency of the resonator can be modified by changing either the dimension of the slot (A) or the volume of the cavity (V).
  • the system is analogous to a spring-mass mechanical system such than that shown in FIG. 3.
  • the mass M corresponds to the mass of air entrained in the first slot 32
  • the mass M 2 corresponds to the mass of air entrained in the slot 34.
  • the springs Si and S 2 are analogous respectively to the air-filled cavities 28 and 30.
  • suffixes I and II respectively designate the resonances associated with the larger and the smaller of the two cavities.
  • the sound absorption coefficient of several acoustic Helmholtz resonators are plotted as a function of the frequency of the incident acoustic energy.
  • Graph A shows the response of an uncoupled resonator of the prior art with a large cavity (3440 cm 3 ).
  • Graph B shows the response of an uncoupled resonator of the prior art with a small cavity (1344 cm 3 ).
  • Graph C shows the response of these two resonators when they are coupled in sequence according to the present invention.
  • Graph C shows the absorption peaks both in the low frequency range and in the medium frequency range, at around 274 Hz. These measured values correspond well with the values predicted by equation (6).
  • any sequence of cavities only the "most rigid" cavity, that is to say that which has the smallest volume and the highest natural frequency f i , is exposed directly to the incident acoustic waves.
  • the following cavities are arranged in descending order of natural frequencies. For any cavity n, with a natural frequency f n , the immediately following cavity n + 1 will have a natural frequency f n + 1 , where f n > f n +,. This arrangement avoids the situation in which a resonator with a natural frequency f n isolates the following interior resonators from the incident acoustic energy with natural frequencies greater than f n .
  • FIG. 5 shows a variant of the invention, in which the block 12 '(the identical parts in different embodiments have the same references) has only an external slot 32, and in which the partition 22 has a slot 34 of so that the laterally spaced cavities within a single block are connected in sequence according to the present invention.
  • the wall 22 therefore functions in the same way as the interior walls 31 in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the front cavity 28 communicates directly with the slot 32 and has a smaller volume than the cavity 30 on the opposite side of the partition. 22. As discussed above, this coupling and sequence of cavities produces many absorption peaks. It should be noted that the partition 22 'is moved relative to the central line of the block 12' to produce cavities of different volumes.
  • the cavities 28 and 30 can have a relatively large volume to produce one or two absorption peaks at frequencies lower than those that could be obtained with the smaller cavities of Figures 1 and 2, other parameters such as the size of the slots being the same.
  • Figure 6 shows a block 12 "which is a variant of the embodiment of Figures 1 and 2.
  • the interior walls 31 are at different distances from the front wall 24 and there is an additional slot 34 'located in the partition wall 22 and making the cavities 30 and 30 'communicate.
  • the right cavity 30' is larger than the left cavity 30.
  • the left slot 32 therefore transmits acoustic energy to three cavities, the left cavities 28 and 30 and the right cavity 30 '.
  • the right slot 32 transmits acoustic energy only to the two right cavities 28 and 30'.
  • the additional slot 34 'in the partition 22' and the cavity right 30 ' form a third resonator in the left sequence of cavities.
  • This third resonator has a natural frequency f 3 which is lower than the natural frequencies of the two previous resonators.
  • the right cavity 30' belongs to d them sequences of cavities by being their final cavity. Of course, it is possible to remove the slot 34 '. With the interior walls 31 fixed at different depths, the block 12 "produces another four absorption peaks.
  • Figure 7 shows a block 12 '"which has a partition 22 which extends longitudinally to through the block between the end walls 16, 16 and two interior walls 31 which extend transversely from the front and rear walls to the partition.
  • This partition 22 is continuous and full from the upper wall 18 to the plane of the open bottom.
  • the interior walls 31 each have a slot 34 which forms a second resonator coupled to the rear volume 30 remote from the front volume 28 and its associated exterior slot 32.
  • a main advantage of the block 12 ′′ is that a slot 32 is located in each front and rear walls, 24 and 20 respectively. Consequently, the 12 '"block can receive and dissipate, for multiple preselected absorption peaks, the acoustic energy emanating from sources in two separate regions, i.e. - say on both sides of the block. Blocks of this design are particularly useful for constructing dividing walls between two areas, such as two chambers or two lanes of an excavated highway.
  • a structural and sound absorbing block which is capable of producing multiple absorption peaks for preselected frequencies without using metal diaphragms or other components which must be manufactured separately from the block and then assembled. More specifically, the present invention allows effective dissipation of incident acoustic energy with multiple absorption peaks, the block can be manufactured in a single molding operation.
  • flared wall slots provide greater energy absorption at high frequencies than would be obtained under comparable conditions with the substantially parallel wall slot having a width comparable to the section of the groove of the flared slot.
  • Fibrous filler materials can be used as indicated above or as indicated in the previously mentioned US Patents. It is even possible to use metal diaphragms such as those described in US Pat. No. 3,866,001 in addition to the cavities of the present invention arranged in sequence in special cases where very large absorption peaks are required and where the available interior space of conventional blocks limits the number of interior walls that can be created.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Stereophonic System (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
EP84402051A 1983-10-12 1984-10-11 Bloc structural d'insonorisation avec des cavités disposées en séquence Expired - Lifetime EP0138712B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84402051T ATE56994T1 (de) 1983-10-12 1984-10-11 Schalldaempfender baustein mit aufeinanderfolgenden hohlraeumen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US541019 1983-10-12
US06/541,019 US4562901A (en) 1983-10-12 1983-10-12 Sound absorptive structural block with sequenced cavities

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0138712A2 EP0138712A2 (fr) 1985-04-24
EP0138712A3 EP0138712A3 (en) 1987-09-30
EP0138712B1 true EP0138712B1 (fr) 1990-09-26

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ID=24157873

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84402051A Expired - Lifetime EP0138712B1 (fr) 1983-10-12 1984-10-11 Bloc structural d'insonorisation avec des cavités disposées en séquence

Country Status (10)

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US (1) US4562901A (da)
EP (1) EP0138712B1 (da)
JP (1) JPS60112952A (da)
AT (1) ATE56994T1 (da)
CA (1) CA1214396A (da)
DE (1) DE3483300D1 (da)
DK (1) DK162849C (da)
FI (1) FI843986L (da)
GB (1) GB8425776D0 (da)
NO (1) NO164268C (da)

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JPH0740002Y2 (ja) * 1988-12-22 1995-09-13 株式会社ノザワ レゾネータ型防音パネル
DE4111161A1 (de) * 1991-04-06 1992-10-08 Goesele Karl Schalldaemmende gebaeudewand sowie mauerstein zur verwendung in einer solchen
US5226267A (en) * 1991-10-23 1993-07-13 Rpg Diffusor Systems, Inc. Acoustical diffusing and absorbing cinder blocks
EP0743997B1 (en) * 1994-02-11 1997-09-24 Autostrade Concessioni E Costruzioni Autostrade S.P.A. Sound deadening road pavement and method for its realization
EP0692585B1 (de) * 1994-07-11 1997-11-19 Manfred Bruer Schalungselement
US5551198A (en) * 1995-05-09 1996-09-03 Schaaf; Cecil F. Sound collecting block and sound absorbing wall system
US5700983A (en) * 1996-08-26 1997-12-23 Best Block Company Sound attenuating structural block
US6098926A (en) * 1998-08-06 2000-08-08 Lockheed Martin Corporation Composite fairing with integral damping and internal helmholz resonators
JP4050632B2 (ja) * 2003-02-24 2008-02-20 株式会社神戸製鋼所 吸音構造体
US7740104B1 (en) * 2006-01-11 2010-06-22 Red Tail Hawk Corporation Multiple resonator attenuating earplug
EP2478202B1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2019-08-07 GKN Aerospace Sweden AB A noise attenuation panel and a gas turbine component comprising a noise attenuation panel
US8393437B2 (en) * 2011-02-15 2013-03-12 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Noise and vibration mitigation system for nuclear reactors employing an acoustic side branch resonator
EP2883859A1 (de) 2013-12-12 2015-06-17 Evonik Industries AG Tertiäre Alkylamine als Cokatalysator bei der Methacrolein-Synthese
EP3023408A1 (de) 2014-11-19 2016-05-25 Evonik Röhm GmbH Optimiertes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Methacrylsäure
US9618151B2 (en) 2015-02-26 2017-04-11 Adriaan DeVilliers Compact modular low resistance broadband acoustic silencer
ES2594453B1 (es) * 2015-06-16 2017-09-26 Instituto Tecnólogico de Materiales de Construcción y Rocas Ornamentales Ladrillo de cerámica estructural con altas prestaciones acústicas
CN106121123A (zh) * 2016-04-29 2016-11-16 东北大学 提高空心砌块热工性能的方法与砌块型式
US11043199B2 (en) * 2018-04-25 2021-06-22 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Sparse acoustic absorber
US11568848B2 (en) * 2018-04-27 2023-01-31 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Airborne acoustic absorber
US11322126B2 (en) * 2018-12-20 2022-05-03 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Broadband sparse acoustic absorber
JPWO2021200870A1 (da) * 2020-03-30 2021-10-07
JP2022139729A (ja) * 2021-03-12 2022-09-26 株式会社豊田中央研究所 吸音構造体およびその製造方法

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US2281121A (en) * 1939-08-25 1942-04-28 Merton T Straight Load bearing acoustic building block
US2933146A (en) * 1956-01-26 1960-04-19 Zaldastani Othar Structural material
US3506089A (en) * 1968-10-25 1970-04-14 Cambridge Acoustical Associate Sound absorptive structural block
US3837426A (en) * 1974-01-04 1974-09-24 Junger M Sound absorbing structural block
US3866001A (en) * 1974-03-04 1975-02-11 Junger Miguel C Structural block with septum
JPS5227525U (da) * 1975-08-18 1977-02-25
DE2744382C3 (de) * 1977-10-01 1980-05-14 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V., 8000 Muenchen Schallschluckende Wand- oder Deckenverkleidung mit einer raumseitig dichten Schicht, die mit öffnungen versehen ist

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO164268B (no) 1990-06-05
DE3483300D1 (de) 1990-10-31
JPH0369420B2 (da) 1991-11-01
ATE56994T1 (de) 1990-10-15
FI843986L (fi) 1985-04-13
EP0138712A3 (en) 1987-09-30
NO164268C (no) 1990-09-12
DK480884A (da) 1985-04-13
CA1214396A (en) 1986-11-25
NO844077L (no) 1985-04-15
GB8425776D0 (en) 1984-11-21
DK480884D0 (da) 1984-10-08
FI843986A0 (fi) 1984-10-11
US4562901A (en) 1986-01-07
DK162849B (da) 1991-12-16
EP0138712A2 (fr) 1985-04-24
DK162849C (da) 1992-05-18
JPS60112952A (ja) 1985-06-19

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