EP0128131B1 - Sulphur removing method during pig iron melting - Google Patents

Sulphur removing method during pig iron melting Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0128131B1
EP0128131B1 EP84890076A EP84890076A EP0128131B1 EP 0128131 B1 EP0128131 B1 EP 0128131B1 EP 84890076 A EP84890076 A EP 84890076A EP 84890076 A EP84890076 A EP 84890076A EP 0128131 B1 EP0128131 B1 EP 0128131B1
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Prior art keywords
desulfurating
agent
slag
lumpy
coal
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French (fr)
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EP0128131A1 (en
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Horst Dipl.-Ing. Sulzbacher
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Voestalpine AG
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Voestalpine AG
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21BMANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/0006Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes obtaining iron or steel in a molten state
    • C21B13/0013Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes obtaining iron or steel in a molten state introduction of iron oxide into a bath of molten iron containing a carbon reductant
    • C21B13/002Reduction of iron ores by passing through a heated column of carbon

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for removing sulfur in the melting of pig iron in a coal fluidized bed.
  • the invention now aims to avoid such a separate desulphurization of the melt and to carry out most or all of the desulphurization work not only of the coal but also of the melt in the smelting reactor.
  • the invention essentially consists in that lumpy and granular desulfurizing agent is introduced into the carbon fluidized bed and in the slag layer, that the portion of the desulfurizing agent for the coal spines is in the grain size range of 0.5-5 mm and the portion of the desulfurizing agent for the Slag in the grain size range of 5 - 50mm is introduced and that the proportion of lumpy desulfurizing agent in the total mixture is selected to be less than or equal to 50% by weight.
  • Such a control possibility is achieved according to the invention by introducing the proportion of the desulfurization agent for the coal fluidized bed in the grain size range of 0.5-5 mm and the proportion of the desulfurization agent for the slag in the grain size range of 5-50 mm, these two proportions being varied within wide limits can and in this way an adjustment of the heavy weight of the desulfurization reaction to the fluidized bed or the slag layer can be achieved.
  • the desulfurization reaction with CaO is endothermic and preferably takes place in the direction of higher temperatures.
  • the feedstocks intended for post-desulphurization have already been metered into the melter gasifier in granular and / or lumpy form and whirled together with the coal according to their grain size. They bind the carbon sulfur in a solid, liquid or sublimed state of aggregation or, in the case of a coarser grain, immediately fall through the fluidized bed and slowly dissolve in the slag layer in close contact with the melting iron sponge.
  • the heavy weight of the desulfurization reaction can be shifted into the fluidized bed or into the slag layer by varying the lumpy or granular fraction of the desulfurization agent.
  • manganese, calcium, magnesium, alkalis or rare earths in the form of oxides, carbides, carbonates, alloys, mixed metals or in metallic form can be used as the desulfurizing agent.
  • the use of calcium carbonate alone has the disadvantage that, when charging directly into the carburetor, considerable amounts of energy are required to drive off and convert C0 2 .
  • Calcium carbide is therefore used according to the invention in a particularly preferred manner as a desulfurization agent. The desulfurization reaction with CaC 2 takes place with the release of energy and preferably in the direction of low temperatures.
  • Calcium carbide also acts as a deoxidizer to reduce the FeO content in the slag.
  • the reaction products CaO and CaS are taken up by the slag.
  • the process according to the invention is advantageously carried out in such a way that the granular and the lumpy portion of the desulfurization agent is introduced above or laterally into the carbon fluidized bed.
  • the desulfurization agent can be introduced in a simple manner together with coal, aggregates or recycling materials.
  • the desulfurizing agents are at least partially introduced in agglomerated form.
  • the invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment.
  • About 1000 kg of coal were used in a smelting gasifier per ton of pig iron.
  • the coal had a sulfur content of 1.0%.
  • the sulfur was composed of 60% organically bound sulfur and 40% inorganic sulfur (pyrite, sulfide, sulfate-S). Most of the inorganic sulfur was released during the degassing of the coal and went into the reducing gas. The remaining sulfur, approx. 6-7 kg / t pig iron, was converted into the gaseous state in the fluidized bed during combustion in front of the nozzles or gasification of the coked coal (S-Dampf, S0 2 , COS).
  • the gaseous sulfur came into contact with the fine-grained CaC 2 and was bound to CaS.
  • About 4 kg of S were converted into CaS in this way.
  • the remaining 3 kg were either absorbed by the aggregate lime or by the hot sponge iron that fell through the fluidized bed.
  • the iron sponge containing Fe was then desulfurized on contact with the lumpy calcium carbide floating on the slag surface.
  • the reaction product CaS dissolved in the slag.
  • the sulfur content of the slag was between 2 and 3% and the sulfur in pig iron was 0.1%.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Entfernen von Schwefel bei der Erschmelzung von Roheisen in einer Kohlewirbelschicht.The invention relates to a method for removing sulfur in the melting of pig iron in a coal fluidized bed.

Für das Schmelzen von zumindest teilweise reduziertem Eisenerz, insbesondere Eisenschwamm, wurden Verfahren vorgeschlagen, welche unter Verwendung eines Einschmelzvergasers arbeiten, in welchem durch eingebrachte Kohle und eingeblasenes sauerstoffhaltiges Gas die zum Schmelzen des reduzierten Materials erforderliche Wärme und ein Reduktionsgas erzeugt werden. Ein derartiges Einschmelzverfahren ist beispielsweise der DE-OS 28 43 303 zu entnehmen. Derartige Reduktionsv-erfahren wurden vor allen Dingen im Hinblick auf die Verwendung von schlecht oder nicht verkokbaren Kohlenstoffträgern entwickelt, welche sich durch einen relativ hohen Schwefelgehalt auszeichnen. Bei derartigen Verfahrensweisen wird somit ein hoher Schwefelanteil über die Kohle in das Bad eingebracht, und es ist der Schwefelgehalt im Metall üblicherwiese wesentlich grösser als der Schwefelgehalt im vergleichbaren Hochofenroheisen. Die Reaktion in derartigen Einschmelzvergasern läuft relativ rasch ab, und auf Grund des raschen Materialdurchganges durch das Wirbelbett wird üblicherweise nur ein geringer Siliziumgehalt von unter 0,2% und ein FeO-Gehalt in der Schlacke erzielt, welcher höher liegt als der FeO-Gehalt in einer Hochofenschlacke. Beide dieser Tatsachen beeinträchtigen die Entschwefelungsreaktion mit Kalk.For the melting of at least partially reduced iron ore, in particular sponge iron, methods have been proposed which operate using a melter gasifier, in which the heat required for melting the reduced material and a reducing gas are generated by introduced coal and injected oxygen-containing gas. Such a melting process can be found, for example, in DE-OS 28 43 303. Such reduction processes were developed primarily with a view to the use of poorly or not coking carbon carriers, which are characterized by a relatively high sulfur content. In such procedures, a high proportion of sulfur is thus introduced into the bath via the coal, and the sulfur content in the metal is usually significantly higher than the sulfur content in comparable blast furnace pig iron. The reaction in such melter gasifiers takes place relatively quickly, and due to the rapid passage of material through the fluidized bed, usually only a low silicon content of less than 0.2% and an FeO content in the slag which is higher than the FeO content in a blast furnace slag. Both of these facts affect the desulfurization reaction with lime.

Eine ausreichende Entschwefelung von mit derartigen Verfahren erschmolzenem Roheisen konnte daher bisher nur in der Pfanne und damit unter zusätzlichem Energieverbrauch sinnvoll erzielt werden.Adequate desulphurization of pig iron melted using such processes has thus far only been sensible in the pan and thus with additional energy consumption.

Aus Stahl und Eisen 102 (1982) Nr. 19 S. 927-928 ist es bei einem Kohlereduktionsverfahren zur Roheisenerzeugung aus Erz und Rohkohle unter Verwendung eines Einsehmelzvergasers bekannt geworden, Zusehtagstoffe wie Kalkstein oder Sand oder entsprechende Gemische zum Erz und zur Kohle zuzugeben.From Stahl und Eisen 102 (1982) No. 19 pp. 927-928, it has become known in a coal reduction process for the production of pig iron from ore and raw coal using a single-molten gasifier to add visible substances such as limestone or sand or corresponding mixtures to the ore and coal.

Die Erfindung zielt nun darauf ab, eine derartige gesonderte Entschwefelung der Schmelze zu vermeiden und den Grossteil oder die gesamte Entschwefelungsarbeit nicht nur der Kohle, sondern auch der Schmelze bereits in dem Schmelzreaktor vorzunehmen. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe besteht die Erfindung im wesentlichen darin, dass stückiges und körniges Entschwefelungsmittel in die Kohlewirbelschicht und in die Schlackenschicht eingebracht wird, dass dec Anteil des Entschwefelungsmittels für die KohIewirbe!schicht im Korngrössenbereich von 0,5- 5mm und der Anteil des Entschwefelungsmittelsfür die Schlacke im Korngrössenbereich von 5 - 50mm eingebracht wird und dass der Anteil an stückigem Entschwefelungsmittel im Gesamtgemisch kleiner gleich 50 Gew.% gewählt wird. Eine Verwendung von staubförmigem Feinkalk in Form von Kalkhydrat oder gebranntem Kalk hat sich als nachteilig herausgestellt, da staubförmiger Feinkalk zum Grossteil mit dem eingeblasenen Gas wieder ausgetragen wird und nur ein mengenmässig geringer Anteil für die Entschwefelung im Schmelzraum zur Verfügung steht. Die ausschliessliche Verwendung von stückigem Brandkalk führt auf Grund der Bildung einer Dicalciumsilikatschicht an der Kornoberfläche zu einer ungenügenden Auflösung in der meist sauren Schlacke aus der Kohleasche. Die Verwendung von körnigem Entschwefelungsmittel in der Kohlewirbelschicht erlaubt es, einen Grossteil der Entschwefelungsarbeit bereits während der Schmelzreduktionsvorgänge in der fluidisierten Phase durchzuführen, und die zusätzliche Zugabe von stückigem Entschwefelungsmittel, welches in der Kohlewirbelschicht nicht gänzlich reagiert, führt zu einer weiteren Entschwefelung durch Austauschvorgänge in der Grenzzone von Schlacke und Wirbelbett.The invention now aims to avoid such a separate desulphurization of the melt and to carry out most or all of the desulphurization work not only of the coal but also of the melt in the smelting reactor. To achieve this object, the invention essentially consists in that lumpy and granular desulfurizing agent is introduced into the carbon fluidized bed and in the slag layer, that the portion of the desulfurizing agent for the coal spines is in the grain size range of 0.5-5 mm and the portion of the desulfurizing agent for the Slag in the grain size range of 5 - 50mm is introduced and that the proportion of lumpy desulfurizing agent in the total mixture is selected to be less than or equal to 50% by weight. The use of dusty fine lime in the form of hydrated lime or quicklime has proven to be disadvantageous, since dusty fine lime is largely discharged again with the blown-in gas and only a small amount is available for desulfurization in the melting chamber. The exclusive use of chunky lime leads to an insufficient dissolution in the mostly acidic slag from the coal ash due to the formation of a dicalcium silicate layer on the grain surface. The use of granular desulfurizing agent in the carbon fluidized bed allows a large part of the desulfurization work to be carried out already during the melt reduction processes in the fluidized phase, and the addition of lumpy desulfurizing agent which does not fully react in the carbon fluidized bed leads to a further desulfurization by exchange processes in the Border zone of slag and fluidized bed.

Die Zugabe von stückigen und körnigen Entschwefelungsmitteln in die Kohlewirbelschicht bringt im Vergleich mit dem Entschwefeln ausserhalb des Schmelzgefässes unter anderem eine optimale Verteilung und lange Aufenthaltsdauer der Entschwefelungsmittel im Wirbelbett bzw. an der Schlackenoberfläche und dadurch ideale kinetische Voraussetzungen mit sich. Durch die kombinierte Beaufschlagung der Entschwefelungsräume (Wirbelbett für Kohleentschwefelung und Schlackenschicht für Eisenentschwefelung) ergibt sich die Möglichkeit einer Steuerung der Entschwefelung, wobei Körnung und Qualität des Entschwefelungsmittels eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Eine derartige Steuerungsmöglichkeit wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch erzielt, dass der Anteil des Entschwefelungsmittels für die Kohlewirbelschicht im Korngrössenbereich von 0,5-5mm und der Anteil des Entschwefelungsmittels für die Schlacke im Korngrössenbereich von 5-50mm eingebracht wird, wobei diese beiden Anteile in weiten Grenzen variiert werden können und auf diese Weise eine Einstellung des Schwergewichtes der Entschwefelungsreaktion auf das Wirbelbett oder die Schlackenschicht erzielt werden kann.The addition of lumpy and granular desulfurizing agents in the carbon fluidized bed, in comparison with desulfurizing outside the melting vessel, results in an optimal distribution and long residence time of the desulfurizing agents in the fluidized bed or on the slag surface, and therefore ideal kinetic conditions. The combined loading of the desulfurization rooms (fluidized bed for coal desulfurization and slag layer for iron desulfurization) enables the desulfurization to be controlled, with the grain size and quality of the desulfurization agent playing an important role. Such a control possibility is achieved according to the invention by introducing the proportion of the desulfurization agent for the coal fluidized bed in the grain size range of 0.5-5 mm and the proportion of the desulfurization agent for the slag in the grain size range of 5-50 mm, these two proportions being varied within wide limits can and in this way an adjustment of the heavy weight of the desulfurization reaction to the fluidized bed or the slag layer can be achieved.

Die Entschwefelungsreaktion mit CaO ist endotherm und läuft in Richtung höherer Temperaturen bevorzugt ab.

Figure imgb0001
The desulfurization reaction with CaO is endothermic and preferably takes place in the direction of higher temperatures.
Figure imgb0001

Ist die Sauerstoffaktivität bzw. der FeO-Gehalt der Schlacke hoch, dann muss mit einer Beeinträchtigung der Entschwefelungseffizienz gerechnet werden, vor allem auch deshalb, weil der Si-Gehalt des erschmolzenen Metalls niedrig liegt.If the oxygen activity or the FeO content of the slag is high, an impairment of the desulfurization efficiency must be expected, above all because the Si content of the molten metal is low.

Auf Grund dieses Faktums und wegen des hohen Schwefeleinbringens durch die Kohle wird im Kohlewirbelbett erschmolzenes Roheisen im Schwefelgehalt immer deutlich höher liegen als Hochofenroheisen. Eine Entschwefelung ausserhalb des Schmelzgefässes mit grossen spezifischen Mengen der bekannten Entschwefelungsmittel Calciumcarbid, Soda, Magnesium usw. ist daher notwendig. Erfindungsgemäss werden nun die zur Nachentschwefelung vorgesehenen Einsatzstoffe in körniger und/oder stückiger Form schon in den Einschmelzvergaser zudosiert und entsprechend ihrer Korngrösse zusammen mit der Kohle gewirbelt. Sie binden dabei in festem, flüssigem oder sublimiertem Aggregatzustand den Kohleschwefel ab oder fallen im Falle einer gröberen Körnung sofort durch die Wirbelschicht hindurch und lösen sich in engem Kontakt mit dem aufschmelzenden Eisenschwamm langsam in der Schlackenschicht auf. Durch Variation des stückigen bzw. des körnigen Anteils des Entschwefelungsmittels kann das Schwergewicht der Entschwefelungsreaktion in die Wirbelschicht bzw. in die Schlackenschicht verlagert werden.Because of this fact and because of the high sulfur input from coal, pig iron melted in the coal fluidized bed will always have a significantly higher sulfur content than blast furnace pig iron. Desulfurization outside the melting vessel with large specific amounts of the known desulfurizing agents calcium carbide, soda, magnesium, etc. is therefore necessary. According to the invention the feedstocks intended for post-desulphurization have already been metered into the melter gasifier in granular and / or lumpy form and whirled together with the coal according to their grain size. They bind the carbon sulfur in a solid, liquid or sublimed state of aggregation or, in the case of a coarser grain, immediately fall through the fluidized bed and slowly dissolve in the slag layer in close contact with the melting iron sponge. The heavy weight of the desulfurization reaction can be shifted into the fluidized bed or into the slag layer by varying the lumpy or granular fraction of the desulfurization agent.

Im Rahmen des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens können als Entschwefelungsmittel Mangan, Calcium, Magnesium, Alkalien oder seltene Erden in Form von Oxiden, Carbiden, Karbonaten, Legierungen, Mischmetallen oder in metallischer Form eingesetzt werden. Die Verwendung von Calciumkarbonat allein hat jedoch den Nachteil, dass bei einer direkten Chargierung in den Vergaser nicht unbeträchtliche Energiemengen für die Austreibung und Umsetzung von C02 erforderlich sind. In besonders bevorzugter Weise wird daher erfindungsgemäss Calciumcarbid als Entschwefelungsmittel eingesetzt. Die Entschwefelungsreaktion mit CaC2 läuft unter Energieabgabe und bevorzugt in Richtung niedriger Temperaturen ab.

Figure imgb0002
In the process according to the invention, manganese, calcium, magnesium, alkalis or rare earths in the form of oxides, carbides, carbonates, alloys, mixed metals or in metallic form can be used as the desulfurizing agent. However, the use of calcium carbonate alone has the disadvantage that, when charging directly into the carburetor, considerable amounts of energy are required to drive off and convert C0 2 . Calcium carbide is therefore used according to the invention in a particularly preferred manner as a desulfurization agent. The desulfurization reaction with CaC 2 takes place with the release of energy and preferably in the direction of low temperatures.
Figure imgb0002

Calciumcarbid bewirkt auch als Desoxidationsmittel eine Verringerung des FeO-Gehaltes in der Schlacke. Die Reaktionsprodukte CaO und CaS werden von der Schlacke aufgenommen. In vorteilhafter Weise wird im Rahmen des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens so vorgegangen, dass der körnige und der stückige Anteil des Entschwefelungsmittels oberhalb der Kohlewirbelschicht oder seitlich in diese aufgegeben wird. Hierbei kann das Entschwefelungsmittel in einfacher Weise zusammen mit Kohle, Zuschlags- oder Kreislaufstoffen eingebracht werden.Calcium carbide also acts as a deoxidizer to reduce the FeO content in the slag. The reaction products CaO and CaS are taken up by the slag. The process according to the invention is advantageously carried out in such a way that the granular and the lumpy portion of the desulfurization agent is introduced above or laterally into the carbon fluidized bed. Here, the desulfurization agent can be introduced in a simple manner together with coal, aggregates or recycling materials.

Zur Einstellung der günstigsten Korngrössen ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die Entschwefelungsmittel zumindest teilweise in agglomerierter Form eingebracht werden.To set the most favorable grain sizes, it is advantageous if the desulfurizing agents are at least partially introduced in agglomerated form.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an Hand eines Ausführungsbeispieles näher erläutert. Pro Tonne Roheisen wurden in einem Einschmelzvergaser etwa 1000 kg Kohle eingesetzt. Die Kohle hatte einen Schwefelgehalt von 1,0%. Der Schwefel setzte sich aus 60% organisch gebundenem Schwefel und 40% anorganischem Schwefel (Pyrit, Sulfide, Sulfat-S) zusammen. Der grösste Teil an anorganischem Schwefel wurde bei der Entgasung der Kohle frei und ging ins Reduktionsgas. Der Restschwefel, ca. 6-7 kg/t Roheisen, wurde im Wirbelbett bei der Verbrennung vor den Düsen bzw. Vergasung der verkokten Kohle in den gasförmigen Zustand übergeführt (S-Dampf, S02, COS). Bei der Wirbelung kam der gasförmige Schwefel mit dem feinkörnigen CaC2 in Kontakt und wurde zu CaS abgebunden. Etwa 4 kg S wurden auf diese Weise in CaS übergeführt. Die restlichen 3 kg wurden entweder vom Zuschlagskalk oder vom heissen Eisenschwamm, der durch das Wirbelbett hindurchfiel, absorbiert. Der FeShältige Eisenschwamm wurde anschliessend beim Kontakt mit dem auf der Schlackenoberfläche schwimmenden stückigen Calciumcarbid entschefelt.The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. About 1000 kg of coal were used in a smelting gasifier per ton of pig iron. The coal had a sulfur content of 1.0%. The sulfur was composed of 60% organically bound sulfur and 40% inorganic sulfur (pyrite, sulfide, sulfate-S). Most of the inorganic sulfur was released during the degassing of the coal and went into the reducing gas. The remaining sulfur, approx. 6-7 kg / t pig iron, was converted into the gaseous state in the fluidized bed during combustion in front of the nozzles or gasification of the coked coal (S-Dampf, S0 2 , COS). During the swirling, the gaseous sulfur came into contact with the fine-grained CaC 2 and was bound to CaS. About 4 kg of S were converted into CaS in this way. The remaining 3 kg were either absorbed by the aggregate lime or by the hot sponge iron that fell through the fluidized bed. The iron sponge containing Fe was then desulfurized on contact with the lumpy calcium carbide floating on the slag surface.

Bei einem Ausnutzungsgrad von 80% des eingesetzten Calciumcarbids ergab sich nachfolgende Gleichung:

  • 12 kg CaC2 + 6 kg S = 13,5 kg CaS + 4,5 kg C ein Bedarf von 15 kg CaC2, wobei % in körniger und % in stückiger Form chargiert wurde.
With a degree of utilization of 80% of the calcium carbide used, the following equation resulted:
  • 12 kg CaC 2 + 6 kg S = 13: 5 kg CaS + 4.5 kg C a requirement of 15 kg CaC 2, wherein in granular% and% was charged in particulate form.

Das Reaktionsprodukt CaS löste sich in der Schlacke. Je nach spezifischer Schlackenmenge lag der Schwefelgehalt der Schlacke zwischen 2 und 3% und der Schwefel im Roheisen bei 0,1%.The reaction product CaS dissolved in the slag. Depending on the specific amount of slag, the sulfur content of the slag was between 2 and 3% and the sulfur in pig iron was 0.1%.

Claims (7)

1. Process for removing sulfur during the melting of pig iron within a fluidized coal layer, characterized in that a lumpy and grainy desulfurating agent is introduced into the fluidized coal layer and into the slag layer, that the proportion of the desulfurating agent for the fluidized coal layer is introduced within a range of grain sizes of 0.5 to 5mm and the proportion of the desulfurating agent for the slag is introduced within a range of grain sizes of 5 to 50mm and that the proportion of lumpy desulfurating agents is ≤ 50% of the total mixture.
2. Process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that manganese, calcium magnesium, alkali metals ore rare earth metals in the form of oxides, carbides, carbonates, alloys or in metallic form are used as the desulfurating agent.
3. Process as claimed in any of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the grainy and the lumpy proportions of the desulfurating agent are charged above the fluidized coal layer or laterally into this layer.
4. Process as claimed in any of claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the desulfulrating agent is introduced together with coal, additives or materials recycled within the process.
5. Process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the desulfurating agents are at least partially introduced in agglomerated form.
6. Process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a mixture of several desulfurating agents is introduced in the form of granulates or agglomerates. -
7. Process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the desulfurating agent is as a whole or partially charged together with the ore.
EP84890076A 1983-05-04 1984-04-26 Sulphur removing method during pig iron melting Expired EP0128131B1 (en)

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AT1646/83 1983-05-04
AT0164683A AT387036B (en) 1983-05-04 1983-05-04 METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM THE MELTING OF RAW IRON

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AT388176B (en) * 1987-07-30 1989-05-10 Voest Alpine Ag METHOD AND PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LIQUID RAW IRON OR STEEL PRE-PRODUCTS FROM LIQUID, IRON OXIDE-CONTAINING MATERIALS
CN115044402B (en) * 2022-06-13 2023-04-25 太原理工大学 In-situ high-temperature leaching desulfurization method for coal

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DE1153395B (en) * 1953-05-29 1963-08-29 Werner Wenzel Dr Ing Process for iron extraction from suspended, dusty or fine-grained iron ores using fuels with a fine degree of distribution
DE1160457B (en) * 1955-06-18 1964-01-02 Knapsack Ag Process for saving coke and increasing performance in the production of pig iron in the blast furnace
DE2133860A1 (en) * 1970-07-07 1972-01-13 Barker, Arnold Verdun, Palm Beach, New South Wales (Australien) Direct reduction of iron ore - using cyclone furnace and electric arc or induction furnace
US3948640A (en) * 1973-04-30 1976-04-06 Boliden Aktiebolag Method of carrying out heat-requiring chemical and/or physical processes
DE2401909C3 (en) * 1974-01-16 1985-06-27 Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen Process for the production of steel
SE388875B (en) * 1975-03-03 1976-10-18 Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags Ab MAKE REDUCTION OF Fine-grained IRON OXIDE-CONTAINING MATERIAL IN MOVING BED
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SE457265B (en) * 1981-06-10 1988-12-12 Sumitomo Metal Ind PROCEDURE AND ESTABLISHMENT FOR PREPARATION OF THANKS

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