EP0127004B1 - Sail arrangement on a ship - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a sailing ship with at least one rigidly connected mast, to which curved frames are fastened, which can be pivoted with the aid of brass devices, a drivable shaft for reefing the sail stretched between these frames in the central region of the frames between two frames lying one above the other is arranged, on each of which one half of the sail is attached on diametrically opposite sides, and wherein the outer upper and lower corners of the sails are connected to wires, ropes or the like running generally in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the frame, through which the sails for setting can be pulled outwards.

A sailing ship of this type is known from Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 56-63595. The frames are attached to a shaft attached to the mast so that they can be pivoted by rotating the shaft. The disadvantage is that considerable forces are transmitted to the shaft at higher wind speeds, so that this device should only be used with smaller ships. In addition, the sails are apparently attached to vertical rigid elements (shaft for winding up the sail and a corresponding outer part, which is obviously movable in the longitudinal direction of the frames). Due to this clamping on rigid elements, the bulky nature of the sail is essentially predetermined, so that it cannot be adapted to different wind conditions.

In contrast, it is an object of the invention to provide a sailing ship that has a sail that can be adapted particularly well to different wind conditions and is also suitable for large ships.

In particular, however, it is the object of the invention to create a sailing ship which can be sailed much higher on the wind than known frame sailors, but which has the advantageous operability of modern frame sailers.

The solution according to the invention is that the upper and lower leeches of the sails are held in grooves in the frames, that the sails have a smaller width in the middle than above and below and a smaller height than outside on the inside, the vertical distance between the frames varying accordingly, and that the mast comprises three interconnected struts, of which two transversely _h to Sc iffslängsachse next to each other and the third in the middle in front of these two struts, said the yards are attached to the third strut and the Brass devices on the yards and the two struts have attached ropes or wires.

The upper and lower leeches of the sails are thus held in grooves in the frames, while the outer leech is free and is not held rigidly, so. that the bulbous shape of the sail is not hindered. Furthermore, the sails have a smaller width in the middle than above and below; in addition, they have a lower height on the inside than on the outside, the frames tapering towards the ends, so that the vertical frame distance in the end region is greater than in the middle. Since the wires or cables with which the sails are stretched essentially follow the longitudinal extension of the frames, the sails are not only pulled and held outwards by the cables. Rather, the upper outer corner of the sail is also pulled up, the lower outer corner also pulled down, so that not only the upper and lower leech are tensioned, but also the outer leech. In this way, tension is more or less uniformly transmitted to the entire sail, which leads to very advantageous sailing properties.

It should be ensured by appropriate distance of the deflection rollers in the nock area that the sail does not touch the deflection rollers, since otherwise it cannot be properly tensioned. If these pulleys are sufficiently far outwards, the outer leech will also be tensioned better, which is crucial for the windward outer leech when sailing on the wind.

In contrast to the known sailing ship, a three-legged mast is also used, from the rear two struts of which are spaced in the transverse direction of the ship. Ropes or wires run as brass devices to the frames, so that the forces transmitted by the wind to the sails and frames are better absorbed can, as is the case with the previously known construction. The bending of the frames, as is to be expected in the previously known construction, due to the wind pressure, can be avoided by these wires or ropes, which gives rise to the more advantageous sailing properties mentioned. The three-leg mast and the special brass fittings are known per se from the article "Freighter under sail - not an issue in Germany from the magazine" Schiff und Hafen / Kommandobrücke ", December 1980, Issue 12, pages 35 to 37, especially the upper figure on page 35.

The sailing ship according to the invention can be used to sail very high on the wind. A brass angle of up to 20 ° is possible, while a traditional bream is only possible to bream up to 66 °. In this way, the sailing ship according to the invention reaches significantly higher speeds on the wind, which for the first time also enables the recovery of energy or the recovery of electrical energy, which is used for propulsion during periods of calm or for the operation of the ship (auxiliary devices, air conditioning, etc.) can be.

The wave on which the sail can be wound for reefing can e.g. B. have a round cross-section. However, it can be provided according to the invention that the shaft essentially Lichen has an elliptical cross section, the major major axis of the ellipse being parallel to the tangent direction of the curvature of the frames at the location of the shaft. Then the wave offers little resistance to the wind due to its elliptical cross section. Nevertheless, the sail can be rolled up quickly on the wave. By appropriate construction, it is easily possible to design the arrangement so that only 10, at most 12 revolutions of the shaft are necessary to fully wind up the sail.

When designing the document, two different drives are provided, one for reefing and one for setting sail. The construction is considerably simpler if it is provided according to the invention that the wires, ropes or the like for setting the sails are fastened to a drum rigidly connected to the shaft in such a way that they are unwound when the sail is wound up and vice versa, being by elastic elements are excited.

So only the shaft with the drums is rotated; the drum diameter is chosen so that the tensioning of the sails by the ropes or wires takes place at exactly the same speed as the sails are released by the shaft and vice versa. Any irregularities of these two movements can be compensated for by the elastic elements that z. B. may be spring-loaded pulleys.

If the sails are reefed or set, the lieks move in the grooves of the frames. In order that the lieks do not get stuck in the grooves, they do not have the essentially round cross section, which is formed by a rope around which the sail is sewn. Rather, it is provided according to the invention that the leeks held in the grooves of the frames have an elongated cross section, the greatest longitudinal extent of the cross section being perpendicular to the sail surface.

This makes it much easier to set and reef the sails. Such problem-free setting and reefing is necessary so that as many functions of the sailing ship as possible can be remotely controlled.

According to the invention, the leeches held in the grooves of the frames can have a link chain with links alternately extending in two mutually perpendicular planes, the sail being connected to every second of the links. Every second of the links thus has the large extent perpendicular to the sail surface for holding the lag in the undercut groove, while the intermediate links, which are arranged essentially in the surface of the sail, are connected to the sail.

If the sails are wound up on the shaft for reefing, then a thicker roll would result at the edge if the sails have a rectangular cross-section, since here several layers of the relatively thick leeches lie one above the other. Since the sails have a lower height on the inside than on the outside, the leeks wind up helically, which reduces the thickening of the edges of the wound sail.

If the shaft has a helical groove for receiving a part of the luff when the sail is wound onto the shaft, this thickening becomes even less. Particularly in the case of the elongated leech, as described above, this arrangement has the advantage that the large transverse expansion of the leech, which is advantageous in the frames, does not interfere with the winding of the sails on the shaft.

Means are advantageously provided for changing the curvature of the frames so that the sailing properties can be adapted particularly well to different wind strengths and directions of the apparent wind. It should be mentioned that although it is known to change the curvature of a large tree (FR-A-2 472 508), only an existing curvature can be shifted to a limited extent in the tree longitudinal direction.

The curvature of the frames should be changeable, especially in the nock area, especially in the outermost third or quarter of the frames.

According to the invention, a much more extensive adjustment is possible. For this purpose, in an advantageous embodiment, the frames consist of at least two rod-shaped elements arranged one behind the other, which are connected to one another, at least one of which is flexible and at least one of which has a variable length. If the length of the rod-shaped element is changed with a variable length, the curvature of the frames also changes.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment, each frame has two front bar-shaped elements, which are arranged one above the other, which carry a groove for receiving one luff each and are provided with joints, and a rear bar-shaped element, which consists of sections which are the sections between the Joints correspond to the front rod-shaped elements, means for changing the spacing of the sections being provided.

If the distance of the sections of the rear rod-shaped element is changed, the kink angle between the distances of the front rod-shaped elements changes. In this way, you can not only change the overall curvature of the frame, but also influence the curvature locally at certain desired points in order to be able to adapt the frame profile to an ideal profile as well as possible. If three joints are provided on each side of the frame, each of which can be changed by 2 °, the overall angle of curvature of the frames can be increased by 6 °. If this angle of curvature was previously 12 °, a maximum angle of curvature of 18 ° can be achieved. Expedient it will also be provided that the curvature on the windward and leeward side can be changed separately. If you sail on the wind, you will only increase the curvature on the windward side. If you are sailing in front of the wind, you will bend the frames more strongly on both sides in order to get the best possible balloon shape for the sails. Of course, the groove for receiving the leech in the vicinity of the joints must be designed accordingly, for example with appropriate sleeves, so that the leech of the sail cannot get jammed in the vicinity of the joints.

The distance between the sections of the rear rod-shaped element and thus the curvature can be changed in a particularly simple manner by hydraulic piston-cylinder units. Such a hydraulic piston-cylinder unit is required for each joint.

The means for changing the distance can also have levers attached to a shaft and actuating rods attached to the levers. Thus, for example, the curvature of the individual joints can be adjusted differently at the same time by rotating only one shaft by making the levers of different lengths. A larger lever length then corresponds to a larger change in the angle of curvature at the corresponding joint.

The devices for reefing and setting the sails, for breaming and for changing the curvature of the frames can be actuated electrically and / or hydraulically, and control devices for the electrical or hydraulic actuation can be arranged at a central location on the ship or at some central locations on the ship . It is therefore no longer necessary, as has been the case up to now, to go directly to the mast where the sail position is to be changed in order to change the sail position, to reef and set the sails. In this way, the large number of seafarers who were previously required to operate a sailing ship is no longer necessary, which only enables the economic operation of such a sailing ship.

• Figur 1 in perspektivischer Ansicht und schematisch einen Mast und die Rahen eines erfindungsgemäßen Segelschiffes;
• Figur 2 einen horizontalen Querschnitt durch den Mast ein wenig oberhalb einer Rahe ;
• Figur 3 einen Ausschnitt aus Fig. 2, der die Welle zum Aufwickeln des Segels zeigt ;
• Figur 4 eine Ansicht einer Rahe, gesehen von vorne, in der die Einrichtungen zum Reffen und Setzen der Segel schematisch dargestellt sind ;
• Figur 5 einen Querschnitt durch ein Liek eines Segels, das vorteilhafterweise beim erfindungsgemäßen Segelschiff verwendet wird ;
• Figur 6 eine Detaildarstellung einer anderen Liekform ;
• Figur 7 einen vertikalen Querschnitt durch eine vorteilhafte Ausführungsform einer Rahe ;
• Figur 8 die Rahe der Fig. 6 in Draufsicht und
• Figur 9 schematisch die durch die Seile/Drähte zum Setzen/Halten des Segels ausgeübten Kräfte.

The invention is described below, for example, using advantageous embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it :

• Figure 1 is a perspective view and schematically a mast and the rims of a sailing ship according to the invention;
• Figure 2 shows a horizontal cross section through the mast a little above a frame;
• FIG. 3 shows a detail from FIG. 2, which shows the shaft for winding up the sail;
• FIG. 4 shows a view of a rake, seen from the front, in which the devices for reefing and setting the sails are shown schematically;
• FIG. 5 shows a cross section through a leech of a sail, which is advantageously used in the sailing ship according to the invention;
• FIG. 6 shows a detailed illustration of another form of lay;
• FIG. 7 shows a vertical cross section through an advantageous embodiment of a frame;
• Figure 8 shows the frame of Fig. 6 in plan view and
• Figure 9 schematically shows the forces exerted by the ropes / wires for setting / holding the sail.

In Fig. 1, a hull 1 of a sailing ship is shown schematically, the bow of which must be thought beyond the left edge of the figure. On the hull 1 on the deck of the same three vertical struts 2, 3 and 4 are attached, which are connected at the height of the frames 5 to 9 to stiffen the mast structure with struts 10.

On the front vertical strut 2, the frames 5 to 9 are fastened horizontally, which can be braced with ropes 11, which are fastened to the corresponding frame 5 to 9 and one of the rear struts 3 and 4 standing next to one another. The entire mast with frames and brass fittings thus forms a free-standing unit; there is no need to stretch any ropes, wires or the like between different masts. It goes without saying that instead of the one mast shown in FIG. 1, several masts with corresponding frames and devices can be arranged one behind the other on the hull 1.

In Fig. 2, which shows a horizontal section through the mast a little above the frame, it is shown that the frame (for example, the frame 8) is pivotally attached to the front strut 2 at 12. The frame is held at a distance from the mast strut 2 by struts 13 or similar devices. The brass devices consist of a rope, one end of which is attached to the vertical mast strut 4 at 14. The rope then runs around a roller 15 on the frame 8, a roller 16 on the mast strut 4, is wound a few turns around a winch 17, then runs around a roller 18 on the mast strut 3 and a roller 19, which in turn on the frame 8 is provided. The other end of this rope is attached to the mast strut 3 at 20. As can be easily seen when looking at FIG. 2, the frame 8 can be made by driving the winch, which can be done, for example, electrically or hydraulically. An additional manual drive for the winch 17 can also be provided for emergencies.

If the winch is driven in one direction, the rope 11 is tightened, for example, on the right and celebrated on the left. In this way the frame is brought clockwise to a position which is shown schematically at 8 'and which indicates the very large brass angle which can be achieved with the sailing ship according to the invention. If the winch 17 is driven in the other direction, the bream occurs in the opposite direction.

In Fig. 3, which is a section of the illustration 2, the shaft 21 fastened in front of the mast strut 2 between the frames for winding up the halves 22a and 22b of the sail is also shown. The shaft 21 has an elongated or elliptical cross-section, the largest longitudinal extension having the direction of the tangent to the curvature of the frames at this point. The shaft 21 is rotatable at 42 around a vertical axis and can be rotated by hydraulic motors or electrical motors, not shown, if necessary also by manual operation.

The sails 22a and 22b are attached at diametrically opposite locations on the shaft 21. The sails can be reefed by rotating the shaft 21, which winds up the sails.

The mechanism of how this is achieved is shown in yet another detail in FIG. 4. On the shaft 21, rope pulleys 23 are still attached above and below, around which a rope 24 is wound a few turns, with which the sails can be set. These cables 24 are wrapped in the vicinity of the outer ends of the spars 8 around a pulley 25 and secured at 26 _h älfte at the respective sail. If the shaft rotates in one direction, the two halves of the sail 22a and 22b are wound up, while on the other hand the rope 24 is secured. The spring 36 ensures that the rope 24 is always tight.

If the direction of rotation of the shaft 21 is now reversed, the cable 24 is tightened on both sides of the frame, as a result of which the sail halves are pulled away from the winding shaft 21.

The upper leeks 48 of the sails are partially received by a helical groove 51 when they are wound onto the shaft 21 (the sail 22a is shown partially broken away to clarify this).

Of course, the sails do not need to be completely reefed or set completely. In the event of a storm, intermediate positions are also possible, but expediently the shaft will be rotated so far that its greatest longitudinal extent of the cross section has the direction of the tangent to the curvature of the frames, that is to say the position shown in FIG. 3, so that the shaft 21 is as small as possible creates additional wind resistance.

In FIG. 5, a cross-section through the frame 8 with a groove 27 is also shown in broken lines, in which the luff 28 of the sail runs when the sails are set and reefed. The luff is made so that two ropes 28 are arranged next to each other and not just one rope, as is common. The end region of the sail 22a is then wrapped around the two cables 28 and sewn at 29.

6 shows another form of lay. The Liek has a link chain in which the levels of the chain links are alternately perpendicular to each other. Every other chain link 43 that extends substantially in the plane of the sail 22 is connected to the sail at 44, e.g. B. sewn. The intermediate chain links 45 extend in a plane perpendicular thereto (arrow 46) and are thus reliably held by the groove 27.

7 shows a vertical cross section through a particularly advantageous embodiment of a frame. The frame consists of three rod-shaped elements 30, 31 and 32 which are arranged essentially parallel to one another. Two of the rod-shaped elements, i.e. the rod-shaped elements 30 and 31 are arranged one above the other, the third rod-shaped element 32 is arranged halfway between the rod elements 30 and 31 behind them. The rod-shaped elements 30, 31 and 32 are still connected to struts 33.

Fig. 8 shows the middle and outer part of a row. Approximately a third of its length has been omitted from the drawing at 52. As the figure shows, the upper rod-shaped element 30 (and correspondingly the lower rod-shaped element 31) consists of sections 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d which are connected to joints 34 at their connection points. Behind these sections is the groove 27 for the leech of the sail. This groove is arranged in a correspondingly flexible carrier or in such a carrier that it does not lose its guiding properties even when the sections 30a to 30d are pivoted about the joints 34 by a small angle.

This pivoting is effected in that the rod-shaped element 32 also consists of sections 32a, 32b, 32c and 32d which correspond to the sections 30a to 30d of the front upper rod-shaped element. The individual sections 32a to 32d are connected to one another in such a way that one element can penetrate into the adjacent one at different depths, for example by means of a pin which can penetrate into a corresponding hole at different depths. The depth of this penetration and thus the distance between the sections 32a to 32d is varied by piston-cylinder units 35. By changing the distance between the elements 32a to 32d, the curvature of the frame is changed in order to obtain the best possible adaptation of the sail to the prevailing wind conditions.

9 schematically shows the shape of the sail 22 which is used according to the invention. This sail is subjected to a tensile force in the direction of arrows 47 by the wires or cables 24 with which it is set and tensioned. As this is exaggerated in the figure, it can be seen that not only the upper and lower leeks 48 and 49 are tensioned by these forces, but also the outer leech 50. As a result, the entire sail is tensioned more or less uniformly. The leeches are particularly stretched because the deflection pulleys are still at a distance from the sail even in the event that the ropes 24 are fully stretched and because of the curvature of the frame parts indicated by dashed lines at 6 and 7 apart from each other than would be the case with deflection rollers located further inside.

Claims (15)

1. Sailing ship (1) with at least one mast (2, 3, 4) connected rigidly thereto, to which curved yards (5 to 9) are attached, which are able to tilt by means of braces (11 to 20), a shaft (21) which can be driven and serves for reefing the sail (22, 22a, 22) spread out between these yards being located in the central region of the yards (5 to 9) respectively between two yards lying one above the other, on which shaft one half of the sail respectively is attached at diametrically opposed sides and in which case the outer upper and lower corners (26) of the sail are connected to wires (24), ropes or the like extending generally in the longitudinal direction of the yards, by which the sails can be pulled outwards for setting, characterised in that the upper and lower leeches (48, 49) of the sail (22, 22a, 22b) are held in grooves (27) in the yards (5 to 9), that in the centre the sails are narrower than at the top and bottom and on the inside have a reduced height with respect to the outside, in which case the vertical yard spacing is varied accordingly and that the mast comprises three interconnected stuts (2, 3, 4), whereof two (3, 4) are arranged one beside the other at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the ship and the third (2) is located in the centre in front of these two struts, the yards (5 to 9) being attached to the third strut (2) and the braces comprising ropes or wires (11) attached to the yards and the two struts.

2. Sailing ship according to Claim 1, characterised in that the spacing of the guide rollers (25) for the wires or ropes (24) for bracing the sail is greater than the corresponding length of the upper or lower leech (48, 49).

3. Sailing ship according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the shaft (21) has an essentially elliptical cross section, in which case the large major axis of the ellipse is parallel to the tangential direction of the curvature of the yards (5-9) at the location of the shaft (21).

4. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the wires, ropes (24) or the like for setting the sails (22, 22a, 22b) are attached to a drum or rope sheave (23) connected rigidly to the shaft (21), that they are unwound when the sail is taken up and vice versa, in which case they are tensioned by resilient members (36).

5. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the leeches (48, 49) held in the grooves (27) of the yards (5-9) have an oblong cross section, in which case the greatest longitudinal extent of the cross section is at right angles to the surface of the sail.

6. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the leeches (48, 49) held in the grooves (27) in the yards (5-9) comprise a link belt (43, 45) with links extending alternately in two planes perpendicular to each other, the sail (22, 22a, 22b) being connected to every other link (43).

7. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the shaft (21) comprises a helical groove (51) for receiving part of the leach (48, 49) when the sail is taken up on the shaft.

8. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that it comprises devices for varying the curvature of the yards.

9. Sailing ship according to Claim 8, characterised in that the curvature of the yards is variable solely in the outer region, in particular in the outermost third to quarter of the same in the region of the yard-arm.

10. Sailing ship according to Claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the yards consist of at least two rod-like members (30, 32) arranged one behind the other, which are connected to each other, whereof at least one (30) is flexible and whereof at least one (32) has a variable length.

11. Sailing ship according to Claim 10, characterised in that each yard comprises two front rod-like members (30, 31), which are arranged one above the other, which comprise a groove (27) respectively for receiving a leech (48, 49) and are provided with articulations (34) and a rear rod-like member (32), which consists of sections (32a-32d), which correspond to the section (30a-30d) between the articulations fo the front rod-like members, devices (35) being provided for varying the spacing of the sections.

12. Sailing ship according to Claim 11, characterised in that the devices for varying the spacing are hydraulic piston/cylinder units (35).

13. Sailing ship according to Claim 12, characterised in that the devices for varying the spacing (35) comprise levers attached to a shaft and actuating rods attached to the levers.

14. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 13, characterised in that the devices for reefing and setting the sails, for trimming and for varying the curvature of the yards can be operated electrically.

15. Sailing ship according to one of Claims 1 to 14, characterised in that the devices for reefing and setting the sails, for trimming and for varying the curvature of the yards can be operated hydraulically.

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