EP0126626B1 - Coupleur d'ouverture rayonnant à guide d'ondes résonnant - Google Patents

Coupleur d'ouverture rayonnant à guide d'ondes résonnant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0126626B1
EP0126626B1 EP19840303356 EP84303356A EP0126626B1 EP 0126626 B1 EP0126626 B1 EP 0126626B1 EP 19840303356 EP19840303356 EP 19840303356 EP 84303356 A EP84303356 A EP 84303356A EP 0126626 B1 EP0126626 B1 EP 0126626B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waveguide
line
elements
phase
radiating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19840303356
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0126626A3 (en
EP0126626A2 (fr
Inventor
Richard F. Frazita
Alfred R. Lopez
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BAE Systems Aerospace Inc
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Hazeltine Corp
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/497,349 external-priority patent/US4554550A/en
Priority claimed from US06/497,350 external-priority patent/US4554551A/en
Application filed by Hazeltine Corp filed Critical Hazeltine Corp
Publication of EP0126626A2 publication Critical patent/EP0126626A2/fr
Publication of EP0126626A3 publication Critical patent/EP0126626A3/en
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Publication of EP0126626B1 publication Critical patent/EP0126626B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/267—Phased-array testing or checking devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to phase-stable manifolds and, in particular, a resonant waveguide for monitoring a scanning beam antenna essentially independent of temperature and frequency over a practical range and for monitoring a scanning beam antenna at a scan angle which is not aligned with the boresight direction of the antenna.
  • Slotted waveguides are sometimes used as aperture manifolds which couple to the radiated signal of a phased-array antenna to monitor its performance.
  • Such waveguide manifolds are used in Microwave Landing System (MLS) ground systems for producing a signal equivalent to a signal viewed by a receiver at a specific angle within the coverage volume of the ground system.
  • MLS Microwave Landing System
  • Such waveguide manifolds provide a far-field view of the scanning beam of the ground system and, additionally, measure the antenna insertion phase and amplitude associated with each individual array element.
  • Waveguide manifolds used to monitor elevation and azimuth scanning beams of an MLS ground system have been waveguides which propagate travelling waves and, consequently, the phasing characteristics are frequency and temperature dependent. The result is that the scan angle of the beam monitored at the waveguide output is also temperature and frequency dependent. Furthermore, for monitoring MLS azimuth scanning, a travelling wave manifold does not inherently monitor the zero degree course over the MLS operating frequency bandwidth. This is because the beam pointing characteristic of a travelling wave manifold is frequency and temperature dependent.
  • monitoring apparatus for coupling to a scanning beam antenna, said antenna comprising an array of radiating elements spaced apart from one another by a given distance and fed with energy in selected varying relative phases to cause the array to radiate a desired radiation pattern and to scan said pattern across a selected angular region, said monitoring apparatus being adapted to monitor said radiating antenna in respect of a predetermined scan angle; said monitoring apparatus characterized by: a transmission line for directing electromagnetic energy in a predetermined frequency range, said line having first and second ends; a first short circuit at the first end of said line; a second short circuit at the second end of said line, whereby said line is a resonant line; a low VSWR transducer coupled to said line between said first and second ends to convert electromagnetic energy, having a frequency within said predetermined frequency range and propagating along the line, into an electrical output signal; a plurality of sampling elements adapted to be coupled to respective individual radiating elements of said phased array, said sampling elements being coupled to said line at spaced apart points along
  • US-A-3328800 describes apparatus comprising: a transmission line for directing electromagnetic energy in a predetermined frequency range, said line having first and second ends; means for introducing energy having a frequency within the predetermined frequency range into said transmission line; a first short circuit at the first end of said line; and a second short circuit at the second end of said line, whereby said transmission line is resonant.
  • That described apparatus is a radiating antenna whereas the present invention relates to apparatus for monitoring radiated signals such as signals radiated by a radiating antenna.
  • an efficient radiating antenna is not suitable for use as monitoring apparatus.
  • US-A-3293550 describes the use of a single input waveguide for monitoring the signals present in another waveguide.
  • the other waveguide does not radiate, i.e. energy present therein is contained therein and the waveguide is not an antenna whose radiated output is to be monitored.
  • the single input waveguide is coupled to the energy waveguide at a single port element.
  • a prior art travelling wave manifold 100 made of conductive material is provided with an output transducer such as connector 101 which receives a wave propagating along propagation path 102 which is terminated in absorber 103 or other non-reflecting terminating means at the far end.
  • Side 104 functions as a short circuit which reflects waves propagating to the left.
  • Side 105 of waveguide 100 is provided with weakly coupled input slots 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 and 113 having spacing d.
  • phase relationship between adjacent slots 106 and 107 is given by the following formula: As shown by the formula, the phase of slot 107 ( ⁇ 107) as compared to the phase of slot 106 ( ⁇ 106) is dependent upon the spacing d and the waveguide wavelength ( ⁇ g ). All other adjacent slots have similar phase relationships. Since spacing d is temperature dependent (conductive material such as copper or aluminum expands or contracts with temperature variations) and the waveguide wavelength ⁇ g is frequency dependent, travelling wave manifold 100 is both frequency and temperature dependent.
  • the monitored beam pointing angle, ⁇ , for the travelling wave manifold having adjacent slots fed in phase opposition is represented by a corresponding signal at the manifold output connector as a result of excitations imparted at the manifold slots.
  • ⁇ arc sin ⁇ (1 - ( ⁇ o f o / ⁇ co f)2 - ⁇ o f o /2df)
  • an aperture manifold 4 is associated with the antenna elements of array 1.
  • Manifold 4 may be any means for forming a signal provided by output 12 which represents a beam pointing angle of the radiated beam.
  • manifold 4 is a highly phase stable waveguide or manifold, such as the invention, coupled to the array 2 and center-fed to avoid inherent frequency (phase) and temperature effects. Center feeding also eliminates first-order dependence on frequency and absolute temperature variations.
  • manifold 4 refers to any type of device for sampling signals including a waveguide, a printed circuit network, a coaxial line network or a power combiner.
  • a phase stable manifold is, by definition, one in which the beam formed by summing of the slot excitations is insensitive to frequency and temperature changes and is used in combination with a phased array in accordance with this invention to detect error at a specific beam pointing angle.
  • Manifold 4 is equivalent in function to a probe located in space at a specific angle with respect to the phased array.
  • a manifold in accordance with the present invention may be a slotted waveguide configured to monitor radiated energy such that there is equal, non-zero phase and equal amplitude at all sample points (i.e. slot locations) of the manifold.
  • the output 12 of manifold 4 is coupled to means 5, associated with means 3, for controlling the scanning of the radiated beam in response to the output 12 of manifold 4.
  • FIG 3 illustrates a resonant waveguide 200 according to the invention.
  • Waveguide 200 is provided with a first end 201 terminating in a short circuit such as a conductive sheet of metal perpendicular to the sides of waveguide 200 and a second end 202 terminating in a short circuit.
  • Waveguide 200 is center fed by a transducer which converts an electrical signal into electromagnetic energy and vice versa.
  • the transducer is any connector well known in the prior art such as output connector 203 which receive waves propagating in both directions along path 204.
  • Side 205 of waveguide 200 is provided with slots 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, and 214 for coupling to a radiating antenna.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a 180 o degree phase compensating pattern of the coupling slots which will be described below.
  • Figures 5 and 6 illustrate preferred rectangular crossections of waveguide 200.
  • an incident wave radiated by connector 203 has a constant amplitude A inc along the entire length of waveguide 200. This is because amplitude tapers in the travelling wave caused by the coupling slots is counteracted and eliminated by the resonance of waveguide 200.
  • waveguide 200 may be used in either a transmitting or receiving mode.
  • connector 203 In the transmitting mode, connector 203 is connected via isolator 215 to a signal source (not shown). The signal is converted by connector 203 to electromagnetic wave energy which propagates along waveguide 200 and is radiated by slots 206-214.
  • slots 206-214 are illuminated by electromagnetic wave energy which propagates along waveguide 200 and is converted by connector 203 into an electrical signal.
  • the invention has been described in a receiving mode.
  • Figure 8 is an illustration of the incident phase ⁇ inc of the wave radiated by connector 203 and illustrates that the phase along waveguide 200 is linearly changing.
  • figure 9 illustrates that the amplitude of the reflected wave A ref is constant along the entire length of waveguide 200.
  • the phase of the reflected wave ⁇ ref propagating within waveguide 200 is linearly changing with distance.
  • the result, as illustrated in figure 11, is a standing wave having a plurality of cells of alternating phase of zero degrees and 180 degrees between spacing d of the slots.
  • each slot is located within one of the standing wave cells of waveguide 200 so that the resulting manifold output will be temperature and frequency independent as long as the variations in temperature and frequency are within the range such that there is one and only one slot or group of slots located within each standing wave cell.
  • This aperture manifold provides a beam forming capability which is independent of frequency and temperature since the phase within each standing wave cell is constant.
  • isolator 215 is located within the line feeding connector 203.
  • each slot is located within one of the standing wave cells of waveguide 200.
  • the resulting manifold output will have equal phase for each coupling slot and will be temperature and frequency independent as long as the variations in temperature and frequency are within the range such that there is one and only one slot or group of slots located within each standing wave cell.
  • the resulting manifold output will approximate an 11.25 o beam pointing angle.
  • This aperture manifold provides a beam forming capability which is independent of frequency and temperature since the phase within each standing wave cell is constant.
  • isolator 215 is located within the line feeding connector 203.
  • the beam pointing angle is generally not 0 o and the beam radiated by manifold 200 is not perpendicular to path 204 because of the nonequal phasing of the groups of slots.
  • slots 206-214 may be phased to approximate any beam pointing angle desired.
  • the range of the actual beam pointing angles which the slots of a particular manifold may approximate are limited by the physical configuration of the particular manifold. In any case, therefore, the phasing of manifold 200 is independent of frequency and coupling slot spacing over the operational frequency bandwidth.
  • input connector 203 is initially matched to waveguide 200 as if each end of waveguide 200 terminated in a non-reflecting absorber as shown in the prior art illustrated in figure 1.
  • Such a matched connector 203 is employed with waveguide 200 terminating in short circuits as illustrated in figure 3 thereby resulting in the resonant standing wave as shown in figure 11.
  • the required waveguide wavelength ⁇ g is twice the spacing d between coupling slots 206-214.
  • This spacing d is determined by the radiating characteristics of the phased array antenna associated with waveguide 200 and is typically slightly larger than 1/2 wavelength.
  • ridge loading as shown in Figure 6 is used to obtain this result.
  • opposing ridges 250R and 260R are located within waveguide 200R for eliminating odd mode resonance which may disturb the amplitude and phase of the slot excitations.
  • the maximum length, L, of a manifold according to the invention is limited by the operational frequency bandwidth of the phased array antenna with which it is associated. To limit the beam distortions caused by amplitude taper at the band edges, length L should not exceed the value given below: L ⁇ ⁇ o f o /2(f max ⁇ (1 - (1 - ⁇ o f o / ⁇ co f max )2) - f min ⁇ (1 - (1 - ⁇ o f o / ⁇ co f min )2))
  • two similar manifolds can be interconnected with equal length stable transmission lines.
  • Waveguide 300 may be one of a series of parallel waveguides forming the azimuth antenna of a Microwave Landing System (MLS) ground system. Such a ground system requires monitoring to evaluate its performance.
  • waveguide 200R functions as a manifold and is associated with each of the parallel waveguides 300. Ridge loading in waveguide 200R in the form of ridges 250R and 260R is used to match the guide wavelength of waveguide 200 to the required spacing of radiating waveguides 300.
  • waveguide 300 with polarized radiating slots 301 has a non-polarized opening 302 coupled to slot 208R.
  • Other vertical waveguides would be coupled to slots 206R and 207R.
  • Figure 13 illustrates another MLS ground system coupling configuration having non-polarized holes 506R, 507R and 508R in broad wall 509R of waveguide 500R and having ridge 510R on broad wall 511R.
  • the non-polarized holes are coupled to parallel radiating waveguides such as waveguide 300 by polarized slot 303.
  • polarized slot 303 For this configuration the required 180 degree phase reversals between adjacent coupling holes is incorporated in the design of waveguide 300.
  • Adjacent waveguides 300 have a 180 o phase reversal at their input wave launchers i.e. slot 303.
  • Figure 14 illustrates another MLS ground system coupling configuration wherein slots 206, 206a, 207, 207a, 208, 208a, are coupled to dipole array 400 which may function as an MLS elevation antenna.
  • this invention has been particularly described with regard to its function as an elevation manifold, it may be used as an azimuth manifold or other array monitor.

Landscapes

  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Appareil de contrôle prévu pour le couplage à une antenne à faisceau battant (1), cette antenne comprenant un réseau d'éléments rayonnants (1) mutuellement espacés d'une distance donnée, et alimentés avec de l'énergie correspondant à des phases relatives variables sélectionnées, pour faire en sorte que le réseau rayonne un diagramme de rayonnement désiré, et pour communiquer à ce diagramme un mouvement de balayage sur une région angulaire sélectionnée, cet appareil de contrôle étant conçu pour contrôler l'antenne rayonnante en ce qui concerne un angle de balayage prédéterminé;
       cet appareil de contrôle étant caractérisé par :
       une ligne de transmission (200) destinée à acheminer de l'énergie électromagnétique dans une gamme de fréquence prédéterminée, cette ligne ayant des première et seconde extrémités;
       un premier court-circuit (201) à la première extrémité de la ligne;
       un second court-circuit (202) à la seconde extrémité de la ligne, grâce à quoi la ligne est une ligne résonnante;
       un transducteur à faible rapport d'onde stationnaire (ROS) (203), couplé à la ligne entre les première et seconde extrémités, pour convertir en un signal de sortie électrique de l'énergie électromagnétique ayant une fréquence comprise dans la gamme de fréquence prédéterminée et se propageant le long de la ligne;
       un ensemble d'éléments d'échantillonnage (206-214), conçus pour être couplés à des éléments rayonnants individuels respectifs du réseau à commande par la phase, ces éléments d'échantillonnage étant couplés à la ligne en des points mutuellement espacés le long de la ligne, pour créer, au cours de l'utilisation, une onde stationnaire résonnante ayant un ensemble de cellules avec des phases opposées alternées le long de la ligne; et
       chaque élément d'échantillonnage (206-214) ou un groupe de ces éléments d'échantillonnage se trouvant dans l'une respective des cellules, de façon à établir des conditions de phase pratiquement égales pour chaque élément rayonnant, grâce à quoi, pendant l'utilisation, le signal de sortie électrique qui provient du transducteur (203) représente de l'énergie rayonnée par le réseau sous l'angle de balayage prédéterminé.
  2. Appareil selon la revendication 1, dans lequel des éléments adjacents (figure 4A) ont des phases opposées.
  3. Appareil selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel la ligne de transmission (200) consiste en une structure creuse conductrice de l'électricité, et les éléments précités consistent en ouvertures (206-214, 506-508) dans cette structure.
  4. Appareil selon la revendication 3, dans lequel la structure creuse conductrice de l'électricité est un guide d'ondes rectiligne de section transversale rectangulaire (figures 5 et 6), et les ouvertures précitées consistent en un réseau linéaire de fentes mutuellement espacées d'une distance pratiquement égale à la moitié de la longueur d'onde de guide d'ondes de la structure précitée (figure 3).
  5. Appareil selon la revendication 4, dans lequel le transducteur consiste en un connecteur (203) qui fait saillie à l'intérieur de la structure précitée.
  6. Appareil selon la revendication 5, comprenant en outre un circuit (215) qui est destiné à isoler du guide d'ondes toute charge connectée au connecteur.
  7. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 6, dans lequel le premier court-circuit (211) consiste en une première structure conductrice de l'électricité pratiquement perpendiculaire aux côtés du guide d'ondes et fixée à la première extrémité, et le second court-circuit consiste en une seconde structure conductrice de l'électricité pratiquement perpendiculaire aux côtés du guide d'ondes et fixée à la seconde extrémité (figure 3).
  8. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, comprenant en outre un dispositif (250, 260) qui est destiné à éliminer une résonance de mode impair, pour réduire ainsi les distorsions d'amplitude et de phase des excitations des éléments.
  9. Appareil selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le dispositif d'élimination comprend une nervure (250, 260) qui est placée à l'intérieur de la structure précitée.
  10. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, comprenant : des groupes (A, B, C, D) d'éléments associés à la ligne, avec une configuration dans laquelle des groupes adjacents ont des phases différentes (figure 4B), chaque groupe ayant N éléments et des éléments adjacents dans chaque groupe ayant des phases différentes, N étant un entier positif pair supérieur à un; grâce à quoi sous l'effet de l'application au transducteur d'un signal électrique ayant une fréquence comprise dans la gamme de fréquence prédéterminée, les éléments rayonnent un faisceau qui n'est pas perpendiculaire à la ligne de transmission.
  11. Appareil selon la revendication 10, dans lequel les éléments sont des fentes de guide d'ondes ayant une configuration choisie pour définir un angle de pointage de faisceau d'environ 11,25° (figure 4B).
  12. Appareil selon la revendication 10 ou la revendication 11, dans lequel des groupes d'éléments adjacents (AB, BC, CD) ont des phases opposées, et des éléments adjacents dans chaque groupe ont des phases opposées (figure 4B).
EP19840303356 1983-05-23 1984-05-17 Coupleur d'ouverture rayonnant à guide d'ondes résonnant Expired - Lifetime EP0126626B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/497,349 US4554550A (en) 1983-05-23 1983-05-23 Resonant waveguide aperture manifold
US06/497,350 US4554551A (en) 1983-05-23 1983-05-23 Asymmetric resonant waveguide aperture manifold
US497350 1995-06-30
US497349 1995-06-30

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0126626A2 EP0126626A2 (fr) 1984-11-28
EP0126626A3 EP0126626A3 (en) 1987-02-04
EP0126626B1 true EP0126626B1 (fr) 1993-06-16

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EP19840303356 Expired - Lifetime EP0126626B1 (fr) 1983-05-23 1984-05-17 Coupleur d'ouverture rayonnant à guide d'ondes résonnant

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EP (1) EP0126626B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU565039B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE3486164T2 (fr)
NZ (1) NZ208213A (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7123204B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2006-10-17 Forster Ian J Energy source communication employing slot antenna

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AU565039B2 (en) 1987-09-03
NZ208213A (en) 1987-10-30
EP0126626A3 (en) 1987-02-04
EP0126626A2 (fr) 1984-11-28
DE3486164T2 (de) 1994-01-13
AU2792484A (en) 1984-11-29
DE3486164D1 (de) 1993-07-22

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