EP0126626B1 - Resonanzhohlleiterschalter für strahlende Öffnung - Google Patents

Resonanzhohlleiterschalter für strahlende Öffnung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0126626B1
EP0126626B1 EP19840303356 EP84303356A EP0126626B1 EP 0126626 B1 EP0126626 B1 EP 0126626B1 EP 19840303356 EP19840303356 EP 19840303356 EP 84303356 A EP84303356 A EP 84303356A EP 0126626 B1 EP0126626 B1 EP 0126626B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waveguide
line
elements
phase
radiating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19840303356
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0126626A2 (de
EP0126626A3 (en
Inventor
Richard F. Frazita
Alfred R. Lopez
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BAE Systems Aerospace Inc
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Hazeltine Corp
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/497,349 external-priority patent/US4554550A/en
Priority claimed from US06/497,350 external-priority patent/US4554551A/en
Application filed by Hazeltine Corp filed Critical Hazeltine Corp
Publication of EP0126626A2 publication Critical patent/EP0126626A2/de
Publication of EP0126626A3 publication Critical patent/EP0126626A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0126626B1 publication Critical patent/EP0126626B1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/267—Phased-array testing or checking devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to phase-stable manifolds and, in particular, a resonant waveguide for monitoring a scanning beam antenna essentially independent of temperature and frequency over a practical range and for monitoring a scanning beam antenna at a scan angle which is not aligned with the boresight direction of the antenna.
  • Slotted waveguides are sometimes used as aperture manifolds which couple to the radiated signal of a phased-array antenna to monitor its performance.
  • Such waveguide manifolds are used in Microwave Landing System (MLS) ground systems for producing a signal equivalent to a signal viewed by a receiver at a specific angle within the coverage volume of the ground system.
  • MLS Microwave Landing System
  • Such waveguide manifolds provide a far-field view of the scanning beam of the ground system and, additionally, measure the antenna insertion phase and amplitude associated with each individual array element.
  • Waveguide manifolds used to monitor elevation and azimuth scanning beams of an MLS ground system have been waveguides which propagate travelling waves and, consequently, the phasing characteristics are frequency and temperature dependent. The result is that the scan angle of the beam monitored at the waveguide output is also temperature and frequency dependent. Furthermore, for monitoring MLS azimuth scanning, a travelling wave manifold does not inherently monitor the zero degree course over the MLS operating frequency bandwidth. This is because the beam pointing characteristic of a travelling wave manifold is frequency and temperature dependent.
  • monitoring apparatus for coupling to a scanning beam antenna, said antenna comprising an array of radiating elements spaced apart from one another by a given distance and fed with energy in selected varying relative phases to cause the array to radiate a desired radiation pattern and to scan said pattern across a selected angular region, said monitoring apparatus being adapted to monitor said radiating antenna in respect of a predetermined scan angle; said monitoring apparatus characterized by: a transmission line for directing electromagnetic energy in a predetermined frequency range, said line having first and second ends; a first short circuit at the first end of said line; a second short circuit at the second end of said line, whereby said line is a resonant line; a low VSWR transducer coupled to said line between said first and second ends to convert electromagnetic energy, having a frequency within said predetermined frequency range and propagating along the line, into an electrical output signal; a plurality of sampling elements adapted to be coupled to respective individual radiating elements of said phased array, said sampling elements being coupled to said line at spaced apart points along
  • US-A-3328800 describes apparatus comprising: a transmission line for directing electromagnetic energy in a predetermined frequency range, said line having first and second ends; means for introducing energy having a frequency within the predetermined frequency range into said transmission line; a first short circuit at the first end of said line; and a second short circuit at the second end of said line, whereby said transmission line is resonant.
  • That described apparatus is a radiating antenna whereas the present invention relates to apparatus for monitoring radiated signals such as signals radiated by a radiating antenna.
  • an efficient radiating antenna is not suitable for use as monitoring apparatus.
  • US-A-3293550 describes the use of a single input waveguide for monitoring the signals present in another waveguide.
  • the other waveguide does not radiate, i.e. energy present therein is contained therein and the waveguide is not an antenna whose radiated output is to be monitored.
  • the single input waveguide is coupled to the energy waveguide at a single port element.
  • a prior art travelling wave manifold 100 made of conductive material is provided with an output transducer such as connector 101 which receives a wave propagating along propagation path 102 which is terminated in absorber 103 or other non-reflecting terminating means at the far end.
  • Side 104 functions as a short circuit which reflects waves propagating to the left.
  • Side 105 of waveguide 100 is provided with weakly coupled input slots 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 and 113 having spacing d.
  • phase relationship between adjacent slots 106 and 107 is given by the following formula: As shown by the formula, the phase of slot 107 ( ⁇ 107) as compared to the phase of slot 106 ( ⁇ 106) is dependent upon the spacing d and the waveguide wavelength ( ⁇ g ). All other adjacent slots have similar phase relationships. Since spacing d is temperature dependent (conductive material such as copper or aluminum expands or contracts with temperature variations) and the waveguide wavelength ⁇ g is frequency dependent, travelling wave manifold 100 is both frequency and temperature dependent.
  • the monitored beam pointing angle, ⁇ , for the travelling wave manifold having adjacent slots fed in phase opposition is represented by a corresponding signal at the manifold output connector as a result of excitations imparted at the manifold slots.
  • ⁇ arc sin ⁇ (1 - ( ⁇ o f o / ⁇ co f)2 - ⁇ o f o /2df)
  • an aperture manifold 4 is associated with the antenna elements of array 1.
  • Manifold 4 may be any means for forming a signal provided by output 12 which represents a beam pointing angle of the radiated beam.
  • manifold 4 is a highly phase stable waveguide or manifold, such as the invention, coupled to the array 2 and center-fed to avoid inherent frequency (phase) and temperature effects. Center feeding also eliminates first-order dependence on frequency and absolute temperature variations.
  • manifold 4 refers to any type of device for sampling signals including a waveguide, a printed circuit network, a coaxial line network or a power combiner.
  • a phase stable manifold is, by definition, one in which the beam formed by summing of the slot excitations is insensitive to frequency and temperature changes and is used in combination with a phased array in accordance with this invention to detect error at a specific beam pointing angle.
  • Manifold 4 is equivalent in function to a probe located in space at a specific angle with respect to the phased array.
  • a manifold in accordance with the present invention may be a slotted waveguide configured to monitor radiated energy such that there is equal, non-zero phase and equal amplitude at all sample points (i.e. slot locations) of the manifold.
  • the output 12 of manifold 4 is coupled to means 5, associated with means 3, for controlling the scanning of the radiated beam in response to the output 12 of manifold 4.
  • FIG 3 illustrates a resonant waveguide 200 according to the invention.
  • Waveguide 200 is provided with a first end 201 terminating in a short circuit such as a conductive sheet of metal perpendicular to the sides of waveguide 200 and a second end 202 terminating in a short circuit.
  • Waveguide 200 is center fed by a transducer which converts an electrical signal into electromagnetic energy and vice versa.
  • the transducer is any connector well known in the prior art such as output connector 203 which receive waves propagating in both directions along path 204.
  • Side 205 of waveguide 200 is provided with slots 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, and 214 for coupling to a radiating antenna.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a 180 o degree phase compensating pattern of the coupling slots which will be described below.
  • Figures 5 and 6 illustrate preferred rectangular crossections of waveguide 200.
  • an incident wave radiated by connector 203 has a constant amplitude A inc along the entire length of waveguide 200. This is because amplitude tapers in the travelling wave caused by the coupling slots is counteracted and eliminated by the resonance of waveguide 200.
  • waveguide 200 may be used in either a transmitting or receiving mode.
  • connector 203 In the transmitting mode, connector 203 is connected via isolator 215 to a signal source (not shown). The signal is converted by connector 203 to electromagnetic wave energy which propagates along waveguide 200 and is radiated by slots 206-214.
  • slots 206-214 are illuminated by electromagnetic wave energy which propagates along waveguide 200 and is converted by connector 203 into an electrical signal.
  • the invention has been described in a receiving mode.
  • Figure 8 is an illustration of the incident phase ⁇ inc of the wave radiated by connector 203 and illustrates that the phase along waveguide 200 is linearly changing.
  • figure 9 illustrates that the amplitude of the reflected wave A ref is constant along the entire length of waveguide 200.
  • the phase of the reflected wave ⁇ ref propagating within waveguide 200 is linearly changing with distance.
  • the result, as illustrated in figure 11, is a standing wave having a plurality of cells of alternating phase of zero degrees and 180 degrees between spacing d of the slots.
  • each slot is located within one of the standing wave cells of waveguide 200 so that the resulting manifold output will be temperature and frequency independent as long as the variations in temperature and frequency are within the range such that there is one and only one slot or group of slots located within each standing wave cell.
  • This aperture manifold provides a beam forming capability which is independent of frequency and temperature since the phase within each standing wave cell is constant.
  • isolator 215 is located within the line feeding connector 203.
  • each slot is located within one of the standing wave cells of waveguide 200.
  • the resulting manifold output will have equal phase for each coupling slot and will be temperature and frequency independent as long as the variations in temperature and frequency are within the range such that there is one and only one slot or group of slots located within each standing wave cell.
  • the resulting manifold output will approximate an 11.25 o beam pointing angle.
  • This aperture manifold provides a beam forming capability which is independent of frequency and temperature since the phase within each standing wave cell is constant.
  • isolator 215 is located within the line feeding connector 203.
  • the beam pointing angle is generally not 0 o and the beam radiated by manifold 200 is not perpendicular to path 204 because of the nonequal phasing of the groups of slots.
  • slots 206-214 may be phased to approximate any beam pointing angle desired.
  • the range of the actual beam pointing angles which the slots of a particular manifold may approximate are limited by the physical configuration of the particular manifold. In any case, therefore, the phasing of manifold 200 is independent of frequency and coupling slot spacing over the operational frequency bandwidth.
  • input connector 203 is initially matched to waveguide 200 as if each end of waveguide 200 terminated in a non-reflecting absorber as shown in the prior art illustrated in figure 1.
  • Such a matched connector 203 is employed with waveguide 200 terminating in short circuits as illustrated in figure 3 thereby resulting in the resonant standing wave as shown in figure 11.
  • the required waveguide wavelength ⁇ g is twice the spacing d between coupling slots 206-214.
  • This spacing d is determined by the radiating characteristics of the phased array antenna associated with waveguide 200 and is typically slightly larger than 1/2 wavelength.
  • ridge loading as shown in Figure 6 is used to obtain this result.
  • opposing ridges 250R and 260R are located within waveguide 200R for eliminating odd mode resonance which may disturb the amplitude and phase of the slot excitations.
  • the maximum length, L, of a manifold according to the invention is limited by the operational frequency bandwidth of the phased array antenna with which it is associated. To limit the beam distortions caused by amplitude taper at the band edges, length L should not exceed the value given below: L ⁇ ⁇ o f o /2(f max ⁇ (1 - (1 - ⁇ o f o / ⁇ co f max )2) - f min ⁇ (1 - (1 - ⁇ o f o / ⁇ co f min )2))
  • two similar manifolds can be interconnected with equal length stable transmission lines.
  • Waveguide 300 may be one of a series of parallel waveguides forming the azimuth antenna of a Microwave Landing System (MLS) ground system. Such a ground system requires monitoring to evaluate its performance.
  • waveguide 200R functions as a manifold and is associated with each of the parallel waveguides 300. Ridge loading in waveguide 200R in the form of ridges 250R and 260R is used to match the guide wavelength of waveguide 200 to the required spacing of radiating waveguides 300.
  • waveguide 300 with polarized radiating slots 301 has a non-polarized opening 302 coupled to slot 208R.
  • Other vertical waveguides would be coupled to slots 206R and 207R.
  • Figure 13 illustrates another MLS ground system coupling configuration having non-polarized holes 506R, 507R and 508R in broad wall 509R of waveguide 500R and having ridge 510R on broad wall 511R.
  • the non-polarized holes are coupled to parallel radiating waveguides such as waveguide 300 by polarized slot 303.
  • polarized slot 303 For this configuration the required 180 degree phase reversals between adjacent coupling holes is incorporated in the design of waveguide 300.
  • Adjacent waveguides 300 have a 180 o phase reversal at their input wave launchers i.e. slot 303.
  • Figure 14 illustrates another MLS ground system coupling configuration wherein slots 206, 206a, 207, 207a, 208, 208a, are coupled to dipole array 400 which may function as an MLS elevation antenna.
  • this invention has been particularly described with regard to its function as an elevation manifold, it may be used as an azimuth manifold or other array monitor.

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Überwachungseinrichtung zum Ankoppeln an eine Suchstrahlantenne (1), die eine Gruppe von strahlenden Elementen (1) aufweist, die voneinander in einem gegebenen Abstand angeordnet und mit Energie mit ausgewählten, veränderlichen relativen Phasen gespeist werden, damit die Gruppe mit einem gewünschten Antennendiagramm strahlt und das Diagramm einen ausgewählten Winkelbereich überstreicht, wobei die Überwachungseinrichtung dazu ausgelegt ist, die sendende Antenne hinsichtlich eines vorbestimmten Richtwinkels zu überwachen und gekennzeichnet ist durch:
    eine Übertragungsleitung (200), um in einem vorbestimmten Frequenzbereich elektromagnetische Energie zu übertragen, wobei die Leitung ein erstes und ein zweites Ende aufweist;
    einen ersten Kurzschluß (201) an dem ersten Ende der Leitung;
    einen zweiten Kurzschluß (202) an dem zweiten Ende der Leitung, wodurch die Leitung zu einer Resonanzleitung wird;
    einen zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Ende angekoppelten Wandler (203) für ein niedriges Stehwellenverhältnis, um die elektromagnetische Energie, die eine Frequenz innerhalb des vorbestimmten Frequenzbereiches aufweist und sich längs der Leitung ausbreitet, in ein elektrisches Ausgangssignal zu wandeln;
    eine Anzahl von Abtastelementen (206-214), die dazu eingerichtet sind, an zugehörige einzelne strahlende Elemente der phasengesteuerten Gruppenantenne anzukoppeln, wobei die Abtastelemente an voneinander beabstandeten Punkten längs der Leitung an die Leitung gekoppelt sind, um bei der Verwendung eine stehende Resonanzwelle zu erzeugen, die längs der Leitung eine Anzahl von Schwingungsbäuchen abwechselnd entgegengesetzter Phase aufweist;
    und wobei
    jedes Abtastelement (206-214) oder Gruppe von Abtastelementen innerhalb eines der Schwingungsbäuche (Schwingungshalbwellen) angeordnet ist, um im wesentlichen die gleiche Phasenbedingung für jedes strahlende Element zu erzeugen, damit beim Gebrauch das elektrische Ausgangssignal des Wandlers (203) die Energie repräsentiert, die von der Gruppenantenne in den vorbestimmten Richtwinkel abgestrahlt wird.
  2. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die benachbarten Elemente (Fig. 4A) jeweils entgegengesetzte Phasenlagen aufweisen.
  3. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, bei der die Übertragungsleitung (200) ein elektrisch leitendes hohles Teil umfaßt und die Elemente Öffnungen (206-214, 506-508) in dem Teil beinhalten.
  4. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 3, bei der das elektrisch leitende hohle Teil ein gerader Wellenleiter mit rechteckigem Querschnitt (Fig. 5 und 6) ist und die Öffnungen eine lineare Gruppe von Schlitzen beinhalten, die voneinander einen Abstand von im wesentlichen der Hälfte der Wellenleiterwellenlänge in dem Teil (Fig. 3) aufweisen.
  5. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 4, bei der der Wandler einen Anschluß (203) aufweist, der in das Teil hineinragt.
  6. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 5, die ferner eine Schaltung (215) aufweist, um eine an den Anschluß angeschlossene Last gegenüber dem Wellenleiter zu isolieren.
  7. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, bei der der erste Kurzschluß (201) ein erstes elektrisch leitendes Teil umfaßt, das im wesentlichen rechtwinklig zu den Wänden des Wellenleiters verläuft und an dem ersten Ende befestigt ist, und bei dem der zweite Kurzschluß ein zweites elektrisch leitendes Teil umfaßt, das im wesentlichen rechtwinklig zu den Wänden des Wellenleiters verläuft und an dem zweiten Ende (Fig. 3) befestigt ist.
  8. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, die ferner eine Vorrichtung (250, 260) aufweist, um ungeradzahlige Resonanzmoden zu eliminieren, um hierdurch die Amplituden- und Phasenstörungen der Elementanregungen zu vermindern.
  9. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 8, bei der die Vorrichtung zum Eliminieren eine in dem Teil angeordnete Rippe (250, 260) umfaßt.
  10. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, bei der enthalten ist: eine Gruppe (A, B, C, D) von der Leitung zugeordneten Elementen, wobei benachbarte Gruppen unterschiedliche Phasen (Fig. 4B) aufweisen, jede Gruppe N-Elemente enthält und benachbarte Elemente innerhalb jeder Gruppe unterschiedliche Phasenlagen aufweisen, wobei N eine positive, gerade, ganze Zahl größer eins ist; wodurch die Zufuhr eines elektrischen Signals mit einer Frequenz innerhalb des vorbestimmten Frequenzbereiches zu dem Wandler dazu führt, daß die Elemente mit einer Hauptkeule strahlen, die nicht rechtwinklig zu der Übertragungsleitung liegt.
  11. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 10, bei der die Elemente Wellenleiterschlitze sind, die derart konfiguriert sind, daß ein Strahlrichtwinkel von etwa 11,25o (Fig. 4B) angenähert wird.
  12. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 10 oder 11, bei der benachbarte Gruppen (AB, BC, CD) von Elementen unterschiedliche Phasenlagen und benachbarte Elemente innerhalb jeder Gruppe entgegengesetzte Phasenlagen (Fig. 4B) aufweisen.
EP19840303356 1983-05-23 1984-05-17 Resonanzhohlleiterschalter für strahlende Öffnung Expired - Lifetime EP0126626B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/497,349 US4554550A (en) 1983-05-23 1983-05-23 Resonant waveguide aperture manifold
US06/497,350 US4554551A (en) 1983-05-23 1983-05-23 Asymmetric resonant waveguide aperture manifold
US497349 1995-06-30
US497350 1995-06-30

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0126626A2 EP0126626A2 (de) 1984-11-28
EP0126626A3 EP0126626A3 (en) 1987-02-04
EP0126626B1 true EP0126626B1 (de) 1993-06-16

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AU (1) AU565039B2 (de)
DE (1) DE3486164T2 (de)
NZ (1) NZ208213A (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7123204B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2006-10-17 Forster Ian J Energy source communication employing slot antenna

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NZ208213A (en) 1987-10-30
EP0126626A2 (de) 1984-11-28
DE3486164D1 (de) 1993-07-22
AU565039B2 (en) 1987-09-03
EP0126626A3 (en) 1987-02-04
AU2792484A (en) 1984-11-29
DE3486164T2 (de) 1994-01-13

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