EP0115150A1 - Squeeze casting of pistons - Google Patents
Squeeze casting of pistons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0115150A1 EP0115150A1 EP83307704A EP83307704A EP0115150A1 EP 0115150 A1 EP0115150 A1 EP 0115150A1 EP 83307704 A EP83307704 A EP 83307704A EP 83307704 A EP83307704 A EP 83307704A EP 0115150 A1 EP0115150 A1 EP 0115150A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- die member
- piston
- insert
- molten metal
- lower die
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F3/00—Pistons
- F02F3/02—Pistons having means for accommodating or controlling heat expansion
- F02F3/04—Pistons having means for accommodating or controlling heat expansion having expansion-controlling inserts
- F02F3/06—Pistons having means for accommodating or controlling heat expansion having expansion-controlling inserts the inserts having bimetallic effect
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F2200/00—Manufacturing
- F02F2200/04—Forging of engine parts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/02—Light metals
- F05C2201/021—Aluminium
Definitions
- the invention relates to the squeeze casting of aluminium or aluminium alloy pistons of the kind including inserts which are spaced axially from the crown of the piston, such as inserts for forming reinforced piston ring grooves.
- the squeeze casting of metals is a process which has been known for many years. It is a process in which molten metal is fed to a die, then the die is closed and pressure applied to the molten metal as it solidifies.
- the pressurising force may be as much as several hundred tons.
- Such a solidification is capable of producing a casting which is stronger than similar castings produced by conventional gravity die casting and whose structure is particularly homogeneous.
- squeeze casting has long been considered for the production of pistons of aluminium or aluminium alloy for internal combustion engines or compressors since it offers the possibility of producing pistons of superior strength to gravity die cast pistons; strength which has only previously been achievable by the use of the more expensive and complicated forging processes, which have thus only found application for the production of special purpose pistons such as pistons for racing cars.
- inserts which are spaced axially from the crown of the piston, such as piston ring groove reinforcement inserts.
- inserts are, in general, annular in shape and are made of a material more resistant to wear than the aluminium or aluminium alloy of the piston.
- the insert extends around the piston at a location between the top of the skirt and the crown and, in a finished piston, has one or more piston ring grooves formed in the insert.
- an upper die member closes the die and applies pressure to the molten metal while it is solidifying.
- U . K . Patent Specification No. 2 072 065A also relates to the incorporation of such inserts.
- the piston is squeeze cast crown-up with the insert placed on several projections formed integrally with the lower die member.
- the molten metal is poured into the lower die member and the upper die member closes the die and applies pressure to the molten metal while it is solidifying.
- a first is that the molten metal will in general solidify from the bottom of the die upwards and there can be variations in the rate of solidification across the cross-sectional area of the piston. This may mean that, since the insert is towards the top of the casting, where the variations will be greatest, part of the insert will be in solidified metal while other parts will be in molten metal and this can cause stress in the insert which may lead to warping, distortion and cracking. This is exacerbated in crown-up casting by a significant depth of molten metal below the insert which, during solidification, contracts away from the insert which is firmly supported by the projections of the lower die member.
- a second disadvantage is that since the part of the die forming the skirt of the piston is at the lower end of the die, the molten metal which first enters the die passes to the skirt defining die portions and does not receive pressure until the remainder of the die has been filled and the second die member lowered to close the die. Because of this, and because of the thinness of the piston skirt, the molten metal forming the piston skirt will generally solidify at least partially before pressure is applied. This causes the piston to have a skirt portion which is not squeeze cast but only gravity die cast so lacking the strength and homogeneous structure of the remainder of the piston. This could lead to piston failure under severe conditions.
- the insert is towards the top of the die because any impurities such as dross and oxides tend to rise to the top of the die and these can both interfere with the bond between the cast metal and the insert and reduce the quality of the metal in the crown of the piston; which is the part of the piston subject to the most adverse conditions when in use.
- a method of manufacturing a piston for an internal combustion engine or compressor and including a reinforcement insert spaced axially from the crown of the piston comprising casting the piston crown-down by a squeeze casting process in which the insert or reinforcement is located towards the base of a lower die member before the lower die member is gravity filled with molten metal and in which the lower die member is then closed by an upper die member to solidify the molten metal under pressure.
- a piston for an internal combustion engine when made by the method of the first aspect of the invention.
- the squeeze casting apparatus comprises a lower die member 10 and a movable upper die member 11 mounted above the lower die member 10.
- the lower die member 10 has an internal shape which is generally the required external shape of a piston for an internal combustion engine, while the upper die member 11 is formed with a projection 12 which defines a required internal shape of the piston.
- the lower die member 10 contains a number of spaced lugs 13 closely adjacent the lower end of the lower die member 10 and, before casting, an annular reinforcement 14 is rested on the lugs 13.
- the reinforcement 14 may be of a ferrous material and may be an annular piston ring groove reinforcement insert or an expansion control insert.
- the molten metal 15 is then fed into the lower die member 10.
- the amount of molten metal 15 is metered to ensure that there is sufficient to form a piston of the required dimensions but that there is not a large excess.
- the upper die member 11 is then moved in a first stage of movement from the retracted position shown in Fig. 1 to the position shown in Fig. 2 in which the upper die member 11 is closely adjacent the surface of the molten metal.
- the speed of movement may be typically about 200 millimetres a second so that there is only the minimum delay in the application of pressure to the molten metal.
- the upper die member 11 is then slowly lowered in a second stage of movement into the molten metal 15 to the position shown in Fig. 3.
- the speed of this movement may be typically between 1 and 10 millimetres per second depending upon the geometry of the casting being made.
- the speed of movement of the upper die member 11 in its second stage is as high as possible commensurate with satisfactory casting production.
- the upper die member 11 then applies a squeeze force, typically of 200 to 300 tons, to the molten metal while it solidifies. This produces a strong homogenous structure. Any contraction in the metal as it solidifies is taken up by movement of the upper die member.
- a squeeze force typically of 200 to 300 tons
- the pressure is retained until solidification is completed.
- the upper die member 11 is then withdrawn and the cast piston removed from the lower die member 10 for finish machining.
- the insert 14 is towards the lower end of the lower die member 10, it is in the first part of the piston to the solidified. This means that there is no substantial differential solidification around the insert, thus reducing the incidence of warping and cracking of the insert.
- the depth of metal below the insert is very small, the amount of movement caused by contraction is very small; far less than would be the case if the insert were at the upper end of the lower die member 10.
- the insert 14 is remote from the upper die member 11 and so there is no possibility of any interference between the upper die member 11 and the insert 14. There is also much less chance of the impurities such as dross and oxides in the molten metal interfering with the bond between the molten metal and the insert, because all these impurities rise to the surface. Further, molten metal feed with minimum turbulence into the lower die member 10 is afforded by the unrestricted space with the insert 14.
- the molten metal can be fed into the lower die member 10 at the wall of the die member 10 and at or adjacent the final metal level. This makes filling less complicated than in crown-up casting and also helps to minimise turbulence.
- the skirt 17 (see Fig.3) of the piston is at the upper end of the lower die member 10. This means that the skirt is formed from the last portion of the molten metal poured into the lower die member 10. Because of this, and because the upper die member 11 is moved into the pool of metal in the lower die member 10 before it solidifies, there is no possibility of the skirt metal having solidified before pressure is applied. This ensures that the skirt is always fully squeeze cast. It allows the skirt to be made as thin as required without any possibility of a gravity die cast skirt being formed.
- the upper and lower die members 10,11 may be heated before squeeze casting to ensure that there is no premature solidification of the molten metal 15. In addition, they may be cooled during casting to ensure as rapid as possible solidification of the molten metal once pressure has been applied by the upper die member 11.
- the upper and lower die members may have any desired construction to facilitate the production of various piston geometries.
- the piston ring groove reinforcement insert may be of any required configuration and that a similar method could be used to incorporate an expansion control insert, although, in this latter case, it may be necessary to support the insert on the upper die member.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to the squeeze casting of aluminium or aluminium alloy pistons of the kind including inserts which are spaced axially from the crown of the piston, such as inserts for forming reinforced piston ring grooves.
- The squeeze casting of metals is a process which has been known for many years. It is a process in which molten metal is fed to a die, then the die is closed and pressure applied to the molten metal as it solidifies. The pressurising force may be as much as several hundred tons. Such a solidification is capable of producing a casting which is stronger than similar castings produced by conventional gravity die casting and whose structure is particularly homogeneous.
- In view of these advantages, squeeze casting has long been considered for the production of pistons of aluminium or aluminium alloy for internal combustion engines or compressors since it offers the possibility of producing pistons of superior strength to gravity die cast pistons; strength which has only previously been achievable by the use of the more expensive and complicated forging processes, which have thus only found application for the production of special purpose pistons such as pistons for racing cars.
- Although the proposal to squeeze cast such pistons has been in existence for many years, it has not achieved any wide commercial use because of various production difficulties which have been encountered.
- Among these difficulties are the incorporation into squeeze cast pistons of inserts which are spaced axially from the crown of the piston, such as piston ring groove reinforcement inserts. Such inserts are, in general, annular in shape and are made of a material more resistant to wear than the aluminium or aluminium alloy of the piston. The insert extends around the piston at a location between the top of the skirt and the crown and, in a finished piston, has one or more piston ring grooves formed in the insert.
- U.K. Patent Specifications Nos. 2 090 779A and 2 090 780A both relate to the incorporation of such inserts. In these specifications the pistons are squeeze cast crown-up (that is to say with the crown towards the upper end of a lower die member), and the insert has tabs which engage a projection within the lower die member before the molten metal is poured into the lower die member. The lower part of this die member is shaped to form the skirt of the piston.
- After the molten metal is poured into the lower die member, an upper die member closes the die and applies pressure to the molten metal while it is solidifying.
- U.K. Patent Specification No. 2 072 065A also relates to the incorporation of such inserts. Once again the piston is squeeze cast crown-up with the insert placed on several projections formed integrally with the lower die member. The molten metal is poured into the lower die member and the upper die member closes the die and applies pressure to the molten metal while it is solidifying.
- The squeeze casting processes described in these specifications has a number of disadvantages.
- A first is that the molten metal will in general solidify from the bottom of the die upwards and there can be variations in the rate of solidification across the cross-sectional area of the piston. This may mean that, since the insert is towards the top of the casting, where the variations will be greatest, part of the insert will be in solidified metal while other parts will be in molten metal and this can cause stress in the insert which may lead to warping, distortion and cracking. This is exacerbated in crown-up casting by a significant depth of molten metal below the insert which, during solidification, contracts away from the insert which is firmly supported by the projections of the lower die member.
- With the lower die member projections only supporting the insert over a small proportion of its peripheral length (typically about 4%) and with no support being given by the solidifying and contracting metal beneath, the insert is likely to be distorted, cracked or broken by the squeeze force. This cannot be counteracted by increasing the number or size of the supporting projections since this would prevent simultaneous downward movement of the insert with the solidifying and contracting metal which is essential to obtain the required bonding between the insert and the metal.
- In U.K. Patent Specifications Nos. 2 090 779A and 2 090 780A, this problem of contraction is sought to be overcome by arranging for the tabs to break during solidification, so allowing the insert to move. However, this arrangement does not solve the problem of differential solidification (indeed, because some projections may break before others, the risk of warping and cracking may be increased). In addition, any projections that do not break correctly may score the lower die member and this is clearly undesirable.
- In U.K. Patent Specification No. 2 072 065A no provision is made for accommodating either differential solidification or contraction.
- A second disadvantage is that since the part of the die forming the skirt of the piston is at the lower end of the die, the molten metal which first enters the die passes to the skirt defining die portions and does not receive pressure until the remainder of the die has been filled and the second die member lowered to close the die. Because of this, and because of the thinness of the piston skirt, the molten metal forming the piston skirt will generally solidify at least partially before pressure is applied. This causes the piston to have a skirt portion which is not squeeze cast but only gravity die cast so lacking the strength and homogeneous structure of the remainder of the piston. This could lead to piston failure under severe conditions.
- It is also a disadvantage that the insert is towards the top of the die because any impurities such as dross and oxides tend to rise to the top of the die and these can both interfere with the bond between the cast metal and the insert and reduce the quality of the metal in the crown of the piston; which is the part of the piston subject to the most adverse conditions when in use.
- According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a piston for an internal combustion engine or compressor and including a reinforcement insert spaced axially from the crown of the piston, the method comprising casting the piston crown-down by a squeeze casting process in which the insert or reinforcement is located towards the base of a lower die member before the lower die member is gravity filled with molten metal and in which the lower die member is then closed by an upper die member to solidify the molten metal under pressure.
- According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a piston for an internal combustion engine when made by the method of the first aspect of the invention.
- The following is a more detailed description of some embodiments of the invention, by way of example, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:-
- Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crown-down squeeze casting apparatus at the commencement of squeeze casting process for forming a piston for an internal combustion engine;
- Figure 2 is a similar view to the view of Figure 1, but showing the apparatus at the end of a first stage; and
- Figure 3 is a similar view to the view of Figures 1 and 2, but showing the apparatus towards the end of the squeeze casting process.
- Referring first to Fig. 1, the squeeze casting apparatus comprises a
lower die member 10 and a movableupper die member 11 mounted above thelower die member 10. - The
lower die member 10 has an internal shape which is generally the required external shape of a piston for an internal combustion engine, while theupper die member 11 is formed with aprojection 12 which defines a required internal shape of the piston. - The
lower die member 10 contains a number of spacedlugs 13 closely adjacent the lower end of thelower die member 10 and, before casting, anannular reinforcement 14 is rested on thelugs 13. Thereinforcement 14 may be of a ferrous material and may be an annular piston ring groove reinforcement insert or an expansion control insert. - The
molten metal 15 is then fed into thelower die member 10. The amount ofmolten metal 15 is metered to ensure that there is sufficient to form a piston of the required dimensions but that there is not a large excess. - The
upper die member 11 is then moved in a first stage of movement from the retracted position shown in Fig. 1 to the position shown in Fig. 2 in which theupper die member 11 is closely adjacent the surface of the molten metal. The speed of movement may be typically about 200 millimetres a second so that there is only the minimum delay in the application of pressure to the molten metal. When in the position shown in Fig. 2, theupper die member 11 is then slowly lowered in a second stage of movement into themolten metal 15 to the position shown in Fig. 3. The speed of this movement may be typically between 1 and 10 millimetres per second depending upon the geometry of the casting being made. The speed of movement of theupper die member 11 in its second stage is as high as possible commensurate with satisfactory casting production. - The
upper die member 11 then applies a squeeze force, typically of 200 to 300 tons, to the molten metal while it solidifies. This produces a strong homogenous structure. Any contraction in the metal as it solidifies is taken up by movement of the upper die member. - The pressure is retained until solidification is completed. The
upper die member 11 is then withdrawn and the cast piston removed from thelower die member 10 for finish machining. - Because the
insert 14 is towards the lower end of thelower die member 10, it is in the first part of the piston to the solidified. This means that there is no substantial differential solidification around the insert, thus reducing the incidence of warping and cracking of the insert. In addition, since the depth of metal below the insert is very small, the amount of movement caused by contraction is very small; far less than would be the case if the insert were at the upper end of thelower die member 10. Theinsert 14 is remote from theupper die member 11 and so there is no possibility of any interference between theupper die member 11 and theinsert 14. There is also much less chance of the impurities such as dross and oxides in the molten metal interfering with the bond between the molten metal and the insert, because all these impurities rise to the surface. Further, molten metal feed with minimum turbulence into thelower die member 10 is afforded by the unrestricted space with theinsert 14. - In addition, during molten metal feed and before squeezing, there is a deliberate overflow of molten metal to make sure that the die is full. In crown-up squeeze casting, with the insert at the top of the lower die member, it is necessary to pour the molten metal into the centre of the lower die member, so that the insert does not interfere with molten metal flow. This pouring must also be above the final level of the molten metal in the
lower die member 10. This complicates pouring and can cause undesirable levels of turbulence in the molten metal within thelower die member 10. - In the crown-down squeeze casting process now described, the molten metal can be fed into the
lower die member 10 at the wall of thedie member 10 and at or adjacent the final metal level. This makes filling less complicated than in crown-up casting and also helps to minimise turbulence. - The skirt 17 (see Fig.3) of the piston is at the upper end of the
lower die member 10. This means that the skirt is formed from the last portion of the molten metal poured into thelower die member 10. Because of this, and because theupper die member 11 is moved into the pool of metal in thelower die member 10 before it solidifies, there is no possibility of the skirt metal having solidified before pressure is applied. This ensures that the skirt is always fully squeeze cast. It allows the skirt to be made as thin as required without any possibility of a gravity die cast skirt being formed. - It will be appreciated that the upper and lower die
members molten metal 15. In addition, they may be cooled during casting to ensure as rapid as possible solidification of the molten metal once pressure has been applied by theupper die member 11. - It will be appreciated that the upper and lower die members may have any desired construction to facilitate the production of various piston geometries. It will also be appreciated that the piston ring groove reinforcement insert may be of any required configuration and that a similar method could be used to incorporate an expansion control insert, although, in this latter case, it may be necessary to support the insert on the upper die member.
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8237089 | 1982-12-31 | ||
GB8237089 | 1982-12-31 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0115150A1 true EP0115150A1 (en) | 1984-08-08 |
EP0115150B1 EP0115150B1 (en) | 1987-03-25 |
Family
ID=10535322
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP83307704A Expired EP0115150B1 (en) | 1982-12-31 | 1983-12-19 | Squeeze casting of pistons |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0115150B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS59183964A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1229215A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3370512D1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2133330B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4698886A (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1987-10-13 | Itt Corporation | Eccentric plug valve |
US5529109A (en) * | 1988-11-10 | 1996-06-25 | Lanxide Technology Company, Lp | Flotation process for the formation of metal matrix composite bodies |
US5067550A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1991-11-26 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Manufacturing method for defect-free casting product |
DE3932562A1 (en) * | 1989-09-29 | 1991-04-11 | Kolbenschmidt Ag | DEVICE FOR PRODUCING LIGHT METAL PISTON FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1808843A1 (en) * | 1968-01-09 | 1969-08-07 | Mondial Piston Galli Ercole C | Process for the production of pistons made of light metal alloy with inserts made of different materials and pistons made from them |
DE2540542A1 (en) * | 1974-09-11 | 1976-03-25 | Brico Eng | CAST PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT |
DE2726273A1 (en) * | 1976-06-11 | 1977-12-29 | Perkins Engines Ltd | PISTONS FOR COMBUSTION MACHINERY AND THE PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURING |
DE2658491A1 (en) * | 1976-12-23 | 1978-06-29 | Blank Karl | Stainless steel sealing ring - incorporates heat source ignited by molten iron to fuse into casting |
GB2090779A (en) * | 1981-01-13 | 1982-07-21 | Imp Clevite Inc | Wear resistant insert for cast lightweight pistons and method of casting |
GB2090780A (en) * | 1981-01-13 | 1982-07-21 | Imp Clevite Inc | Method and apparatus for squeeze casting piston with wear resistant insert |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5135564B2 (en) * | 1974-02-26 | 1976-10-04 | ||
DE2639294C2 (en) * | 1976-09-01 | 1982-05-13 | Mahle Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Pressed aluminum piston for internal combustion engines with inserts made of a different material |
JPS5550447A (en) * | 1978-10-05 | 1980-04-12 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Manufacture of fiber-reinforced magnesium alloy member |
JPS57134259A (en) * | 1981-01-13 | 1982-08-19 | Imp Clevite Inc | Method of casting light piston with abrasion-resisting filler metal and mold device for casting |
JPS5893948A (en) * | 1981-11-30 | 1983-06-03 | Toyota Motor Corp | Engine piston |
-
1983
- 1983-12-19 DE DE8383307704T patent/DE3370512D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-12-19 EP EP83307704A patent/EP0115150B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-12-27 JP JP24496183A patent/JPS59183964A/en active Pending
- 1983-12-29 CA CA000444375A patent/CA1229215A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-12-29 GB GB08334571A patent/GB2133330B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1808843A1 (en) * | 1968-01-09 | 1969-08-07 | Mondial Piston Galli Ercole C | Process for the production of pistons made of light metal alloy with inserts made of different materials and pistons made from them |
DE2540542A1 (en) * | 1974-09-11 | 1976-03-25 | Brico Eng | CAST PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT |
DE2726273A1 (en) * | 1976-06-11 | 1977-12-29 | Perkins Engines Ltd | PISTONS FOR COMBUSTION MACHINERY AND THE PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURING |
DE2658491A1 (en) * | 1976-12-23 | 1978-06-29 | Blank Karl | Stainless steel sealing ring - incorporates heat source ignited by molten iron to fuse into casting |
GB2090779A (en) * | 1981-01-13 | 1982-07-21 | Imp Clevite Inc | Wear resistant insert for cast lightweight pistons and method of casting |
GB2090780A (en) * | 1981-01-13 | 1982-07-21 | Imp Clevite Inc | Method and apparatus for squeeze casting piston with wear resistant insert |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0115150B1 (en) | 1987-03-25 |
CA1229215A (en) | 1987-11-17 |
GB2133330A (en) | 1984-07-25 |
GB8334571D0 (en) | 1984-02-01 |
JPS59183964A (en) | 1984-10-19 |
DE3370512D1 (en) | 1987-04-30 |
GB2133330B (en) | 1986-08-20 |
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