EP0112848B1 - Motor cylinder sleeves based on aluminum alloys and calibrated silicon grains and methods for obtaining them - Google Patents

Motor cylinder sleeves based on aluminum alloys and calibrated silicon grains and methods for obtaining them Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0112848B1
EP0112848B1 EP83901824A EP83901824A EP0112848B1 EP 0112848 B1 EP0112848 B1 EP 0112848B1 EP 83901824 A EP83901824 A EP 83901824A EP 83901824 A EP83901824 A EP 83901824A EP 0112848 B1 EP0112848 B1 EP 0112848B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
grains
liner
silicon
weight
intermetallic compound
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EP83901824A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0112848A1 (en
Inventor
Noel Huret
Jean Meunier
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Cegedur Societe de Transformation de lAluminium Pechiney SA
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Cegedur Societe de Transformation de lAluminium Pechiney SA
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Priority claimed from FR8211032A external-priority patent/FR2528910B1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/18—Other cylinders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/12—Metallic powder containing non-metallic particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
    • C22C1/0416—Aluminium-based alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
    • F02F7/0085—Materials for constructing engines or their parts
    • F02F2007/009—Hypereutectic aluminum, e.g. aluminum alloys with high SI content
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2201/00—Metals
    • F05C2201/02—Light metals
    • F05C2201/021—Aluminium

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to jackets for internal combustion or internal combustion engines, the structure of which has grains of silicon calibrated and dispersed in a matrix of an eutectic aluminum-silicon alloy. It also relates to some of the processes for obtaining these shirts.
  • Engine liners made from aluminum are not new, but their use has always posed problems of compatibility of their working surface with engine elements such as the pistons which are in contact with them. Attempts have been made to overcome the difficulties encountered in various ways such as providing a steel jacket, coating the surface of the cylinder bore with harder metals such as iron or chromium, without however being able to overcome them completely.
  • the present invention therefore relates to an internal combustion engine liner based on an aluminum-eutectic silicon alloy possibly containing other elements and characterized in that its structure has a distribution of calibrated silicon grains of dimensions between 20 and 50 wm.
  • this jacket is that formed by an aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy matrix, that is to say containing about 12% of silicon and in which no primary silicon grain appears.
  • This alloy may optionally contain other addition elements which contribute to improving its mechanical characteristics or certain properties in relation to the friction or wear behavior.
  • silicon grains have a purity greater than 99.5% and preferably a calcium content of less than 300 ppm. They can optionally be treated to remove iron. Their facies are different depending on the method of production. Thus, one can have not only conventional grains prepared by grinding and sieving, but also grains produced by spraying liquid silicon which have a more rounded outline.
  • aluminum-silicon alloy matrix use is preferably made of eutectic alloys of the AS type, 2 U 4 G, that is to say containing elements such as copper and magnesium having the effect of improving the mechanical strength.
  • the friction properties of the shirts are favored by the presence of additives such as graphite or any other body playing an equivalent role.
  • additives such as graphite or any other body playing an equivalent role.
  • an artificial graphite of the granular type is used, a shape which integrates well physically with the other components of the jacket.
  • the most suitable proportion is between 3 and 10% by weight of the mass within which it is dispersed.
  • the Applicant has also found that the performance of the sleeve-piston assemblies can be further improved from the compatibility point of view and in particular remedy the appearance of certain point bonding phenomena which appear when the sleeve works above the limit temperatures generally. allowed, by adding to the jacket a dispersion of at least one intermetallic compound, distinct from that of such compounds likely to exist within the alloy and whose melting point is greater than 700 ° C.
  • the invention also consists in having in the jacket in addition to the calibrated silicon grains, a dispersion of at least one intermetallic compound.
  • this dispersion is different from the structure and / or composition point of view from that which might be present in the base alloy. Indeed, it is possible that this alloy contains certain elements capable of forming between them intermetallic compounds during its preparation by powder metallurgy. However, these compounds belong to the very structure of the base alloy and therefore have nothing to do with that (or those) concerned with the invention. These intermetallic compounds constituting this dispersion are chosen from those which have a melting temperature above 700 ° C.
  • the intermetallic compound Ni 3 Sn in which three nickel atoms are combined with a tin atom to form these crystals of the hexagonal type, has proved to be particularly effective both in its functions of "non-bonding agent and in those of lubricant and wear-resistant product.
  • Such compounds must be distributed regularly in the mass of the jacket in the form of grains.
  • these grains are preferably calibrated, that is to say that they respond to a particle size curve as narrow as possible and whose dimensions are in any case between 5 and 50 ⁇ . Lm. This excludes, on the one hand, grains that are too fine and which, because of their high specific surface, lead to seizure of the tools for manufacturing shirts, on the other hand, grains that are too coarse, which cause the friction coefficient to increase.
  • the grains of intermetallic compound may have a different facies depending on how they are obtained. Thus it is possible to have not only grains prepared by grinding but also grains produced by spraying the compound in the liquid state which therefore have a more rounded outline.
  • the base alloy constituting the matrix of the material of the invention in addition to the alloy of the type AS, Z U 4 G, one can also use an alloy of the type AS 12 Z 5 GU.
  • the invention also relates to some of the methods of obtaining such shirts. These methods have a common phase of dividing the aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy from the liquid state into a powder. This is obtained by all existing processes such as, for example, centrifugal spraying, atomization, etc. This powder is then sieved to remove particles of dimensions not between 60 and 400 ⁇ and then mixed with silicon grains of particle size between 20 and 50 ⁇ and in quantity such that they represent 5 to 15% by weight of the mass of the shirt; 3 to 10% by weight of graphite or any other element capable of improving the quality of the jacket, such as silicon carbide to increase its hardness or tin to make it more suitable for friction, are optionally added thereto.
  • an intermetallic compound is incorporated in the form of grains according to the percentages by weight of between 5 and 15% and of dimensions between 5 and 50 ⁇ . After suitable homogenization, such a mixture can then be treated in two different ways, either by sintering or by spinning.
  • the powder mixture is shaped by cold compression in a vertical or isostatic press, then sintered under a controlled atmosphere.
  • the shirt thus obtained is then machined to suitable dimensions.
  • the mixture is compressed cold in the form of a billet or loaded directly into the pot of a press, then spun in the form of a tube after possible preheating away from the atmosphere.
  • the spinning equipment used is well known to those skilled in the art. It can be either a bridge tool or a floating needle-plate assembly.
  • the tube thus obtained at the outlet of the press is erected, cut to the length of the jackets and the latter are then machined.
  • the mixture can also be compressed in the form of pions which are subjected to a reverse spinning so as to form buckets, the bottom and the opposite edge of which are then cut off to collect liners which are then machined. It is also possible to carry out a direct hardening of the buckets after spinning.
  • the invention can be illustrated by means of three figures appended to the present application and which represent drawings of micrographs drawn under a magnification of 200, of engine liners manufactured according to different techniques.
  • Figure 1 corresponds to a jacket obtained by casting a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy
  • Figure 2 to a jacket obtained by spinning hypereutectic aluminum-silicon powder
  • Figure 3 to a jacket according to l invention obtained by spinning a mixture of eutectic aluminum-silicon alloy powder and calibrated silicon powder.
  • the aluminum-silicon alloy is an A-S17U4G according to the standards of the Aluminum Association which therefore contains 17% of silicon and therefore is said to be hypereutectic in silicon.
  • the aluminum-silicon alloy is also an A-S17U4G but resulting from the spinning of powder obtained by atomization. Due to the high cooling speed used to form this powder, the primary silicon grains (3) have a relatively small size comparable to that of eutectic silicon, and in any case less than that resulting from conventional casting. Also shown in this figure are graphite particles (4) which lengthen in the spinning direction and represent approximately 3% by weight of the jacket mass.
  • the aluminum-silicon alloy is an A-S12U4G which contains 12% of silicon and therefore is said to be eutectic in silicon. It also results from the spinning of powder obtained by atomization, but was added according to the invention before spinning, about 5% by weight of silicon powder whose grains (5) have a facies of particles resulting from grinding and a dimension between 20 and 50 wm. These grains are dispersed in an eutectic matrix within which there are silicon particles (7) which have coalesced and graphite particles (6) associated at a rate of 3% by weight. Note the completely original texture of the shirts according to the invention, a texture which contributes to significantly improving the compatibility with the pistons of the shirts thus produced.
  • the shirts forming the subject of the invention find their application in particular in the automobile industry and in any kind of industry where it is sought to have assemblies, piston-sleeve of good compatibility from alloys of 'aluminum.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to sleeves for internal combustion engines based on aluminum-silicon alloys and silicon grains and to the methods for producing said sleeves. It is characterized in that said grains are carefully calibrated and dispersed in the alloy matrix. The sleeves may also contain at least one intermetal compound such as Ni3Sn, for example. Those sleeves are obtained by spinning or sintering of a mixture of powders. The invention finds application particularly in the motor vehicle industry and to all fields where sleeve-piston assemblies of good compatibility and based on aluminum alloys are desired.

Description

La présente invention est relative à des chemises de moteurs à explosion ou à combustion interne dont la structure présente des grains de silicium calibrés et dispersés dans une matrice d'un alliage d'aluminium-silicium eutectique. Elle concerne également quelques-uns des procédés d'obtention de ces chemises.The present invention relates to jackets for internal combustion or internal combustion engines, the structure of which has grains of silicon calibrated and dispersed in a matrix of an eutectic aluminum-silicon alloy. It also relates to some of the processes for obtaining these shirts.

Les chemises de moteurs à base d'aluminium ne sont pas nouvelles mais leur utilisation a toujours posé des problèmes de compatibilité de leur surface de travail avec les éléments de moteurs tels que les pistons qui sont en contact avec elles. On a cherché à pallier les difficultés rencontrées de différentes façons telles que prévoir un chemisage en acier, revêtir la surface de l'alésage du cylindre de métaux plus durs comme le fer ou le chrome, sans toutefois pouvoir les surmonter complètement.Engine liners made from aluminum are not new, but their use has always posed problems of compatibility of their working surface with engine elements such as the pistons which are in contact with them. Attempts have been made to overcome the difficulties encountered in various ways such as providing a steel jacket, coating the surface of the cylinder bore with harder metals such as iron or chromium, without however being able to overcome them completely.

Puis, on s'est tourné vers des alliages ayant une meilleure tenue mécanique tels que les aluminium-silicium hypereutectiques mais on s'est alors aperçu que les cristaux de silicium primaire qui apparaissent lors du moulage de la chemise avaient, du fait de leur taille relativement grande et de leur forme anguleuse, une tendance fâcheuse à rayer la surface des pistons et on a été ainsi amené à protéger la surface de ces derniers par un revêtement.Then, we turned to alloys with better mechanical strength such as hypereutectic aluminum-silicon but we then noticed that the primary silicon crystals that appear during the molding of the jacket had, because of their size relatively large and of their angular shape, an unfortunate tendency to scratch the surface of the pistons and it was thus necessary to protect the surface of the latter by a coating.

C'est alors que, voulant néanmoins bénéficier de certains avantages apportés par les A-S hypereutectiques, on a cherché à changer la structure de ces alliages notamment au niveau des grains de silicium pour essayer de leur conférer la compatibilité nécessaire sans avoir recours à des traitements de surface ultérieurs. Parmi les tentatives faites, il faut citer :

  • d'une part, toutes celles consistant à modifier la structure de coulée telles que celles décrites dans le brevet français 1 441 860 où on procède à une attaque acide de la matrice d'aluminium de manière à mettre en relief les grains de silicium puis on réalise un polissage de ces grains,
  • d'autre part, celles visant à obtenir une nouvelle structure de coulée. C'est le cas du brevet français 2 225 534 dans lequel la chemise est moulée dans des conditions de refroidissement telles qu'elle ne présente aucune phase de silicium primaire mais au contraire des particules fibreuses ou sphéroïdisées de dimensions inférieures à 10 µm.
It was then that, wishing nevertheless to benefit from certain advantages brought by hypereutectic AS, we sought to change the structure of these alloys in particular at the level of the silicon grains in order to try to confer on them the necessary compatibility without resorting to treatment of subsequent surface. Among the attempts made, we should mention:
  • on the one hand, all those consisting in modifying the casting structure such as those described in French patent 1 441 860 where an acid attack is carried out on the aluminum matrix so as to highlight the silicon grains and then polishes these grains,
  • on the other hand, those aimed at obtaining a new casting structure. This is the case of French patent 2,225,534 in which the jacket is molded under cooling conditions such that it has no primary silicon phase but on the contrary fibrous or spheroidized particles of dimensions less than 10 μm.

Plus récemment, la demanderesse dans son brevet FR-A-2 343 895 s'est aussi tournée vers une nouvelle structure d'A-S hypereutectiques mais en substituant au procédé de coulée celui du filage de poudres obtenues par atomisation. Une telle technique présente, en effet, l'avantage de mettre en oeuvre des poudres formées avec une grande vitesse de refroidissement et dans lesquelles les grains de silicium primaire ont une taille relativement petite et en tout cas inférieure à celle résultant de la coulée classique. Cette taille n'est pas modifiée par le filage et on obtient ainsi une nouvelle structure présentant des particules de silicium fines et bien réparties qui améliorent sensiblement la compatibilité de la chemise avec le piston.More recently, the applicant in its patent FR-A-2,343,895 has also turned to a new structure of hypereutectic A-S but by replacing the casting process with that of spinning powders obtained by atomization. Such a technique has, in fact, the advantage of using powders formed with a high cooling rate and in which the primary silicon grains have a relatively small size and in any case less than that resulting from conventional casting. This size is not modified by the spinning and a new structure is thus obtained having fine and well distributed silicon particles which substantially improve the compatibility of the jacket with the piston.

Toutefois, au cours d'essais dans des conditions particulièrement sévères, on observe néanmoins une détérioration de la chemise.However, during tests under particularly severe conditions, a deterioration of the jacket is nevertheless observed.

A la suite d'une étude poussée du phénomène, on a alors constaté qu'il était lié à la trop grande finesse des grains de silicium. A partir de ces résultats, la demanderesse a pris conscience qu'il était possible d'améliorer encore cette compatibilité. C'est pourquoi, elle a élaboré des chemises dont la structure présente des grains de silicium soigneusement calibrés dans une fourchette de granulométrie relativement étroite, se situant en moyenne au-dessus du maximum ayant conduit à un mauvais comportement et en dessous de celle trop grossière des produits coulés.Following an extensive study of the phenomenon, it was then found that it was linked to the excessive fineness of the silicon grains. From these results, the applicant has realized that it is possible to further improve this compatibility. This is why, it has developed liners whose structure presents grains of silicon carefully calibrated in a range of relatively narrow particle size, being situated on average above the maximum having led to bad behavior and below that which is too coarse. cast products.

- La présente invention concerne donc une chemise de moteur à combustion interne à base d'un alliage d'aluminium-silicium eutectique contenant éventuellement d'autres éléments et caractérisée en ce que sa structure présente une distribution de grains de silicium calibrés de dimensions comprises entre 20 et 50 wm.- The present invention therefore relates to an internal combustion engine liner based on an aluminum-eutectic silicon alloy possibly containing other elements and characterized in that its structure has a distribution of calibrated silicon grains of dimensions between 20 and 50 wm.

Ainsi, cette chemise est celle constituée par une matrice en alliage d'aluminium-silicium eutectique, c'est-à-dire contenant environ 12 % de silicium et dans laquelle n'apparaît aucun grain de silicium primaire. Cet alliage peut éventuellement contenir d'autres éléments d'addition qui contribuent à améliorer ses caractéristiques mécaniques ou certaines propriétés en relation avec le comportement au frottement ou à l'usure.Thus, this jacket is that formed by an aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy matrix, that is to say containing about 12% of silicon and in which no primary silicon grain appears. This alloy may optionally contain other addition elements which contribute to improving its mechanical characteristics or certain properties in relation to the friction or wear behavior.

Dans cette matrice, sont distribués des grains de silicium calibrés, c'est-à-dire répondant à une ' courbe de granulométrie la plus resserrée possible et dont les dimensions sont de toute façon comprises entre 20 et 50 ¡.Lm. Sont ainsi exclues toutes les particules fines de silicium ainsi que les grains de trop grande taille qui contribuent à diminuer la compatibilité recherchée.In this matrix, are distributed grains of silicon calibrated, that is to say corresponding to a ' particle size curve as tight as possible and whose dimensions are in any case between 20 and 50 µm. This excludes all fine particles of silicon as well as grains of too large size which contribute to reducing the desired compatibility.

De plus, pour obtenir un compromis favorable entre les qualités apportées d'une part par la matrice, d'autre part par les grains de silicium, on a pu constater qu'une proportion en poids de 5 à 15 % de grains de silicium par rapport à la masse de la chemise convenait très bien.In addition, to obtain a favorable compromise between the qualities provided on the one hand by the matrix, on the other hand by the silicon grains, it has been observed that a proportion by weight of 5 to 15% of silicon grains by compared to the mass of the shirt was fine.

Ces grains de silicium ont une pureté supérieure à 99,5 % et de préférence une teneur en calcium inférieure à 300 ppm. Ils peuvent éventuellement être traités pour en éliminer le fer. Leur faciès est différent en fonction du mode d'obtention. Ainsi, on peut avoir non seulement des grains classiques préparés par broyage et tamisage, mais également des grains fabriqués par pulvérisation de silicium liquide qui présentent un contour plus arrondi.These silicon grains have a purity greater than 99.5% and preferably a calcium content of less than 300 ppm. They can optionally be treated to remove iron. Their facies are different depending on the method of production. Thus, one can have not only conventional grains prepared by grinding and sieving, but also grains produced by spraying liquid silicon which have a more rounded outline.

En ce qui concerne la matrice en alliage d'aluminium-silicium, on fait appel de préférence à des alliages eutectiques du type A-S,2U4G, c'est-à-dire renfermant des éléments tels que le cuivre et le magnésium ayant pour effet d'améliorer la tenue mécanique.With regard to the aluminum-silicon alloy matrix, use is preferably made of eutectic alloys of the AS type, 2 U 4 G, that is to say containing elements such as copper and magnesium having the effect of improving the mechanical strength.

En outre, on favorise les propriétés de frottement des chemises par la présence d'adjuvants comme du graphite ou de tout autre corps jouant un rôle équivalent. De préférence, on utilise un graphite artificiel de type granulaire, forme s'intégrant bien physiquement aux autres composants de la chemise. La proportion la plus convenable se situe entre 3 et 10 % en poids de la masse au sein de laquelle il est dispersé.In addition, the friction properties of the shirts are favored by the presence of additives such as graphite or any other body playing an equivalent role. Preferably, an artificial graphite of the granular type is used, a shape which integrates well physically with the other components of the jacket. The most suitable proportion is between 3 and 10% by weight of the mass within which it is dispersed.

La demanderesse a aussi constaté qu'on pouvait encore améliorer davantage les performances des ensembles chemise-piston du point de vue compatibilité et remédier notamment à l'apparition de certains phénomènes de collage ponctuel qui apparaissent lorsque la chemise travaille au-delà des températures limites généralement admises, en ajoutant dans la chemise une dispersion d'au moins un composé intermétallique, distincte de celle de tels composés susceptibles d'exister au sein de l'alliage et dont la température de fusion est supérieure à 700 °C.The Applicant has also found that the performance of the sleeve-piston assemblies can be further improved from the compatibility point of view and in particular remedy the appearance of certain point bonding phenomena which appear when the sleeve works above the limit temperatures generally. allowed, by adding to the jacket a dispersion of at least one intermetallic compound, distinct from that of such compounds likely to exist within the alloy and whose melting point is greater than 700 ° C.

Ainsi, l'invention consiste-t-elle aussi à avoir dans la chemise en plus des grains de silicium calibrés, une dispersion d'au moins un composé intermétallique.Thus, the invention also consists in having in the jacket in addition to the calibrated silicon grains, a dispersion of at least one intermetallic compound.

Il y a lieu de souligner que cette dispersion est différente du point de vue structure et/ou composition de celle qui pourrait être présente dans l'alliage de base. En effet, il est possible que cet alliage contienne certains éléments susceptibles de former entre eux des composés intermétalliques au cours de son élaboration par métallurgie des poudres. Mais ces composés appartiennent à la structure même de l'alliage de base et n'ont donc rien à voir avec celui (ou ceux) concerné(s) par l'invention. Ces composés intermétalliques constituant cette dispersion sont choisis parmi ceux qui ont une température de fusion supérieure à 700 °C.It should be emphasized that this dispersion is different from the structure and / or composition point of view from that which might be present in the base alloy. Indeed, it is possible that this alloy contains certain elements capable of forming between them intermetallic compounds during its preparation by powder metallurgy. However, these compounds belong to the very structure of the base alloy and therefore have nothing to do with that (or those) concerned with the invention. These intermetallic compounds constituting this dispersion are chosen from those which have a melting temperature above 700 ° C.

On a en effet trouvé que la présence de tels composés dans la structure d'une chemise à matrice d'aluminium-silicium eutectique avait pour propriété de réduire fortement sinon de supprimer la tendance de la chemise à se souder localement au piston lorsque certaines limites de températures sont dépassées.It has indeed been found that the presence of such compounds in the structure of a jacket with an aluminum-silicon eutectic matrix had the property of greatly reducing if not eliminating the tendency of the jacket to locally weld with the piston when certain limits of temperatures are exceeded.

De plus, les essais réalisés montrent que ces composés intermétalliques contribuent à améliorer simultanément le rôle joué par les grains de silicium en créant des points durs dans la chemise et en renforçant ainsi sa résistance à l'usure et celui du graphite en exacerbant sa fonction d'agent lubrifiant comme en témoignent les mesures de coefficient de frottement.In addition, the tests carried out show that these intermetallic compounds contribute to simultaneously improving the role played by the silicon grains by creating hard points in the jacket and thereby strengthening its wear resistance and that of graphite by exacerbating its function. lubricant as evidenced by the friction coefficient measurements.

Le composé intermétallique Ni3Sn dans lequel trois atomes de nickel sont combinés à un atome d'étain pour former ces cristaux du type hexagonal, s'est avéré particulièrement performant à la fois dans ses fonctions d'agent de « non-collage et dans celles de produit lubrifiant et résistant à l'usure.The intermetallic compound Ni 3 Sn in which three nickel atoms are combined with a tin atom to form these crystals of the hexagonal type, has proved to be particularly effective both in its functions of "non-bonding agent and in those of lubricant and wear-resistant product.

De tels composés doivent être répartis régulièrement dans la masse de la chemise sous forme de grains. Cependant, pour développer pleinement leurs effets, ces grains sont de préférence calibrés, c'est-à-dire qu'ils répondent à une courbe de granulométrie la plus resserrée possible et dont les dimensions sont de toute façon comprises entre 5 et 50 ¡.Lm. On exclut ainsi d'une part, les grains trop fins qui en raison de leur surface spécifique élevée, conduisent au grippage des outillages de fabrication des chemises, d'autre part, les grains trop gros qui provoquent l'augmentation du coefficient de frottement.Such compounds must be distributed regularly in the mass of the jacket in the form of grains. However, to fully develop their effects, these grains are preferably calibrated, that is to say that they respond to a particle size curve as narrow as possible and whose dimensions are in any case between 5 and 50 ¡. Lm. This excludes, on the one hand, grains that are too fine and which, because of their high specific surface, lead to seizure of the tools for manufacturing shirts, on the other hand, grains that are too coarse, which cause the friction coefficient to increase.

Pour obtenir un compromis favorable entre les avantages apportés par la matrice en alliage d'aluminium-silicium eutectique, les grains de silicium, le lubrifiant et les grains de composé intermétallique, on a constaté qu'une proportion de ces derniers de 5 à 15 % de la masse de la chemise convenait très bien.In order to obtain a favorable compromise between the advantages provided by the eutectic aluminum-silicon alloy matrix, the silicon grains, the lubricant and the grains of intermetallic compound, it has been found that a proportion of the latter of 5 to 15% of the mass of the shirt was fine.

Les grains de composé intermétallique peuvent présenter un faciès différent en fonction de leur mode d'obtention. C'est ainsi qu'on peut avoir non seulement des grains préparés par broyage mais également des grains fabriqués par pulvérisation du composé à l'état liquide qui présentent de ce fait un contour plus arrondi.The grains of intermetallic compound may have a different facies depending on how they are obtained. Thus it is possible to have not only grains prepared by grinding but also grains produced by spraying the compound in the liquid state which therefore have a more rounded outline.

Quant à l'alliage de base constituant la matrice du matériau de l'invention, outre l'alliage du type A-S,ZU4G, on peut également utiliser un alliage du type A-S12Z5GU.As for the base alloy constituting the matrix of the material of the invention, in addition to the alloy of the type AS, Z U 4 G, one can also use an alloy of the type AS 12 Z 5 GU.

L'invention concerne également quelques-uns des procédés d'obtention de telles chemises. Ces procédés possèdent une phase commune consistant à diviser l'alliage d'aluminium-silicium eutectique à partir de l'état liquide en une poudre. Ceci est obtenu par tous procédés existant comme par exemple la pulvérisation centrifuge, l'atomisation, etc... Cette poudre est alors tamisée pour en éliminer les particules de dimensions non comprises entre 60 et 400 µ puis mélangée à des grains de silicium de granulométrie comprise entre 20 et 50 µ et en quantité telle qu'ils représentent 5 à 15 % en poids de la masse de la chemise ; on y ajoute éventuellement 3 à 10 % en poids de graphite ou tout autre élément susceptible d'améliorer la qualité de la chemise tel que le carbure de silicium pour augmenter sa dureté ou l'étain pour la rendre plus apte au frottement. Dans le cas de chemises destinées à travailler au-delà des limites de température généralement admise, on incorpore un composé intermétallique sous forme de grains suivant les pourcentages en poids compris entre 5 et 15 % et de dimensions comprises entre 5 et 50 µ. Après homogénéisation convenable, un tel mélange peut alors être traité de deux façons différentes, soit par frittage, soit par filage.The invention also relates to some of the methods of obtaining such shirts. These methods have a common phase of dividing the aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy from the liquid state into a powder. This is obtained by all existing processes such as, for example, centrifugal spraying, atomization, etc. This powder is then sieved to remove particles of dimensions not between 60 and 400 μ and then mixed with silicon grains of particle size between 20 and 50 μ and in quantity such that they represent 5 to 15% by weight of the mass of the shirt; 3 to 10% by weight of graphite or any other element capable of improving the quality of the jacket, such as silicon carbide to increase its hardness or tin to make it more suitable for friction, are optionally added thereto. In the case of jackets intended to work beyond the generally accepted temperature limits, an intermetallic compound is incorporated in the form of grains according to the percentages by weight of between 5 and 15% and of dimensions between 5 and 50 μ. After suitable homogenization, such a mixture can then be treated in two different ways, either by sintering or by spinning.

Dans le cas du frittage, le mélange de poudres est mis en forme par compression à froid dans une presse verticale ou isostatique, puis frittée sous atmosphère contrôlée. La chemise ainsi obtenue est alors usinée aux dimensions convenables.In the case of sintering, the powder mixture is shaped by cold compression in a vertical or isostatic press, then sintered under a controlled atmosphere. The shirt thus obtained is then machined to suitable dimensions.

Dans le cas du filage, le mélange est comprimé à froid sous forme de billette ou chargé directement dans le pot d'une presse puis, filé sous forme de tube après un éventuel préchauffage à l'abri de l'atmosphère.In the case of spinning, the mixture is compressed cold in the form of a billet or loaded directly into the pot of a press, then spun in the form of a tube after possible preheating away from the atmosphere.

Le matériel de filage utilisé est bien connu de l'homme de l'art. Il peut s'agir, soit d'un outillage à pont, soit d'un ensemble filière plate-aiguille flottante. Le tube ainsi obtenu à la sortie de la presse est dressé, tronçonné à la longueur des chemises et ces dernières sont ensuite usinées.The spinning equipment used is well known to those skilled in the art. It can be either a bridge tool or a floating needle-plate assembly. The tube thus obtained at the outlet of the press is erected, cut to the length of the jackets and the latter are then machined.

Il est possible d'effectuer une trempe directement sur le tube sortant de la filière puis de procéder à un traitement thermique classique de revenu, de façon a améliorer les propriétés mécaniques de la chemise fabriquée.It is possible to carry out a quenching directly on the tube leaving the die and then to carry out a conventional heat treatment of tempering, so as to improve the mechanical properties of the shirt produced.

Le mélange peut aussi être comprimé sous forme de pions que l'on soumet à un filage inverse de manière à former des godets dont on tronçonne ensuite le fond et le bord opposé pour recueillir des chemises qui sont ensuite usinées. Il est également possible d'effectuer une trempe directe des godets après filage.The mixture can also be compressed in the form of pions which are subjected to a reverse spinning so as to form buckets, the bottom and the opposite edge of which are then cut off to collect liners which are then machined. It is also possible to carry out a direct hardening of the buckets after spinning.

L'invention peut être illustrée au moyen de trois figures jointes à la présente demande et qui représentent des dessins de micrographies tirées sous un grossissement de 200, de chemises de moteurs fabriquées suivant des techniques différentes.The invention can be illustrated by means of three figures appended to the present application and which represent drawings of micrographs drawn under a magnification of 200, of engine liners manufactured according to different techniques.

La figure 1 correspond à une chemise obtenue par coulée d'un alliage d'aluminium-silicium hypereutectique, la figure 2 à une chemise obtenue par filage de poudre d'alliage d'aluminium-silicium hypereutectique, la figure 3 à une chemise selon l'invention obtenue par filage d'un mélange de poudre d'alliage d'aluminium-silicium eutectique et de poudre de silicium calibrée.Figure 1 corresponds to a jacket obtained by casting a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy, Figure 2 to a jacket obtained by spinning hypereutectic aluminum-silicon powder, Figure 3 to a jacket according to l invention obtained by spinning a mixture of eutectic aluminum-silicon alloy powder and calibrated silicon powder.

Sur la figure 1, l'alliage d'aluminium-silicium est un A-S17U4G suivant les normes de l'Aluminium Association qui contient donc 17 % de silicium et de ce fait est dit hypereutectique en silicium. On distingue des cristaux de silicium primaire (1) qui sont donc apparus au début de la solidification de l'alliage et qui sont dispersés dans une matrice où apparaît sous forme d'aiguille(s) du silicium eutectique. On remarque que ces cristaux ont une taille relativement importante et une forme angulaire ayant pour propriété une tendance fâcheuse à rayer la surface des pistons au regard desquels travaillent les chemises.In FIG. 1, the aluminum-silicon alloy is an A-S17U4G according to the standards of the Aluminum Association which therefore contains 17% of silicon and therefore is said to be hypereutectic in silicon. A distinction is made between primary silicon crystals (1) which therefore appeared at the start of the solidification of the alloy and which are dispersed in a matrix in which eutectic silicon appears in the form of a needle. It is noted that these crystals have a relatively large size and an angular shape having the property of an annoying tendency to scratch the surface of the pistons with regard to which the liners work.

Sur la figure 2, l'alliage d'aluminium-silicium est également un A-S17U4G mais résultant du filage de poudre obtenue par atomisation. Du fait de la grande vitesse de refroidissement utilisée pour former cette poudre, les grains de silicium primaire (3) ont une taille relativement petite comparable à celle du silicium eutectique, et en tout cas inférieure à celle résultant de la coulée classique. On distingue également sur cette figure des particules de graphite (4) qui s'allongent dans le sens du filage et représentent environ en poids 3 % de la masse de la chemise.In FIG. 2, the aluminum-silicon alloy is also an A-S17U4G but resulting from the spinning of powder obtained by atomization. Due to the high cooling speed used to form this powder, the primary silicon grains (3) have a relatively small size comparable to that of eutectic silicon, and in any case less than that resulting from conventional casting. Also shown in this figure are graphite particles (4) which lengthen in the spinning direction and represent approximately 3% by weight of the jacket mass.

La trop grande finesse des grains de silicium, des chemises ainsi constituées est la cause de leur détérioration lors d'essais dans des conditions particulièrement sévères.The excessive fineness of the silicon grains, of the jackets thus formed, is the cause of their deterioration during tests under particularly severe conditions.

Sur la figure 3, l'alliage d'aluminium-silicium est un A-S12U4G qui contient 12 % de silicium et de ce fait est dit eutectique en silicium. Il résulte également du filage de poudre obtenue par atomisation, mais on a ajouté suivant l'invention avant filage, environ 5 % en poids de poudre de silicium dont les grains (5) ont un faciès de particules résultant d'un broyage et une dimension comprise entre 20 et 50 wm. Ces grains sont dispersés dans une matrice eutectique au sein de laquelle on distingue des particules de silicium (7) qui ont coalessé et des particules de graphite (6) associés à raison de 3 % au poids. On notera la texture tout à fait originale des chemises selon l'invention, texture qui contribue à améliorer notablement la compatibilité avec les pistons des chemises ainsi réalisées.In FIG. 3, the aluminum-silicon alloy is an A-S12U4G which contains 12% of silicon and therefore is said to be eutectic in silicon. It also results from the spinning of powder obtained by atomization, but was added according to the invention before spinning, about 5% by weight of silicon powder whose grains (5) have a facies of particles resulting from grinding and a dimension between 20 and 50 wm. These grains are dispersed in an eutectic matrix within which there are silicon particles (7) which have coalesced and graphite particles (6) associated at a rate of 3% by weight. Note the completely original texture of the shirts according to the invention, a texture which contributes to significantly improving the compatibility with the pistons of the shirts thus produced.

Les chemises faisant objet de l'invention trouvent leur application notamment dans l'industrie de l'automobile et dans tout genre d'industrie où l'on cherche à disposer d'ensembles, chemise-piston de bonne compatibilité à partir d'alliages d'aluminium.The shirts forming the subject of the invention find their application in particular in the automobile industry and in any kind of industry where it is sought to have assemblies, piston-sleeve of good compatibility from alloys of 'aluminum.

Claims (21)

1. Internal combustion engine liner obtained by powder metallurgy from grains of aluminium-silicon, of silicon and optionally of other elements, characterized in that the structure exhibits a eutectic aluminium-silicon matrix, i.e., essentially free of primary silicon grains, in which silicon grains all having a size between 20 and 50 µm, are distributed.
2. Liner as in claim 1, characterized in that the silicon grains represent 5 to 15 % of the mass of the liner.
3. Liner as in claim 1, characterized in that the silicon grains have an angular shape.
4. Liner as in claim 1, characterized in that the silicon grains have a round shape.
5. Liner as in claim 1, characterized in that the eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy is A-Sl2U4G (Si 11-13%, Cu 3-5 %, Mg 0,5-1,5 % by weight, AI balance).
6. Liner as in claim 1, characterized in that graphite is one of the other elements.
7. Liner as in claim 6, characterized in that the graphite content of the liner is between 3 and 10 % by weight.
8. Liner as in claim 1, characterized in that it contains a dispersion of at least an intermetallic compound different from that of . such compounds able to exist in used grains of aluminium silicon.
9. Liner as in claim 8, characterized in that the intermetallic compound is Ni3Sn.
10. Liner as in claim 8, characterized in that the intermetallic compound is in the form of grains graded in size with dimensions between 5 and 50 µm.
11. Liner as in claim 8, characterized in that the intermetallic compound represents 5 to 15 % by weight of the mass of the liner.
12. Liner as in claim 8, wherein the grains of the intermetallic compound have an angular shape.
13. Liner as in claim 8, characterized in that the grains of the intermetallic compound have a round shape.
14. Liner as in claim 8, characterized in that a eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy belongs to the group consisting of A-Sl2U4G (Si 11-13 %, Cu 3-5 %, Mg 0,5-1,5 % by weight, AI balance) and AS12Z5GU (Si 11-13 %, Cu 0,5-2 %, Mg 2-3 %, Zn 5-7 % by weight, AI balance).
15. Process of making liners according to claim 1, characterized in that aluminium-silicon alloy is divided from the liquid state into a powder having dimensions between 60 and 400 wm, then mixed with silicon grains having a granulometry between 20 and 50 µm and in such an amount that they represent 5 to 15 % by weight of the mass of the liner, to which 3 to 10 % of powdered graphite are optionally added.
16. Process of making liners as in claim 8, characterized in that an intermetallic compound is incorporated in the form of grains by percentages by weight between 5 and 15 % and having dimensions between 5 and 20 µm.
17. Process as in claims 15 and 16, characterized in that the mixture of powders and grains is formed by cold pressing, then sintered under controlled atmosphere.
18. Process as in claims 15 and 16, characterized in that the mixture of powders and grains is extruded in a press belonging to the group consisting of floating needle and bridge tool presses and the product obtained is cut to the desired length after dressing.
19. Process as in claims 15 and 16, characterized in that the extruded product is tempered at the output of the press, then subjected to an annealing.
20. Process as in claims 15 and 16, characterized in that the mixture is pressed in the form of slugs, then subjected to indirect extrusion to form a bucket whose bottom and opposite end are cut off.
21. Process as in claims 15 and 16, characterized in that a direct tempering of the buckets is performed after extrusion.
EP83901824A 1982-06-17 1983-06-15 Motor cylinder sleeves based on aluminum alloys and calibrated silicon grains and methods for obtaining them Expired EP0112848B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8211032A FR2528910B1 (en) 1982-06-17 1982-06-17 ENGINE SHIRTS BASED ON CALIBRATED ALUMINUM ALLOYS AND GRAIC GRAINS AND PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING SAME
FR8211032 1982-06-17
FR8220982 1982-09-12
FR8220982A FR2537654B2 (en) 1982-06-17 1982-12-09 IMPROVEMENT OF ENGINE SHIRTS BASED ON ALUMINUM ALLOYS AND CALIBRATED SILICON GRAINS AND PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING SAME

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EP0112848A1 EP0112848A1 (en) 1984-07-11
EP0112848B1 true EP0112848B1 (en) 1986-05-28

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FR (1) FR2537654B2 (en)
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US6030577A (en) * 1995-09-01 2000-02-29 Erbsloh Aktiengesellschaft Process for manufacturing thin pipes

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ES523319A0 (en) 1984-03-16
FR2537654B2 (en) 1987-01-30
CA1237919A (en) 1988-06-14
EP0112848A1 (en) 1984-07-11
FR2537654A2 (en) 1984-06-15
IT1194273B (en) 1988-09-14
JPS59500779A (en) 1984-05-04
JPH0137464B2 (en) 1989-08-07
WO1984000050A1 (en) 1984-01-05
DE3363726D1 (en) 1986-07-03
IT8321630A0 (en) 1983-06-15
US4650644A (en) 1987-03-17

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