EP0102943B1 - Sport field coating - Google Patents

Sport field coating Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0102943B1
EP0102943B1 EP82900533A EP82900533A EP0102943B1 EP 0102943 B1 EP0102943 B1 EP 0102943B1 EP 82900533 A EP82900533 A EP 82900533A EP 82900533 A EP82900533 A EP 82900533A EP 0102943 B1 EP0102943 B1 EP 0102943B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
covering
layer
polyurethane
expanded clay
absorption layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82900533A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0102943A1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Zurkinden
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Individual
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Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT82900533T priority Critical patent/ATE17026T1/en
Publication of EP0102943A1 publication Critical patent/EP0102943A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0102943B1 publication Critical patent/EP0102943B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/06—Pavings made in situ, e.g. for sand grounds, clay courts E01C13/003
    • E01C13/065—Pavings made in situ, e.g. for sand grounds, clay courts E01C13/003 at least one in situ layer consisting of or including bitumen, rubber or plastics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
    • D06N7/0094—Fibrous material being coated on one surface with at least one layer of an inorganic material and at least one layer of a macromolecular material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06N2203/068—Polyurethanes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y10T428/252—Glass or ceramic [i.e., fired or glazed clay, cement, etc.] [porcelain, quartz, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31826—Of natural rubber
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31826—Of natural rubber
    • Y10T428/3183—Next to second layer of natural rubber
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10—Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102—Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/109—Metal or metal-coated fiber-containing scrim
    • Y10T442/124—Including a natural or synthetic rubber layer

Definitions

  • a sports field surface is described according to the preamble of the patent claim, with a lower layer for damping impact effects on the surface and a thinner wear layer attached to it, both layers containing rubber chips and polyurethane.
  • the lower or damping layer stabilized by a mesh of reinforcing iron contains, in addition to rubber chips that come from old vehicle tires and are bound with polyurethane, also mineral additives with which the elasticity of the layer can be adjusted to a desired value.
  • Sports field coverings produced in this way have excellent properties.
  • mineral additives Because they are made of grit, concrete gravel and / or sand, they are hygroscopic. The amount of moisture they contain therefore varies within certain limits. When producing the damping layer on the spot, it depends heavily on how and where the mineral additives were previously stored; it is quite possible that the moisture content changes during the production of the sports field surface, as this content may be lower in the later hours of the afternoon than in the morning at the start of work. However, this changes the properties of the covering.
  • the invention therefore aims to replace this additive with a more suitable material and thus not only to simplify the manufacture, but if possible also to be able to prepare a part of the manufacturing process, so that only the actual installation has to be carried out on the spot.
  • a sports field covering of the type mentioned at the outset, which meets these requirements, is characterized in that expanded expanded clay is added as an additive to the polyurethane or the rubber chips in the damping layer.
  • the only drawing shows a perspective representation of a section of the sports field covering.
  • this has the same structure as the sports field covering according to the aforementioned Swiss Patent No. 601567, namely a lower or damping layer 1, an upper or wear layer 2 and in between a stabilizing mesh 3 of reinforcing iron, which stabilizes the damping layer 1.
  • Both layers contain rubber chips 4, which are made from old vehicle tires and bound with polyurethane.
  • the entire covering is applied to a layer of gravel, not shown here, the so-called Reinplanie, which ensures the drainage of rain or melt water.
  • the damping layer 1 previously contained mineral additives, it is now mixed with expanded expanded clay 5, which is preferably present in the form of small balls.
  • This expanded clay has the following advantages.
  • the lack of porosity not only prevents water absorption, but also absorbs some of the polyurethane. This can therefore be dosed precisely, which contributes to the further uniformity of the covering. In addition, significantly less polyurethane is required than before.
  • Expanded expanded clay is more elastic than the mineral additives. This not only makes the covering more elastic, it also makes it less sensitive to extreme temperature fluctuations.

Abstract

The covering has a lower or cushioning layer (1) and an upper or wear-resisting coating (2), between which there is a reinforcing iron netting (3). Both the layers contain rubber chips (4), which are produced from old vehicle tires. The lower layer used for cushioning impact effects on the covering, is additionally provided with spherical expanded clay (5), which gives said layer a particular elasticity and also makes it independent of atmospheric humidity during production.

Description

In der schweizerischen Patentschrift Nr. 601567 ist ein Sportplatzbelag gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs beschrieben, mit einer unteren Schicht zur Dämpfung von Aufpralleinwirkungen auf den Belag und einer auf derselben angebrachten dünneren Verschleissschicht, wobei beide Schichten Gummischnitzel und Polyurethan enthalten. Die durch ein Netz aus Armierungseisen stabilisierte untere oder Dämpfungsschicht enthält in einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ausser Gummischnitzeln, die von alten Fahrzeugreifen stammen und mit Polyurethan gebunden sind, auch noch mineralische Zusätze, mit welchen die Elastizität der Schicht auf einen gewünschten Wert einstellbar ist.In Swiss patent no. 601567, a sports field surface is described according to the preamble of the patent claim, with a lower layer for damping impact effects on the surface and a thinner wear layer attached to it, both layers containing rubber chips and polyurethane. In a preferred embodiment, the lower or damping layer stabilized by a mesh of reinforcing iron contains, in addition to rubber chips that come from old vehicle tires and are bound with polyurethane, also mineral additives with which the elasticity of the layer can be adjusted to a desired value.

Solcherart hergestellte Sportplatzbeläge weisen ausgezeichnete Eigenschaften auf. Hingegen ergeben sich bei ihrer Herstellung noch einige Probleme, und zwar infolge der Verwendung mineralischer Zusätze. Weil diese aus Splitt, Betonkies und/oder Sand bestehen, sind sie hygroskopisch. Der in ihnen enthaltene Anteil an Feuchtigkeit variiert daher innerhalb gewisser Grenzen. Bei der Herstellung der Dämpfungsschicht an Ort und Stelle hängt es somit stark davon ab, wie und wo die mineralischen Zusätze vorher gelagert worden sind; es ist durchaus möglich, dass der Feuchtigkeitsgehalt während der Herstellung des Sportplatzbelages ändert, indem dieser Gehalte in den späteren Nachmittagsstunden geringer sein kann als am Morgen bei Beginn derArbeit. Dadurch ändern sich aber die Eigenschaften des Belages.Sports field coverings produced in this way have excellent properties. On the other hand, there are still some problems in their manufacture due to the use of mineral additives. Because they are made of grit, concrete gravel and / or sand, they are hygroscopic. The amount of moisture they contain therefore varies within certain limits. When producing the damping layer on the spot, it depends heavily on how and where the mineral additives were previously stored; it is quite possible that the moisture content changes during the production of the sports field surface, as this content may be lower in the later hours of the afternoon than in the morning at the start of work. However, this changes the properties of the covering.

Ein weiterer Umstand ergibt sich daraus, dass die genannten Zusätze wegen ihrer Porosität auch das Bindemittel, also das Polyurethan, teilweise aufsagen, und zwar in einem Ausmass, dasteilweise von der Korngrösse der Mineralien abhängt und daher eine genaue Dosierung des Bindemittels erschwert. Man ist dann bei der Herstellung auf Erfahrungswerte angewiesen, die man sich jedoch erst nach und nach erwerben kann. Sportplatzbeläge sollten aber gleich von Beginn an die richtige Zusammensetzung aufweisen. Zusätzlich erschwerend wirkt sich noch der oft beachtete Umstand aus, dass bei zu hoher Feuchtigkeit der mineralischen Zusätze das Polyurethan zum Aufschäumen neigt.Another fact arises from the fact that, due to their porosity, the additives mentioned also partially recite the binder, that is to say the polyurethane, to an extent that depends in part on the grain size of the minerals and therefore makes precise dosing of the binder difficult. You then have to rely on empirical values during production, which you can only gradually acquire. However, sports field surfaces should have the right composition right from the start. An additional complicating factor is the often noticed fact that the polyurethane additives tend to foam when the mineral additives are too moist.

Die Erfindung bezweckt daher, diesen Zusatz durch ein besser geeignetes Material zu ersetzen und damit die Herstellung nicht nur zu vereinfachen, sondern wenn möglich auch einen Teil des Herstellungsvorganges vorbereiten zu können, so dass an Ort und Stelle nur noch der eigentliche Einbau vorgenommen werden muss.The invention therefore aims to replace this additive with a more suitable material and thus not only to simplify the manufacture, but if possible also to be able to prepare a part of the manufacturing process, so that only the actual installation has to be carried out on the spot.

Ein Sportplatzbelag der eingangs erwähnten Art, der diesen Anforderungen entspricht, ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem Polyurethan bzw. den Gummischnitzeln in der Dämpfungsschicht expandierter Blähton als Zusatz beigemischt ist.A sports field covering of the type mentioned at the outset, which meets these requirements, is characterized in that expanded expanded clay is added as an additive to the polyurethane or the rubber chips in the damping layer.

Die einzige Zeichnung zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellug eines Ausschnittes des Sportplatzbelages. Dieser weist im Prinzip denselben Aufbau wie der Sportplatzbelag nach der erwähnten schweizerischen Patentschrift Nr. 601567 auf, nämlich eine untere oder Dämpfungsschicht 1, eine obere oder Verschleisschicht 2 und dazwischen ein die Dämpfungsschicht 1 stabilisierendes Netz 3 aus Armierungseisen. Beide Schichten enthalten Gummischnitzel 4, die aus alten Fahrzeugreifen hergestellt und mit Polyurethan gebunden sind. Der gesamte Belag wird auf eine hier nicht dargestellte Kiesschicht, die sogenannte Reinplanie, aufgebracht, welche für die Ableitung von Regen- oder Schmelzwasser sorgt. Während jedoch die Dämpfungsschicht 1 bisher mineralische Zusätze enthielt, ist sie nunmehr mit expandiertem Blähton 5 versetzt, welcher vorzugsweise in Form von kleinen Kugeln vorhanden ist. Dieser Blähton hat die folgenden Vorteile.The only drawing shows a perspective representation of a section of the sports field covering. In principle, this has the same structure as the sports field covering according to the aforementioned Swiss Patent No. 601567, namely a lower or damping layer 1, an upper or wear layer 2 and in between a stabilizing mesh 3 of reinforcing iron, which stabilizes the damping layer 1. Both layers contain rubber chips 4, which are made from old vehicle tires and bound with polyurethane. The entire covering is applied to a layer of gravel, not shown here, the so-called Reinplanie, which ensures the drainage of rain or melt water. However, while the damping layer 1 previously contained mineral additives, it is now mixed with expanded expanded clay 5, which is preferably present in the form of small balls. This expanded clay has the following advantages.

1. Er ist nicht porös und daher nicht hygroskopisch. Somit weist er stets dasselbe spezifische Gewicht auf, unabhängit von der Luftfeuchtigkeit, die bei der Herstellung des Sportplatzbelages herrscht oder die während der Lagerung des Blähtons vorhanden war. Dieses stets gleiche Raumgewicht ergibt auch eine gleichbleibende Qualität des Belages. Auch das bisher oft beobachtete, bei zu grossem Wassergehalt der mineralischen Zusätze auftretende Schäumen des Polyurethans, das als Bindemittel für die Gummischnitzel dient, fällt nunmehr weg.1. It is not porous and therefore not hygroscopic. Thus, it always has the same specific weight, regardless of the air humidity that prevails during the production of the sports field covering or that was present during the storage of the expanded clay. This always the same density also results in a constant quality of the covering. Also the foams of the polyurethane, which have been observed so far and occur when the mineral additives contain too much water, and which serves as a binder for the rubber chips, are now no longer necessary.

Durch das Fehlen der Porosität wird aber nicht nur die Wasseraufnahme verhindert, sondern auch das Aufsaugen eines Anteils des Polyurethans. Dieses kann daher genau dosiert werden, was zur weiteren Gleichmässigkeit des Belages beiträgt. Ausserdem wird auch bedeutend weniger Polyurethan benötigt als bisher.The lack of porosity not only prevents water absorption, but also absorbs some of the polyurethane. This can therefore be dosed precisely, which contributes to the further uniformity of the covering. In addition, significantly less polyurethane is required than before.

2. Dank dieser Gleichmässigkeit kann nicht nur der Blähton selber, sondern auch die ihn enthaltende Dämpfungsschicht industriell vorbereitet werden und braucht dann nur noch am Erstellungsort des Belages verlegt zu werden. Eine solche Vorfabrikation war bei den mineralischen Zusätzen zwar auch möglich, führte jedoch zu Schwierigkeiten, weil während des Transportes ein Teil dieser Zusätze vor allem durch die unvermeidlichen Erschütterungen sich wieder aus dem Schichtmaterial herauslöste. Die Blähtonkugeln integrieren sich jedoch vollständig in dieses Material.2. Thanks to this uniformity, not only the expanded clay itself, but also the damping layer containing it, can be prepared industrially and then only needs to be installed at the place where the covering was created. Such a prefabrication was also possible with the mineral additives, but led to difficulties because some of these additives detached from the layer material during transport, above all due to the inevitable shocks. The expanded clay balls, however, fully integrate into this material.

3. Das konstante spezifische Gewicht der Blähtonkugeln lässt eine gleichmässige Herstellung auch bei unterschiedlichen Kugeldurchmessern zu. Die bei den bisher verwendeten Mineralien beobachtete Abhängigkeit der Qualität von der Korngrösse entfällt damit.3. The constant specific weight of the expanded clay balls allows uniform production even with different ball diameters. The dependence of the quality on the grain size observed with the minerals used up to now is no longer applicable.

4. Expandierter Blähton ist elastischer als die mineralischen Zusätze. Nicht nur wird der Belag dadurch elastischer, sondern auch unempfindlicher gegenüber extremen Temperaturschwankungen.4. Expanded expanded clay is more elastic than the mineral additives. This not only makes the covering more elastic, it also makes it less sensitive to extreme temperature fluctuations.

Durch die genannte Verwendung von Blähton wird ein sehr widerstandsfähiger und strapazierfähiger Sportplatzbelag erhalten.Through the use of expanded clay mentioned, a very resistant and hard-wearing sports field covering is obtained.

Claims (1)

  1. Sport field coating, with a lower absorption layer (1) for impacts on the coating, a wear layer (2) on the absorption layer (1), and a reinforcement net (3) for the stabilization of the absorption layer (1 ), whereby both layers (1,2) contain rubber beet slices, which are bound in polyurethane, characterized in that the polyurethane or rubber beet slices (4) in the absorption layer (1) is mixed with expanding clay (5) as an additive.
EP82900533A 1982-02-19 1982-02-19 Sport field coating Expired EP0102943B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82900533T ATE17026T1 (en) 1982-02-19 1982-02-19 SPORTS COURT.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CH1982/000024 WO1983002968A1 (en) 1982-02-19 1982-02-19 Sport field coating

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0102943A1 EP0102943A1 (en) 1984-03-21
EP0102943B1 true EP0102943B1 (en) 1985-12-18

Family

ID=4539333

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82900533A Expired EP0102943B1 (en) 1982-02-19 1982-02-19 Sport field coating

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4492728A (en)
EP (1) EP0102943B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS59500228A (en)
AT (1) ATE17026T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3267961D1 (en)
DK (1) DK306683A (en)
FI (1) FI833801A0 (en)
NO (1) NO832263L (en)
WO (1) WO1983002968A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3439252A1 (en) * 1984-10-26 1986-05-07 Lothar 8700 Würzburg Eisner RAIL INSTALLATION MATERIAL
US4813672A (en) * 1986-12-24 1989-03-21 Harry Stille Batters' box
CA2116418A1 (en) * 1994-02-24 1995-08-25 Larry C. Hesterman Moldable materials utilizing recyclable substances
FI95457C (en) * 1994-03-15 1996-02-12 Kemira Chemicals Oy Process for the preparation of hydrogen peroxide and the reactor used therein
US5543172A (en) * 1994-03-18 1996-08-06 King Associates Inc. Fall zone covering for playground
US6213252B1 (en) 1996-11-08 2001-04-10 Royal Mat International Inc. Sound absorbing substrate
EP0864693A3 (en) * 1997-03-10 1999-05-06 Heidemij Realisatie B.V. Soil profile for sport pitches
US6328664B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2001-12-11 L. Bradley Hammett Sports training device
AU712910B3 (en) * 1999-06-11 1999-11-18 Masterfibre Pty Ltd Impact resistant cover
GB2392866A (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-03-17 Frank Bowers Vandal resistant polymeric recreational surfaces and tiles
AT512605B1 (en) * 2012-02-16 2015-05-15 Swietelsky Baugesellschaft M B H SPORTS FLOORING
US9512578B1 (en) * 2014-12-17 2016-12-06 Three D Plastics, Inc. Traffic cone

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2156255A1 (en) * 1970-11-09 1972-05-18 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Resilient composite material suitable as a covering for sports facilities
FR2365660A1 (en) * 1976-09-28 1978-04-21 Terrains Sports Const Impact covering for sports and playgrounds - composed of light concrete with heterogeneous compactness in its depth and opt. having epoxy! resin surface layer
CH601567A5 (en) * 1977-02-04 1978-07-14 Pierre Zurkinden Surfacing for sports and playing field
EP0013089B1 (en) * 1978-12-29 1983-06-15 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Laminates of cloth or other sheet material and filled crystalline polypropylenes and a method for making them

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI833801A (en) 1983-10-18
FI833801A0 (en) 1983-10-18
DK306683A (en) 1983-09-01
NO832263L (en) 1983-09-01
DE3267961D1 (en) 1986-01-30
DK306683D0 (en) 1983-07-01
EP0102943A1 (en) 1984-03-21
ATE17026T1 (en) 1986-01-15
JPS59500228A (en) 1984-02-16
WO1983002968A1 (en) 1983-09-01
US4492728A (en) 1985-01-08

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