EP0082627A1 - Strömungsdurchlässiges, poröses, elektrisches Heizelement - Google Patents

Strömungsdurchlässiges, poröses, elektrisches Heizelement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0082627A1
EP0082627A1 EP82306494A EP82306494A EP0082627A1 EP 0082627 A1 EP0082627 A1 EP 0082627A1 EP 82306494 A EP82306494 A EP 82306494A EP 82306494 A EP82306494 A EP 82306494A EP 0082627 A1 EP0082627 A1 EP 0082627A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating
precursor
heating
heating element
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP82306494A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0082627B1 (de
Inventor
James Francis Pollock
Roy Frederick Preston
Vincent Keith Hewinson
John Malcolm North
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
UK Atomic Energy Authority
Original Assignee
UK Atomic Energy Authority
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by UK Atomic Energy Authority filed Critical UK Atomic Energy Authority
Publication of EP0082627A1 publication Critical patent/EP0082627A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0082627B1 publication Critical patent/EP0082627B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
    • F24H1/101—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply
    • F24H1/102—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with resistance
    • F24H1/103—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with resistance with bare resistances in direct contact with the fluid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/148—Silicon, e.g. silicon carbide, magnesium silicide, heating transistors or diodes

Definitions

  • the invention in a first aspect provides a process for manufacturing a fluid permeable, fibrous electric heating element, the process comprising forming a permeable fibrous precursor, coating fibres of the precursor with a material so as to form tubular fibres comprising the material, and heating the coated precursor so as to modify the structure of the material to provide a desired electrical resistivity of the tubular fibres.
  • porous electric heating elements are described in British Patent Specification Nos 1466240 (United States Patent No 3943330), 1503644, and 1600253 (United States Patent No 4257157), these Specifications and Patents being incorporated by reference herein.
  • the system components include a circulating pump, a heating element assembly, valves and pipework with the oil passing in series through the element and the mould, die, extruder, or calender to be heated together with a control system.
  • 'Such units have been devised and operated at heating element power ratings in the range 1 - 30 kW for the aforementioned heating element geometry and with a response time of a few seconds.
  • Very compact units can be designed and for the high power units, the small size which is attainable by the use of a high heating element power density rating reduces the cost of construction considerably compared with conventional heat transfer systems.
  • the permeable element electric heating unit 14 is generally of circular form in transverse section, and comprises a fluid permeable fibrous heating element 30 of hollow cylindrical form, for example 120 mm long, and having gold plated copper electrodes 31 and 32 at the upper and at the lower ends of the heating element 30 respectively.
  • the lower electrode 32 is joined to a brass end cap 34 that is joined to a steel tube 33 brazed to a copper rod 35 which is connected by a clamp-type terminal 36 to an electric supply (not shown).
  • a shorter heating element 30 may be used in the heating unit 14, to overcome the problem of non-uniform flow which arises with long heating elements 30 as a result of hydrostatic pressure differences along the heating element 30, and to increase the fluid velocity through the heating element 30 so that a high power generation density may be employed.
  • An example of such a compact heating element is shown in Figure 4 in which an electric heating unit 14a incorporates a fluid permeable fibrous heating element 80 of hollow cylindrical form and typically about 45 mm outside diameter, 35 mm inside diameter, and 10 mm long.
  • Gold plated annular copper electrodes 81 and 82 are disposed at respective ends of the heating element 80, and each electrode 81, 82 is supported on a boss 83, 84 from a respective stainless steel annular backing disc 85 or 86.
  • Each electrode assembly 146, 147 provides a pressure tight, electric feedthrough from respective electric supply cables 150, 151 to respective copper braid electrical connections 152, 153 each terminating at a respective copper terminal member 155, 156 secured as shown in Figure 4a to a shoulder 157 of the respective electrode 81 or 82.
  • Suitable such electrode assemblies 146, 147 may be obtained for example from VG Electronics Limited, Hastings, London, England, or Ferranti Limited, Hollinwood, Lancashire, England, or Friedrichsfeld GmbH, Mannheim, West Germany, (United Kingdom Agents: Bush Beach Engineering Limited, Cheadle, Cheshire, England).
  • the porous electric heating element may be made from a precursor in the form of a permeable fibrous carbon electric heating element comprising carbon fibres, made for example as described in the aforementioned patent Specifications, and coated with material conveniently applied by a plasma assisted deposition process (hereinafter referred to as P A VD).
  • P A VD plasma assisted deposition process
  • the electrical properties of this deposited material, which may be modified after deposition by appropriate heat treatments may largely determine the electrical operating characteristics of the porous electric heating element.
  • the permeable fibrous carbon precursor on which the material is deposited by the PAVD process may be retained, or may be removed from beneath the deposited material by means of an oxidation process.
  • a plasma is used as a medium for chemical reaction, and deposition of a coating on a substrate is achieved through the decomposition of a gas in an electrically-induced plasma.
  • An example of the plasma assisted deposition process is described in British Patent Specification No 2056829A, and related techniques are disclosed in the paper "Codeposition of Glassy Silica and Germania inside a Tube by Plasma Activated CVD" by D. Kuppers et al, Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol 123 No 7 pages 1079-1082 July 1976.
  • FIG. 6 One form of apparatus for performing the PAVD coating process is shown in Figure 6 to which reference is now made.
  • a fibrous carbon permeable heating element 200 is supported horizontally by an alumina tube 201 inside the central region along the bore of a cylindrical silica tube 202 having enlarged ends 204, 205, the alumina tube 201 extending axially inside the silica tube 202 from an end cap 203 which closes the enlarged end 204.
  • An outlet pipe 206 from the enlarged end 204 is connected through a vacuum-type valve 208 to a vacuum pump 209.
  • the original fibrous carbon precursor 200 on which the coating has been deposited may either be retained, or removed by a heat treatment comprising oxidation in air at a temperature above 300°C so that a structure of tubular fibres of the deposited material remains.
  • a suitable heat treatment may be used to adjust the electrical conductivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of the deposited material to desired values.
  • this heat treatment must be carried out in an inert environment since it would normally take place above the carbon oxidation threshold temperature of about 300°C.
  • this heat treatment may be effected before or after the carbon precursor is removed, or simultaneously with removal.
  • the fibrous carbon precursor is placed in the tube 202 of Figure 6, and the tube 202 subsequently evacuated down to a vacuum pressure of about 10- 2 Torr.
  • Argon is admitted through the gas supply line 220 to a vacuum pressure inside the tube 202 of about 1.0 Torr.
  • the high frequency generator 238 is subsequently energised, and after about one hour, the silane/ethylene mixture to deposit the silicon and carbon is introduced into tube 202 through the gas supply line 222, and a mixture of phosphine/argon is introduced into the tube 202 through the gas supply line 224, the vacuum pressure inside the tube 202 being maintained at about 0.9 Torr.
  • a suitable time interval e.g.
  • An oxidation process to remove the fibrous carbon precursor may be carried out at any convenient temperature above about 300°C, but the time taken to oxidise the carbon can be reduced by increasing the oxidation temperature. Too high an oxidation temperature may however have an effect on the electrical properties of the coating which is not desired, and this possibility arises as a result of the nature of the material deposited during the PAVD coating process.
  • TCR temperature coefficient of electrical resistance
  • Example I Element carbonised at 650°C Density 150 kg/m 3
  • the permeable electric heating elements may be of alternative shapes or sizes to those aforedescribed, and it will be understood that the heat transfer system in the aforedescribed aspects may be used in alternative applications, for example where the heat transfer fluid comprises a gas. Furthermore, the aforedescribed permeable electric heating elements may be used in alternative applications to heat a fluid.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
EP82306494A 1981-12-14 1982-12-06 Strömungsdurchlässiges, poröses, elektrisches Heizelement Expired EP0082627B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8137673 1981-12-14
GB8137673 1981-12-14

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0082627A1 true EP0082627A1 (de) 1983-06-29
EP0082627B1 EP0082627B1 (de) 1988-01-27

Family

ID=10526598

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82306494A Expired EP0082627B1 (de) 1981-12-14 1982-12-06 Strömungsdurchlässiges, poröses, elektrisches Heizelement

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0082627B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS58112296A (de)
DE (2) DE3278066D1 (de)
GB (1) GB2111809B (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2911720A4 (de) * 2012-10-29 2015-09-02 Forever Young Int Inc Temperaturveränderliche intrakorporale flüssigkeitsabgabevorrichtungen

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2264617A (en) * 1991-10-08 1993-09-01 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Porous heating element
DE102019203227A1 (de) * 2019-03-11 2020-09-17 Audi Ag Formwerkzeug zum Urformen oder Umformen eines Werkstücks mit einer Temperiereinrichtung

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2408802A1 (de) * 1973-02-26 1974-08-29 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Heizvorrichtung zum erwaermen von stroemungsmitteln
GB1503644A (en) * 1975-04-21 1978-03-15 Fogarty & Co Ltd E Method and apparatus for forming fibrous cylindrical element
DE2822536A1 (de) * 1977-05-23 1979-01-25 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Verfahren zum herstellen eines fluidpermeablen, elektrischen widerstands- heizelements
DE3022259A1 (de) * 1979-06-14 1980-12-18 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Waermeuebertragungs- und heizvorrichtung
DE3040693A1 (de) * 1979-11-08 1981-05-27 Deutsche Itt Industries Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Verfahren zur metallisierung von halbleiterbauelementen

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3742192A (en) * 1972-02-02 1973-06-26 J Brzuszek Electrical heating device and method
JPS5117040A (ja) * 1974-08-02 1976-02-10 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Kaabonhatsunetsutai

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2408802A1 (de) * 1973-02-26 1974-08-29 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Heizvorrichtung zum erwaermen von stroemungsmitteln
GB1503644A (en) * 1975-04-21 1978-03-15 Fogarty & Co Ltd E Method and apparatus for forming fibrous cylindrical element
DE2822536A1 (de) * 1977-05-23 1979-01-25 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Verfahren zum herstellen eines fluidpermeablen, elektrischen widerstands- heizelements
DE3022259A1 (de) * 1979-06-14 1980-12-18 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Waermeuebertragungs- und heizvorrichtung
DE3040693A1 (de) * 1979-11-08 1981-05-27 Deutsche Itt Industries Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Verfahren zur metallisierung von halbleiterbauelementen

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2911720A4 (de) * 2012-10-29 2015-09-02 Forever Young Int Inc Temperaturveränderliche intrakorporale flüssigkeitsabgabevorrichtungen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2111809B (en) 1985-08-21
DE3278066D1 (en) 1988-03-03
EP0082627B1 (de) 1988-01-27
GB2111809A (en) 1983-07-06
JPS58112296A (ja) 1983-07-04
DE82627T1 (de) 1984-02-16
JPH0416914B2 (de) 1992-03-25

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