EP0081609B1 - Toiture suspendue - Google Patents

Toiture suspendue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0081609B1
EP0081609B1 EP19810201358 EP81201358A EP0081609B1 EP 0081609 B1 EP0081609 B1 EP 0081609B1 EP 19810201358 EP19810201358 EP 19810201358 EP 81201358 A EP81201358 A EP 81201358A EP 0081609 B1 EP0081609 B1 EP 0081609B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
roof
cables
cable
side top
fixed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19810201358
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0081609A1 (fr
Inventor
Johannes Lagendijk
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to DE8181201358T priority Critical patent/DE3171855D1/de
Priority to EP19810201358 priority patent/EP0081609B1/fr
Publication of EP0081609A1 publication Critical patent/EP0081609A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0081609B1 publication Critical patent/EP0081609B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B7/14—Suspended roofs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a suspended roof supported by at least three fixed mountings of which the supporting roof structure mainly consists of a cable construction to which a weatherproof roof covering is applicable, adapted for rainwater drainage to the sides, with diagonal main tension cables led from the fixed mountings which meet in the centre of the roof, forming roof ridges and with side top cables, the roof valleys running into the side top cables between each pair of fixed mountings.
  • the invention using as few compression members as possible and a maximum of flexible cables; to the contrary also aims at providing a suspended roof construction of such rigidity that the roof covering can also be of a stiff nature, to the extent of the use of concrete.
  • stiff roof covering materials not only the insulation, particularly thermal insulation, can be fitted easily and well, but also the stability of such a roof against external loads, and in particular against wind load, is with stiff roofs many times better than with flexible roofs of the tent type. The latter usually behave badly under windloads.
  • stiff roofs many times better than with flexible roofs of the tent type. The latter usually behave badly under windloads.
  • the advantages gained over the classical stiff roof constructions built on stiff girders are among other things, the relatively simple construction, lower cost price, lower structural weight and the simple foundations usually required.
  • the invention aims at providing a suspended roof combining the advantages of a cable structure with those of a conventional stiff roof.
  • each side top cable has been fixed with its one end to one of the fixed mountings and, after having been led round over the adjacent fixed mounting, continues as a diagonal main tension cable to the centre of the roof, in that the other end of this cable has been connected in the centre to the ends of the other diagonal main tension cables, and in that each side top cable between each pair of fixed mountings is mainly tensioned vertically downwards by means of a post-tensioning cable, all this in such a way that the centre of the roof is lifted to form the roof top, which top reaches a higher level than the side top cables on the spot where they meet with the roof valleys.
  • each side top cable after having been led round one of its fixed mountings, continues as a diagonal main tension cable to the centre of the roof.
  • This tensioning is introduced by means of a post-tensioning cable which extends approximately vertically, pulling down the side top cable between its two points of support in an approximately vertical direction. This will normally be carried out at the centre of the side top cable, but this is not strictly necessary.
  • Tensioning in this way has a twofold result: the centre of the roof where all diagonal main tension cables meet and have been connected to one another is in this way raised to a level which approximates to that of the fixed mountings.
  • the roof centre will be able to form an apex, which can even have a higher level than that of the fixed mountings.
  • Another result of applying said post-tensioning cables is the fact that starting from the apex to the downwardly tensioned point of application of the post-tensioning cable to the side top cable, a roof valley is created in contrast to the diagonal main tension cables which form the roof ridges.
  • the roof structure is shaped by the diagonal main tension cables which form the roof ridges, and the roof valleys which run from the apex to the downwardly tensioned connection point in each side top cable. If a roof covering is fitted to this roof structure its dead load and its life load due to wind, snow, thermal influences, etcetera, tend to force the side top cable out of the desired plane.
  • the invention according to a preferential form of execution, is characterized in that against each side top cable at the point of connection to the post-tensioning cable at least one compression member has been placed with its one end mainly perpendicular to the cable, and the other end of this member being connected by means of cables to the same fixed mountings, between which the side top cable has been tensioned, and in that the other end of each compression member is connected by means of a cross tie cable to the apex or through the apex to the other end of one of the other compression members, all this in such a way that the side top cable is stiffened to remain in the desired side plane under load as well. In this way a first girder is created by means of tying cables and a compression member.
  • the roof has a symmetrical ground plan with regard to the fixed mountings, the tensions in all the side top cables and in all diagonal main tension cables in case of a symmetrical load on the roof, are about the same. In case of an asymmetrical ground plan of the roof, this may only partly be the case.
  • One of the principal advantages of the roof according to the invention is that it can cover almost any given ground plan. This is of course also due for the fixed mountings.
  • the rainwater collected by the roof is drained off in a natural way through the roof valleys to the sides of the roof, from where, if desired, it may be drained off by means of rain pipes.
  • a particular characteristic of the roof consists of the fact that during the construction and the erection the cables and compression members which have previously been made to the desired length, can be assembled practically without pre-tensioning and consequently without difficulty. Only after all cables and compression members have been placed and have been brought to the right length by means of tensioners, the whole roof structure is post-tensioned by pulling the vertical post-tensioning cables downwards over the precalculated distance.
  • compression members mentioned before will, with a view to the roof load, be mainly directed vertically, while compression members which have been fitted for the sake of wind- bracing and for other considerations with respect to the stability, can run in various directions, such as in horizontal planes. If certain sections of main or cross tie cables are comparatively long, they can be stiffened into girders in the known way by using more than one compression member and cross tie cables.
  • truss cables situated under the proper roof plane can e.g. be designed in a horizontal plane but also under certain angles, in order to form fastening elements under the suspended roof for e.g. lighting ornaments, hoisting equipment and other indoor provisions.
  • the roof is also characterized in that the cables and/or compression members of the roof structure which define the upper side of the roof plane have mainly been embedded within the roof covering.
  • the roof consists of at least one upper supporting coarse mesh net and at some distance under it, a fine mesh net, the lower net being tightly anchored to the moderately tensioned roof structure.
  • This net or both nets, together with the post-tensioning of the roof structure have been tensioned up to the final design tension, before at least a first layer of the roof covering is applied.
  • the roof structure consisting of the cables and the compression members is fitted to the fixed mountings, and pretensioned to such a degree that the desired geometry is nearly reached.
  • the nets are fitted and anchored to the cables, after which the whole, including the nets, is post-tensioned up to the design tension by means of the downwardly directed post-tensioning cables.
  • the suspended roof consists of a lower fine mesh net and of a coarse mesh net which has been placed at a predetermined distance above the lower, the roof covering being poured or sprayed on the fine mesh net in a first layer of such a thickness that on it, after hardening, if necessary, the coarse mesh net can be fitted for reinforcement. To this the second layer is applied, the coarse mesh net becoming embedded. If said net is sufficiently coarse, the first layer can eventually be applied through it.
  • the coarseness or fineness of the nets is not only determined by considerations as to strength, but also by considerations in connection with the viscosity of the roof covering material to be applied and the time required for hardening. Good moistening qualities are of importance as well.
  • the nettings can to this effect be composed of glassfibre mats and the roof material of sprayed polyurethane foam, to which for the sake of weather resistance a layer of bituminous roofing felt or the like has been bonded.
  • the roof structure which is already stiff of its own is, after hardening of the roof covering as far as stiffness and strength are concerned, completely comparable with a conventional stiff roof.
  • An extraordinary advantage of the roof covering as described consists of the very simple and cheap way of its applying. After hardening the roofers will already be able to walk on the first layer, thus finishing the roof from the inside to the outside.
  • the applied foams are of an organic nature.
  • the invention provides for it, in that the nettings consist of glassfibre mats and in that the roof covering material consists of stiff elements of e.g. foamglass, which elements are bonded to the glass mats and to each other.
  • stiff elements e.g. foamglass
  • the elements are fitted on top of the supporting net and consequently all roof-structural elements fall inside the space protected by the roof.
  • a second net e.g. made of glassfibre mats, may be fitted on top of the stiff roof covering elements.
  • the suspended roof according to the invention has at least three fixed mountings, one or more of these may be positioned above the natural ground level on a yoke or column which are kept in position by pretensioned yoke or column cables, which run to other fixed foundations.
  • the fixed mountings can, however, also be fitted to e.g. a concrete wall, such as e.g. applied with tanks or warehouses.
  • a suspended roof according to the invention covering them, may be of great value, thanks to its good insulating properties.
  • a further important advantage of the roof construction according to the invention is its safety against overload.
  • the invented suspended roof may be provided at the fixed mounting with means which in case of overload, give a predetermined relaxation of the cable tensions by being flexible over a predetermined distance. It is true that due to this, fractures or cracks could occur in the stiff roof covering, but a complete collapse is prevented. In many cases it will be possible to repair the fractures or cracks after a re- tensioning procedure of the cables to the usual design tension. A great advantage of this is also the fact than in many cases lower safety coefficients may be applied when designing the roof. Considerable economical advantages may be involved.
  • the fastening of one or more of the cables to the ends of the compression members can, according to a preferred embodiment, be achieved in a very simple manner, in case the compression member consists of a pipe with a square or round cross section, a bolt being lead right through the member near its end, and one or more cables have been laid parallel to the shank of the bolt against it in the longitudinal plane of the member and in case a cable clamp tightly pulls the cables and the bolt together, all this in such a way that the cables have been fixed mutually and with respect to the compression member.
  • auxiliary roof under which the permanent suspended roof according to the invention can be erected in dry.
  • the use of many applicable roof covering materials requires a processing in dry and in some cases also above certain minimum temperatures. With a view to this the roof is particularly suited for so-called weather-unaffected projects.
  • the applied auxiliary roof could principally consist of the same constructive layout as the definite roof, although in a simpler form, such as e.g. without insulation.
  • a skeleton has been reproduced of a rectangular building with a roof in its entirety indicated by 1, the structure of which conforms to the invention.
  • the building has two long and two short sides indicated by 2 respectively 3.
  • the base area is bounded by the sides 4 up to 7.
  • Vertically above the four angular points are the so called fixed mountings 8 up to 11. These are formed by the meeting point of the corner columns, of which one has been indicated as the fixed mounting 8, but of which the others are similar fixed mountings.
  • the two corner columns 12 and 13 are situated in the plane of the side walls 2 and 3 and have their foundation on the natural ground level in foundation blocks 14 and 15.
  • In the four angular points are, below the natural ground level pre- tensioning or guyblocks 16, and from these blocks mooring eyes 17 extend up to the ground level.
  • the fixed mountings 8 up to 11 can also be made in another way.
  • the fixed mountings could e.g. be situated in walls or concrete sides, which of course answer to the requirements as to strength which are dictated by the roof as described hereafter.
  • the roof structure consists in principle of four side top cables 20, 22, 24, 26, the one end of the side top cable 20 being firmly fixed to point 11, the cable being led around the fixed mounting 8 in a diagonal direction, acting as diagonal main tension cable 21 to the centre 28 of the roof.
  • the side top cable 22 is integral after rounding the fixed mounting 9 with the diagonal main tension cable 23. All diagonal cables have tensioning devices 29 and have been attached with each other by a ring 30 on the spot of centre 28. As itwill turn out further on, the diagonal main tension cables 21, 23, 25, 27 form ultimately the roof ridges of the roof.
  • Each side top cable 20 forms together with its compression member 31 which has been fitted in its centre, and the inner bracing cables 32 and 33, a stiff girder, namely the roofline side top girder.
  • the side top cable 22 has been integrated into a stiff girder in a similar way, the inner bracing cable 34 forming one of the elements.
  • the inner bracing cables 33 and 34 form one cable length which is led round in the fixed mounting 8, so that one tensioner 35 will suffice.
  • the other inner bracing cables have been constructed in a similar way.
  • cross tie cables 36 have been fitted between the inner end 37 of compression member 31 and the central ring 30.
  • Figure 1 a construction is depicted in which the cross tie cable 36 has been connected with the corresponding cross tie cable of side top cable 24. The same holds for the cross tie cables between the side top cables 22 and 26 at the short sides of the building. Here the required tensioning devices have been fitted as well.
  • a post-tensioning cable 39 has been attached which runs vertically downwards and which has been attached to eye 42 by means of a tensioner 40 near the ground level.
  • the eye 42 has been firmly fixed to a post-tensioning ballast block 41 which lies below the ground level.
  • the post-tensioning cables run in the plane of the other side walls vertically downwards from the centre of the side top cables 22, 24 and 26.
  • the post-tensioning cable 39 can also be retensioned via other cable combinations, mainly in vertical direction.
  • the post-tensioning cables 39 are at first unloaded and all the cables in the roof plane are lightly pretensioned by means of the pretensioning or guy cables 18 so that they with good approximation have the required position. Then by tensioning the post-tensioning cables 39, all the cables of the roof structure are tensioned up to the design or service tension. In doing so that centre 38 of the side top cable moves vertically downwards so that the comoressibn'member 31 with in its continuation the cross tie cable 36 takes the shape of a roof valley whereas the diagonal main tensioning cables 21, 23, 25 and 27 will form roof ridges. Thus a stiff roof construction with drainage from the roof centre to the centres of the four side top cables has been created. By the formation of girders such as 20, 31, 32 and 33 the roof has been stiffened in the horizontal plane.
  • Figure 2 shows schematically the stiffening into a girder in the vertical plane of the compression members 31 with in its continuation the cross tie cable 36 and thus also the creation of the apex 28 with apex ring 30.
  • the apex ring 30 has been drawn in Figure 2 as a point.
  • Figure 2 serves to be considered as an addition to the roof structure according to Figure 1.
  • other cables in the roof and, if appropriate, in the side walls of the building could be stiffened into girders, if circumstances would require. This can take place both in the plane and perpendicular to the plane of the roof or the wall.
  • the girder can be further subdivided by fitting a next vertical compression member 47 which is coupled to point 37 and is fastened to cable 45.
  • a diagonal cable 48 with tensioning device completes this subdivision by connecting point 37 with point 44.
  • the other roof structure cables are stiffened into girders as has been indicated schematically at 49.
  • the level of the apex 28-30 can be varied with respect to the fixed mountings 8 up to 11. Due to this on the one hand the angle of inclination of the various roof planes can be chosen as desired, but on the other hand the lower running cables 45, which are inside the building under the roof, can also be brought into the desired plane. In particular it is possible to bring all the lower running cables 45 into the same horizontal plane. Moreover, the lower running cables 45 make it also possible to be used as supports for illumination fittings and the like. From an analysis of the roof structure as depicted in the Figures 1 and 2 is appears that with a minimum of pressure-loaded compression members, a stiff roof is created by exclusively using cables for all other elements.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 has, by way of example, been depicted a possible fastening device between the end of a compression member and a number of cables which pass approximately perpendicularly to the member.
  • a connection can consist of one compression member with one cable but also of one compression member with various cables, in which case these cables need not run in the same plane with the compression member.
  • connection consists of the fact that the system is very simple, universal, that is to say, suited for the fastening of more than one cable to one end of the compression member, while during the erection phase of the building structure and the roof the connection still enables relative movements between the cables mutually and with respect to the compression member, bore the connection finally is tightened.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show partly sectional views and partly side views of such a connection, Figure 4 representing a perpendicular section according to the line 4-4 of Figure 3.
  • various cables continue past a point of change of direction such as e.g.
  • the shank of the bolt 53 follows a diametrical line in case the cross section of the member is circular, but square or rectangular sections are also possible.
  • a U-shaped cable clamp 54 is fitted, on the two free ends of which thread has been cut. Over this falls the wall-known gripping jaw 55 which can be forced further over the U-shaped cable clamp by means of two nuts 56.
  • the cables and the shank 53 are pulled against each other between the jaw and the body of the U-shape.
  • two passing cables with reference numerals 57 and 58 have been depicted. Where the cables traverse the end of the compression member it is advisable to prevent sharp kinks in the cable and other damages, by means known to the expert, e.g. by breaking sharp edges or by protecting the cable with a cover.
  • the fixed mounting can be fitted with means which in case of overload give a predetermined relaxation of the cable tension by being flexible over a predetermined distance.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Tents Or Canopies (AREA)

Claims (10)

1. Toit suspendu, supporté par au moins trois montures fixes (11, 8, 9, 10) dont la structure support consiste essentiellement en une construction de câbles sur laquelle une couverture de toit étanche aux intempéries peut être posée, adaptée au drainage de l'eau de pluie vers les côtés, avec des câbles de tension principaux diagonaux (21, 23, 25, 27) partant des montures fixes (11, 8, 9,10) et se rencontrant au centre (28) du toit, et formant les arêtes du toit, et avec des câbles supérieurs latéraux (20, 22, 24, 26), les noues s'étendant entre les câbles supérieurs latéraux (20, 22, 24, 26) entre chaque paire de montures fixes, caractérisé en ce que chaque câble supérieur latéral (20, 22, 24, 26) a été fixé par une de ses extrémités à l'une des montures fixes (11, 8, 9, 10) et après avoir été passé autour de la monture fixe adjacente (8, 9, 10, 11), se prolonge en tant que câble de tension principal diagonal (21,23,25,27) vers le centre (28) du toit, en ce que l'autre extrémité de ce câble a été reliée au centre (28) aux extrémités des autres câbles de tension principaux diagonaux et en ce que chaque câble supérieur latéral est surtout mis sous tension verticalement vers le bas entre chaque paire de montures fixes au moyen d'un câble post-tendeur, tout ceci de telle manière que le centre du toit est relevé pour former le sommet du toit (28), ce sommet étant porté à un niveau supérieur à celui des câbles supérieurs latéraux au point où ils rencontrent les noues (38).
2. Toit suspendu selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que contre chaque câble supérieur latéral (20) au point de fixation (38) avec le câble post-tendeur (39) au moins un organe de compression (31) a été placé avec une extrémité principalement perpendiculaire au câble (20), l'autre extrémité de cet organe étant fixée au moyen de câbles (32, 33) aux mêmes montures fixes (8, 11) entre lesquelles le câbles supérieur latéral a été tendu, et en ce que l'autre extrémité (37) de chaque organe de compression (31) a été reliée au moyen d'un câble tirant (36) au sommet (28) ou par le sommet à l'autre extrémité d'un des autres organes de compression, tout cela de manière telle que le câble supérieur latéral est renforcé pour demeurer dans le plan latéral souhaité, même sous contrainte.
3. Toit suspendu selon l'une ou plus des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les câbles formant une partie de la structure du toit ont été renforcés sous forme de poutres au moyen d'organes de compression et de câbles d'entretoisement, caractérisé en ce que les câbles et/ou les organes de compression de la structure du toit qui définissent la face supérieure du plan du toit ont été principalement intégrés dans la couverture du toit.
4. Toit suspendu selon l'une ou plus des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le toit consiste au moins en un filet support supérieur à grosses mailles et en un filet à mailles fines qui a été placé à une distance prédéterminée en dessous, et en ce que au moins le filet inférieur à mailles fines a été ancré étroitement à la structure du toit modérément prétendue et en ce que le filet (les deux filets) a (ont) été tendu(s) ensemble à leur tension nominale finale grâce à la post- tension de la structure du toit, avant d'appliquer au moins une couche initiale de couverture de toit.
5. Toit suspendu selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le toit consiste en un filet support supérieur à grosses mailles et en un filet à mailles fines à une distance prédéterminée en dessous, le matériau de revêtement de toit étant appliqué sur le filet à mailles fines en une ou plusieurs couches de telle épaisseur qu'après durcissement le filet à grosses mailles a éte complètement incorporé de façon à ce qu'il joue le rôle de renforcement.
6. Toit suspendu selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les filets consistent en tissus de fibres de verre et en ce que le matériau du toit consiste en mousse de polyuréthanne appliquée par projection avec sur la face supérieure une couche fixée de feutre de toit bitumineux ou analogue.
7. Toit suspendu selon revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les filets consistent en tissus de fibres de verre et en ce que le matériau de toit consiste en éléments rigides de mousse de verre par exemple, qui ont été fixés au tissus de verre ou l'un à l'autre.
8. Toit suspendu selon l'une ou plus des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que une ou plusieurs montures fixes ont été fixées au-dessus du niveau naturel du sol sur un étrier ou une colonne, qui est maintenu en position par des câbles prétendus d'étrier ou de colonne s'étendant vers d'autres fondations fixes.
9. Toit suspendu selon l'une ou plus des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la monture fixe a été équipée de moyens qui en cas de surcharge donnent un. relâchement prédéterminé aux câbles de tension en étant flexibles sur une distance prédéterminée.
10. Toit suspendu selon l'une ou plus des revendications précédentes, un ou plus des câbles étant fixés à l'extrémité d'un organe de compression, caractérisé en ce que l'organe de compression (50) consiste en un tuyau à section ronde ou carrée, un boulon (53) étant passé à travers l'organe à proximité de son extrémité, en ce que un ou plusieurs câbles (57, 58) dans le plan longitudinal de l'organe ont été placés parallèlement à la tige du boulon (53) et contre elle, et en ce qu'au moyen d'une bride de câble (55) les câbles (57, 58) et le boulon (53) ont été serrés ensemble, tout ceci de telle manière que les câbles (57, 58) ont été fixés mutuellement et par rapport à l'organe de compression.
EP19810201358 1981-12-10 1981-12-10 Toiture suspendue Expired EP0081609B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8181201358T DE3171855D1 (en) 1981-12-10 1981-12-10 Suspended roof
EP19810201358 EP0081609B1 (fr) 1981-12-10 1981-12-10 Toiture suspendue

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19810201358 EP0081609B1 (fr) 1981-12-10 1981-12-10 Toiture suspendue

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0081609A1 EP0081609A1 (fr) 1983-06-22
EP0081609B1 true EP0081609B1 (fr) 1985-08-14

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EP19810201358 Expired EP0081609B1 (fr) 1981-12-10 1981-12-10 Toiture suspendue

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EP (1) EP0081609B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3171855D1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2156397B (en) * 1984-03-26 1987-09-16 Kulturinvest Fovallalkozasi Be Roof structure e g to cover large open spaces
AT385307B (de) * 1986-09-08 1988-03-25 Beer Manfred Haengedachtragwerk
EP2781673B1 (fr) * 2013-03-21 2016-03-16 ALSTOM Renewable Technologies Tour

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2677384A (en) * 1952-08-22 1954-05-04 Gen Textile Mills Inc Demountable tent construction
US3153302A (en) * 1958-10-27 1964-10-20 James E Wheeler Building construction
US3465764A (en) * 1967-07-19 1969-09-09 Carl F Huddle Damping means for portable structure
BE760097A (fr) * 1969-12-12 1971-05-17 Degaine Jacques Structure de support pour couverture de batiment et batiment utilisant une telle structure
US3914077A (en) * 1974-05-15 1975-10-21 Ralph R Lodes Apparatus for forming curvilinear resinous building structures
US3950901A (en) * 1974-11-04 1976-04-20 Sumner John S Domical structure with novel beam interlocking connections

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EP0081609A1 (fr) 1983-06-22
DE3171855D1 (en) 1985-09-19

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