EP0072931B1 - Package and method for its production - Google Patents

Package and method for its production Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0072931B1
EP0072931B1 EP82106742A EP82106742A EP0072931B1 EP 0072931 B1 EP0072931 B1 EP 0072931B1 EP 82106742 A EP82106742 A EP 82106742A EP 82106742 A EP82106742 A EP 82106742A EP 0072931 B1 EP0072931 B1 EP 0072931B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tear line
package according
flap
inner lining
prescribed tear
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82106742A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0072931A2 (en
EP0072931A3 (en
Inventor
Alois Hartmann
Heiner Lenhardt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CP Schmidt Verpackungs Werk GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
CP Schmidt Verpackungs Werk GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE8124502U external-priority patent/DE8124502U1/en
Priority claimed from DE19813148340 external-priority patent/DE3148340A1/en
Priority claimed from DE19813148479 external-priority patent/DE3148479A1/en
Priority claimed from DE8209393U external-priority patent/DE8209393U1/en
Priority claimed from DE19823217220 external-priority patent/DE3217220A1/en
Application filed by CP Schmidt Verpackungs Werk GmbH and Co KG filed Critical CP Schmidt Verpackungs Werk GmbH and Co KG
Priority to AT82106742T priority Critical patent/ATE30224T1/en
Publication of EP0072931A2 publication Critical patent/EP0072931A2/en
Publication of EP0072931A3 publication Critical patent/EP0072931A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0072931B1 publication Critical patent/EP0072931B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/72Contents-dispensing means
    • B65D5/725Incised or pre-scored openings or windows provided in the side wall of containers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/54Lines of weakness to facilitate opening of container or dividing it into separate parts by cutting or tearing
    • B65D5/5405Lines of weakness to facilitate opening of container or dividing it into separate parts by cutting or tearing for opening containers formed by erecting a blank in tubular form
    • B65D5/542Lines of weakness to facilitate opening of container or dividing it into separate parts by cutting or tearing for opening containers formed by erecting a blank in tubular form the lines of weakness being provided in the container body
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/54Lines of weakness to facilitate opening of container or dividing it into separate parts by cutting or tearing
    • B65D5/545Lines of weakness to facilitate opening of container or dividing it into separate parts by cutting or tearing for opening containers formed by erecting a "cross-like" blank
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/56Linings or internal coatings, e.g. pre-formed trays provided with a blow- or thermoformed layer
    • B65D5/60Loose, or loosely attached, linings
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/70Break-in flaps, or members adapted to be torn-off, to provide pouring openings
    • B65D5/701Tearable flaps defined by score-lines or incisions provided in the closure flaps of a tubular container made of a single blank
    • B65D5/703Tearable flaps defined by score-lines or incisions provided in the closure flaps of a tubular container made of a single blank the score-lines or incisions extending in the body of the tubular container
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31BMAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B2105/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers made by assembling separate sheets, blanks or webs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31BMAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B2120/00Construction of rigid or semi-rigid containers
    • B31B2120/40Construction of rigid or semi-rigid containers lined or internally reinforced

Definitions

  • the invention relates to packaging according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Packaging of this type in which the packaged good is covered by the inner lining, which in turn is protected by the packaging carton, is known, cf. US-PS 37 68 719 and GB-PS 20 32 393. They are used in particular for foods in order to protect them, possibly even to keep them sterile, to protect them from drying out or to protect them against foreign smell and / or taste, ie, it a possibly hermetic seal of the goods to be packaged is achieved.
  • the invention has for its object to design a packaging of the type mentioned in such a way that a locking effect for the reclosed tab is achieved with simple means.
  • this is achieved by at least a portion of the inner lining which engages behind the edge of the opening in the reclosed position of the tab.
  • This section of the inner lining is bent over when it is reclosed and, due to its own elasticity, it lies against the inside of the wall containing the opening of the folding box and thus serves as a resilient snap element that prevents the flap from opening by itself.
  • the locking effect is based in each case on the interlocking of the edges of the inner lining.
  • the packaging consists of a folding box 1 formed by walls 11, 14, 24, in which an inner lining 2 is attached.
  • This inner lining 2 can be designed as a bag which surrounds the goods to be packaged on all sides, but it is also conceivable that this inner lining 2 extends only over certain areas of the inside of the box.
  • the outline of the desired opening 5 in the inner lining 2 is weakened by a first predetermined tear line 4.
  • Fig. 1 shows the packaging in the open state.
  • the user pulls out a tongue 13 of the tab 3 and tears the tab 3 out of the front wall 14 along a second predetermined tear line 6.
  • the opening section 15 of the inner liner 2 is entrained, so that it separates from the inner liner 2 along the first predetermined tear line 4 and the opening 5 is formed in the inner liner 2.
  • the first predetermined tear line 4 corresponds to the edge of the opening section 15.
  • the inner lining 2 is located on the inside of the wall 14. This inner lining 2 is glued to the inside of the wall 14 of the folding box 1 with an adhesive layer 8 in the region of the opening section 15.
  • the opening section 15 is delimited by the first predetermined tear line 4 in the inner lining 2.
  • the tab 3 is provided with a fold 10, which makes it possible to fold the tab 3 which has been torn out or pulled out to form a chute. 1, the inner lining 2 and the opening section 15 torn out of the inner lining 2 are shown hatched. For reclosing, the tab 3 is shaped flat again so that the edge 7 of the tab 3 with the second predetermined tear line 6 in the wall 14 collapses again.
  • Fig. 2 shows a section through the packaging.
  • the wall 14 is provided with the second predetermined tear line 6 by punching.
  • the second predetermined tear line 6 delimits the tab 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows a development in which a wick mass 9 is arranged on the outside of the opening section 15 between the inner lining 2 and the tab 3.
  • the wick mass 9 can be fastened on the tab 3, but it can also be located on the edge area of the inner lining 2 surrounding the opening 5.
  • Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of the packaging according to the invention, which can be used in particular for chocolate boxes.
  • the flap 3 is designed here as a flap that is folded out of the top side 14 of the folding box 1.
  • the opening section 15 of the inner liner 2 torn out upon opening is located on the inside of the tab 3.
  • An edge region 16 of the opening section 15 projects beyond the edge 7 of the tab 3. After the flap 3 has been closed again, this edge region 16 engages under the corresponding edge 17 of the opening in the wall 14.
  • the dotted line indicates how far the edge region 16 engages under this edge 17 after the flap or flap 3 has been closed.
  • 5a shows the detail from a cardboard blank, in particular the wall 14 of a folding box 1 with a flap 3, which can be folded out along the second predetermined tear line 6 by a fold 23.
  • the flap 3 shown has folds 10 through which the torn-out flap 3 can be folded into a chute and the tongue 13 with the flap 3 can be pulled out of the carton in the area of the punchings 12.
  • 5b shows the associated inner lining 2 with the first predetermined tear line 4, along which the opening section 15 can be torn open.
  • the inner lining 2 and the cardboard blank, in particular the wall 14 thereof are bonded to one another at least in the overlap area of the tab 3 and the area within the predetermined tear line 4, as is also shown in FIG. 5c.
  • the first predetermined tear line 4 of the inner lining 2 and the second predetermined tear line 6 in the cardboard blank to form the flap 3 are not designed to run in the same direction or are essentially the same. Rather, the first predetermined tear line 4 has a course that crosses that of the second predetermined tear line 6 multiple times, so that edge regions 18, 19 are formed, in which the area lying within the first predetermined tear line 4 extends over the area lying within the second predetermined tear line 6, i.e. the tab 3, protrudes.
  • the sections 25, 26 of the first predetermined tear line 4 of the inner lining 2, which run in the direction of the fold 23 of the flap 3, run approximately conically towards one another and end in a free region 27 which extends approximately in the region of the fold 23 (FIG. 5c) .
  • Areas 21, 22 are therefore formed outside the predetermined tear line 4 and beyond the sections 25, 26, in which the tab 3 protrudes near the fold 23, that is to say there is considerably wider than the area 27 defined by the predetermined tear line 4.
  • the inner lining 2 is also torn along the first predetermined tear line 4.
  • the edge regions 18, 19 protrude from the tab 3 and, as has been explained in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4, can reach behind the corresponding edge of the opening when the tab 3 is closed, so that when the opening formed is closed again as Serve locking.
  • the narrower region 27 formed by the cone-shaped sections 25, 26 enables better pouring over the tab 3. Overflowing of the material to be dispensed beyond the tab 3 is largely avoided.
  • An essentially symmetrical design of the tab 3 and the first predetermined tear line 4 is advantageous, in particular to a center line starting from the fold 27, which coincides here with a fold 10.
  • the first predetermined tear line 4 is designed in the manner explained in more detail in FIG. 6.
  • the first predetermined tear line 4 for the inner lining alternately has stamped sections 46 and bridge sections 47 (without punching).
  • the punched sections 46 are curved, and successive punched sections 46 engage in a hook-like manner.
  • the punched sections 46 shown consist of a straight part 48, which runs in the direction of the first predetermined tear line 4, and a curved or angled part 49, which intersects the first predetermined tear line 4, namely against the first predetermined tear line 4 and thus the tear direction (arrow 44).
  • a separate grip tongue 45 is provided in the inner lining 2, the opening of the inner lining 2 along the first predetermined tear line 4 takes place from an intermediate section. This results in two different tear-open directions 44. Starting from this grip tongue 45, the orientation of the curved parts 49 of the punched sections 46 is opposite to one another, as a result of which a small grip tongue 45 can be torn open flawlessly and cleanly.
  • the punched sections 46 in the inner lining are only punched holes, which makes it possible is to process even very thin foils even with large tear-open openings (opening section 15).
  • Punching is understood to mean a punching process in which the punching tool does not cut the film, but rather provides corresponding anchor bends or notches in it. In this way, the hermetic seal of the goods to be packaged is ensured.
  • FIG. 6 also shows the use of hook-shaped punching sections known in cardboard blanks. However, for cardboard blanks these must not interlock for the reasons mentioned and are therefore only used to limit tear strips 43.
  • Fig. 6 further shows that the tab 3 does not necessarily have to extend only in one plane of the folding box 1, it can rather reach over a seam 50. It should be mentioned that, of course, such an overlapping over a fold seam is also possible for the inner lining 2, even if this is not shown in detail.
  • the first predetermined tear line 4 formed in the manner explained therefore makes it possible not only to provide opening sections 15 in the inner lining 2 for small inner linings 2 and small tabs 3, but also for large-area inner liners 2 and tabs 3 and very thin foils.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verpackung nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to packaging according to the preamble of claim 1.

Verpackungen dieser Art, bei denen das verpackte Gut von dem Innenfutter umhüllt ist, das wiederum von dem Verpackungskarton geschützt wird, sind bekannt, vgl. US-PS 37 68 719 und GB-PS 20 32 393. Sie werden insbesondere für Lebensmittel verwendet, um diese geschützt, ggf. sogar steril aufbewahren zu können, vor Austrocknung oder auch gegen Fremdgeruch und/oder -geschmack zu schützen, d.h., es wird ein ggf. hermetischer Abschluß des zu verpackenden Gutes erreicht.Packaging of this type, in which the packaged good is covered by the inner lining, which in turn is protected by the packaging carton, is known, cf. US-PS 37 68 719 and GB-PS 20 32 393. They are used in particular for foods in order to protect them, possibly even to keep them sterile, to protect them from drying out or to protect them against foreign smell and / or taste, ie, it a possibly hermetic seal of the goods to be packaged is achieved.

Bei Verpackungen dieser Art sollen mehrere sich an sich widersprechende Forderungen erfüllt sein. Zum einen soll der Zugang zu dem Gut im Innenfutter durch den Endverbraucher auf einfache Weise möglich sein, ohne daß bei der Herstellung, der Abfüllung, dem Transport und/oder der Lagerung Beeinträchtigungen des Gutes zu befürchten sind. Zum zweiten muß der dichte Abschluß des Gutes im Innenfutter gewährleistet sein, und es muß eine dichte und feste Verbindung des das Innenfutter bildenden Innenfutterzuschnitts gewährleistet sein. Zum dritten soll das Herstellen der Faltschachtel einschl. des Innenfutters auf einfache, d.h., kostensparende Weise erfolgen können, da es sich einerseits um Massenprodukte handelt und andererseits das verpackte Gut die wesentliche Ware ist.With packaging of this type, several contradicting requirements should be met. On the one hand, access to the goods in the inner lining by the end user should be possible in a simple manner, without there being any fear of impairments to the goods during manufacture, filling, transport and / or storage. Secondly, the tight seal of the material in the inner lining must be ensured and a tight and firm connection of the inner lining blank forming the inner lining must be ensured. Thirdly, it should be possible to manufacture the folding box including the inner lining in a simple, i.e., cost-saving manner, since on the one hand it is mass-produced and on the other hand the packaged goods are the essential goods.

Bei den bekannten Ausgestaltungen sind Maßnahmen zur Sicherung der Lasche in ihrer wiederverschlossenen Stellung nicht vorgesehen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenspannung des Faltschachtel-Materials ist deshalb der Verbleib der wiederverschlossenen Lasche in ihrer Verschlußstellung nicht gewährleistet. Bei den bekannten Ausgestaltungen ist zwar jeweils ein Kleber zur Sicherung der Lasche in ihrer Verschlußstellung vorgesehen, jedoch verliert dieser Kleber beim Herausziehen der Lasche seine Funktion.In the known configurations, measures for securing the tab in its reclosed position are not provided. Taking into account the inherent tension of the folding box material, it is therefore not possible to ensure that the reclosed flap remains in its closed position. In the known embodiments, an adhesive is provided to secure the tab in its closed position, but this adhesive loses its function when the tab is pulled out.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Verpackung der eingangs bezeichneten Art so auszugestalten, daß mit einfachen Mitteln ein Zuhalteeffekt für die wiederverschlossene Lasche erreicht wird.The invention has for its object to design a packaging of the type mentioned in such a way that a locking effect for the reclosed tab is achieved with simple means.

Diese Aufgabe wird jeweils durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 jeweils gelöst.This object is achieved in each case by the characterizing features of claims 1 to 3.

Allen erfindungsgemäßen Lösungen ist ein Zuhalteeffekt gemeinsam, der auf die Lasche in deren wiederverschlossenen Stellung wirkt und die Lasche daran hindert, selbsttätig aufzugehen.All solutions according to the invention have a locking effect in common, which acts on the tab in its reclosed position and prevents the tab from opening automatically.

Gemäß der dem Anspruch 1 enthaltenen Lösung wird dies durch wenigstens einen Abschnitt des Innenfutters erreicht, der in der wiederverschlossenen Stellung der Lasche den Rand der Öffnung hintergreift. Dieser Abschnitt des Innenfutters wird beim Wiederverschließen umgebogen, und er legt sich aufgrund seiner eigenen Elastizität innen an die die Öffnung der Faltschachtel enthaltende Wand an und dient somit als federndes Schnappelement, daß die Lasche daran hindert, von selbst aufzuspringen.According to the solution contained in claim 1, this is achieved by at least a portion of the inner lining which engages behind the edge of the opening in the reclosed position of the tab. This section of the inner lining is bent over when it is reclosed and, due to its own elasticity, it lies against the inside of the wall containing the opening of the folding box and thus serves as a resilient snap element that prevents the flap from opening by itself.

Bei den Ausgestaltungen nach den Ansprüchen 2 und 3 beruht der Zuhalteeffekt jeweils aufgrund einer Verhakung der Ränder des Innenfutters.In the embodiments according to claims 2 and 3, the locking effect is based in each case on the interlocking of the edges of the inner lining.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.Advantageous developments of the invention are described in the subclaims.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand in der Zeichnung dargestellter Ausführungsbeispiele beschrieben und näher erläutert. Es zeigt:

  • Fig. 1 eine Verpackung in Form einer Faltschachtel mit aufreißbarer Lasche;
  • Fig. 2 schematisch einen Querschnitt durch den Fenster- und Laschenbereich der Verpackung;
  • Fig. 3 einen der Fig. 3 entsprechenden Schnitt durch eine Verpackung in abgewandelter Ausgestaltung;
  • Fig. 4 eine weitere abgewandelte Ausgestaltung der Verpackung in perspektivischer Darstellung;
  • Fig. 5a bis 5c im Ausschnitt eine Ausgestaltung der Lasche bzw. Sollreißlinie für die Öffnung im Innenfutter als weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel;
  • Fig. 6 im Ausschnitt eine Ausgestaltung der Sollreißlinie für das Innenfutter sowie Stanzabschnitte bei Kartonzuschnitten als weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel.
The invention is described and explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing. It shows:
  • Figure 1 is a package in the form of a folding box with a tearable tab.
  • 2 schematically shows a cross section through the window and tab area of the packaging;
  • 3 shows a section corresponding to FIG. 3 through a packaging in a modified configuration;
  • 4 shows a further modified embodiment of the packaging in a perspective view;
  • 5a to 5c in a cutout an embodiment of the tab or predetermined tear line for the opening in the lining as a further embodiment;
  • Fig. 6 in a detail of an embodiment of the predetermined tear line for the inner lining and punching sections in cardboard blanks as a further embodiment.

Gemäß Fig. 1 besteht die Verpackung aus einer von Wänden 11, 14, 24 gebildeten Faltschachtel 1, in der ein Innenfutter 2 angebracht ist. Dieses Innenfutter 2 kann als Beutel ausgebildet sein, der das zu verpackende Gut allseits umschließt, es ist aber auch denkbar, daß dieses Innenfutter 2 sich nur über bestimmte Gebiete der Schachtelinnenseite erstreckt. Der Umriß der gewünschten Öffnung 5 im Innenfutter 2 ist durch eine erste Sollreißlinie 4 vorgeschwächt.1, the packaging consists of a folding box 1 formed by walls 11, 14, 24, in which an inner lining 2 is attached. This inner lining 2 can be designed as a bag which surrounds the goods to be packaged on all sides, but it is also conceivable that this inner lining 2 extends only over certain areas of the inside of the box. The outline of the desired opening 5 in the inner lining 2 is weakened by a first predetermined tear line 4.

Fig. 1 zeigt die Verpackung in geöffnetem Zustand. Zum Öffnen zieht der Benutzer eine Zunge 13 der Lasche 3 heraus und reißt die Lasche 3 entlang einer zweiten Sollreißlinie 6 aus der vorderen Wand 14 heraus. Dabei wird der Öffnungsabschnitt 15 des Innenfutters 2 mitgerissen, so daß er sich entlang der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 von dem Innenfutter 2 trennt und in dem Innenfutter 2 die Öffnung 5 gebildet wird. Die erste Sollreißlinie 4 entspricht dem Rand des Öffnungsabschnitts 15. Auf der Innenseite der Wand 14 befindet sich das Innenfutter 2. Dieses Innenfutter 2 ist im Bereich des Öffnungsabschnitts 15 mit einer Klebstoffschicht 8 an die Innenseite der Wand 14 der Faltschachtel 1 angeklebt. Der Öffnungsabschnitt 15 wird durch die erste Sollreißlinie 4 in dem Innenfutter 2 umgrenzt.Fig. 1 shows the packaging in the open state. For opening, the user pulls out a tongue 13 of the tab 3 and tears the tab 3 out of the front wall 14 along a second predetermined tear line 6. The opening section 15 of the inner liner 2 is entrained, so that it separates from the inner liner 2 along the first predetermined tear line 4 and the opening 5 is formed in the inner liner 2. The first predetermined tear line 4 corresponds to the edge of the opening section 15. The inner lining 2 is located on the inside of the wall 14. This inner lining 2 is glued to the inside of the wall 14 of the folding box 1 with an adhesive layer 8 in the region of the opening section 15. The opening section 15 is delimited by the first predetermined tear line 4 in the inner lining 2.

Die Lasche 3 ist mit einer Falzung 10 versehen, die es ermöglicht, die herausgerissene bzw. herausgezogene Lasche 3 zu einer Schütte zu knicken. In Fig. 1 sind das Innenfutter 2 und der aus dem Innenfutter 2 herausgerissene Öffnungsabschnitt 15 schraffiert dargestellt. Zum Wiederverschließen wird die Lasche 3 wieder flach geformt, so daß der Rand 7 der Lasche 3 mit der zweiten Sollreißlinie 6 in der Wand 14 wieder zusammenfällt.The tab 3 is provided with a fold 10, which makes it possible to fold the tab 3 which has been torn out or pulled out to form a chute. 1, the inner lining 2 and the opening section 15 torn out of the inner lining 2 are shown hatched. For reclosing, the tab 3 is shaped flat again so that the edge 7 of the tab 3 with the second predetermined tear line 6 in the wall 14 collapses again.

Fig. 2 zeigt einen Schnitt durch die Verpackung. Die Wand 14 ist durch Anstanzen mit der zweiten Sollreißlinie 6 versehen. Die zweite Sollreißlinie 6 grenzt die Lasche 3 ab.Fig. 2 shows a section through the packaging. The wall 14 is provided with the second predetermined tear line 6 by punching. The second predetermined tear line 6 delimits the tab 3.

Fig. 3 zeigt eine Weiterbildung, bei der auf der Außenseite des Öffnungsabschnitts 15 zwischen dem Innenfutter 2 und der Lasche 3 eine Dochtmasse 9 angeordnet ist. Die Dochtmasse 9 kann auf der Lasche 3 befestigt sein, sie kann sich aber auch auf dem die Öffnung 5 umgebenden Randbereich des Innenfutters 2 befinden.FIG. 3 shows a development in which a wick mass 9 is arranged on the outside of the opening section 15 between the inner lining 2 and the tab 3. The wick mass 9 can be fastened on the tab 3, but it can also be located on the edge area of the inner lining 2 surrounding the opening 5.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine Ausführung der erfindungsgemäßen Verpackung, die insbesondere für Pralinenschachteln Verwendung finden kann. Die Lasche 3 ist hier als Klappe ausgebildet, die aus der oben gelegenen Deckseite 14 der Faltschachtel 1 herausgeklappt wird. Auf der Innenseite der Lasche 3 befindet sich der beim Öffnen herausgerissene Öffnungsabschnitt 15 des Innenfutters 2. Über den Rand 7 der Lasche 3 steht ein Randbereich 16 des Öffnungsabschnitts 15 über. Dieser Randbereich 16 greift nach dem Wiederverschließen der Lasche 3 unter den entsprechenden Rand 17 der Öffnung in der Wand 14. Durch die punktierte Linie ist angedeutet, wie weit nach dem Schließen der Klappe oder Lasche 3 der Randbereich 16 diesen Rand 17 untergreift.Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of the packaging according to the invention, which can be used in particular for chocolate boxes. The flap 3 is designed here as a flap that is folded out of the top side 14 of the folding box 1. The opening section 15 of the inner liner 2 torn out upon opening is located on the inside of the tab 3. An edge region 16 of the opening section 15 projects beyond the edge 7 of the tab 3. After the flap 3 has been closed again, this edge region 16 engages under the corresponding edge 17 of the opening in the wall 14. The dotted line indicates how far the edge region 16 engages under this edge 17 after the flap or flap 3 has been closed.

Fig. 5a zeigt den Ausschnitt aus einem Kartonzuschnitt, insbesondere der Wand 14 einer Faltschachtel 1 mit einer Lasche 3, die längs der zweiten Sollreißlinie 6 um einen Falz 23 herausklappbar ist. Die dargestellte Lasche 3 weist Falzungen 10 auf, durch die die herausgerissene Lasche 3 zu einer Schütte knickbar ist und die Zunge 13 mit der Lasche 3 im Bereich der Durchstanzungen 12 aus dem Karton herausgezogen werden kann. Fig. 5b zeigt das zugehörige Innenfutter 2 mit der ersten Sollreißlinie 4, längs der der Öffnungsabschnitt 15 aufreißbar ist. Wie bereits erläutert sind Innenfutter 2 und Kartonzuschnitt, insbesondere dessen Wand 14 zumindest im Überlappungsbereich von Lasche 3 und dem Bereich innerhalb der Sollreißlinie 4 miteinander verbunden wie verklebt, wie das auch in Fig. 5c dargestellt ist. Zum Unterschied gegenüber dem Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 1 sind die erste Sollreißlinie 4 des Innenfutters 2 und die zweite Sollreißlinie 6 im Kartonzuschnitt zur Bildung der Lasche 3 nicht gleichlaufend oder doch im wesentlichen gleichartig ausgebildet. Vielmehr besitzt die erste Sollreißlinie 4 einen Verlauf, der den der zweiten Sollreißlinie 6 mehrfach kreuzt, so daß Randbereiche 18, 19 gebildet sind, bei denen der innerhalb der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 liegende Bereich über den innerhalb der zweiten Sollreißlinie 6 liegenden Bereich, d.h. die Lasche 3, übersteht. Weiter verlaufen die in Richtung auf den Falz 23 der Lasche 3 verlaufenden Abschnitte 25, 26 der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 des Innenfutters 2 etwa konusförmig aufeinander zu und enden in einem freien Bereich 27, der sich etwa im Bereich des Falzes 23 erstreckt (Fig. 5c). Außerhalb der Sollreißlinie 4 und jenseits der Abschnitte 25, 26 sind daher Bereiche 21, 22 gebildet, bei denen die Lasche 3 nahe dem Falz 23 übersteht, also dort wesentlich breiter als der durch die Sollreißlinie 4 definierte Bereich 27 ist.5a shows the detail from a cardboard blank, in particular the wall 14 of a folding box 1 with a flap 3, which can be folded out along the second predetermined tear line 6 by a fold 23. The flap 3 shown has folds 10 through which the torn-out flap 3 can be folded into a chute and the tongue 13 with the flap 3 can be pulled out of the carton in the area of the punchings 12. 5b shows the associated inner lining 2 with the first predetermined tear line 4, along which the opening section 15 can be torn open. As already explained, the inner lining 2 and the cardboard blank, in particular the wall 14 thereof, are bonded to one another at least in the overlap area of the tab 3 and the area within the predetermined tear line 4, as is also shown in FIG. 5c. In contrast to the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1, the first predetermined tear line 4 of the inner lining 2 and the second predetermined tear line 6 in the cardboard blank to form the flap 3 are not designed to run in the same direction or are essentially the same. Rather, the first predetermined tear line 4 has a course that crosses that of the second predetermined tear line 6 multiple times, so that edge regions 18, 19 are formed, in which the area lying within the first predetermined tear line 4 extends over the area lying within the second predetermined tear line 6, i.e. the tab 3, protrudes. Furthermore, the sections 25, 26 of the first predetermined tear line 4 of the inner lining 2, which run in the direction of the fold 23 of the flap 3, run approximately conically towards one another and end in a free region 27 which extends approximately in the region of the fold 23 (FIG. 5c) . Areas 21, 22 are therefore formed outside the predetermined tear line 4 and beyond the sections 25, 26, in which the tab 3 protrudes near the fold 23, that is to say there is considerably wider than the area 27 defined by the predetermined tear line 4.

Beim Aufreißen der Lasche 3 längs der Sollreißlinie 6 wird auch das Innenfutter 2 längs der ersten Sollreißline 4 aufgerissen. Die Randbereiche 18,19 stehen über die Lasche 3 vor und können, wie das bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 4 erläutert worden ist, beim Schließen der Lasche 3 wieder hinter den entsprechenden Rand der Öffnung greifen, so daß sie beim Wiederverschließen der gebildeten Öffnung als Verriegelung dienen. Darüberhinaus ermöglicht der durch die konusförmig aufeinanderzu verlaufenden Abschnitte 25, 26 gebildete schmalere Bereich 27 das bessere Ausgießen über die Lasche 3. Ein Überlaufen des auszuschüttenden Guts über die Lasche 3 hinaus wird weitgehend vermieden.When the tab 3 is torn open along the predetermined tear line 6, the inner lining 2 is also torn along the first predetermined tear line 4. The edge regions 18, 19 protrude from the tab 3 and, as has been explained in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4, can reach behind the corresponding edge of the opening when the tab 3 is closed, so that when the opening formed is closed again as Serve locking. In addition, the narrower region 27 formed by the cone-shaped sections 25, 26 enables better pouring over the tab 3. Overflowing of the material to be dispensed beyond the tab 3 is largely avoided.

Vorteilhaft ist eine im wesentlichen symmetrische Ausbildung von Lasche 3 und erster Sollreißlinie 4, insbesondere zu einer von dem Falz 27 ausgehenden Mittellinie, die hier mit einer Falzung 10 zusammenfällt.An essentially symmetrical design of the tab 3 and the first predetermined tear line 4 is advantageous, in particular to a center line starting from the fold 27, which coincides here with a fold 10.

Auch bei dieser Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann der Auftrag der Dochtmasse 9 in der erläuterten Weise vorgesehen sein.In this embodiment of the invention, too, the application of the wick mass 9 can be provided in the manner explained.

Um auch bei dünnwandigen und großflächigen Innenfuttern 2 (Folien) und Aufreißöffnungen ein sicheres Aufreißen des Innenfutters 2 längs der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 zu gewährleisten, ist die erste Sollreißlinie 4 in der in Fig. 6 näher erläuterten Weise ausgebildet.In order to ensure that the inner lining 2 is torn open along the first predetermined tear line 4 even with thin-walled and large-area inner linings 2 (foils) and tear-open openings, the first predetermined tear line 4 is designed in the manner explained in more detail in FIG. 6.

Die erste Sollreißlinie 4 für das Innenfutter weist abwechselnd Stanzabschnitte 46 und Brückenabschnitte 47 (ohne Stanzung) auf. Erfindungsgemäß sind die Stanzabschnitte 46 gekrümmt ausgebildet, und es greifen aufeinanderfolgende Stanzabschnitte 46 hakenförmig ineinander ein. Die dargestellten Stanzabschnitte 46 bestehen aus einem geradlinigen Teil 48, der in Richtung der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 verläuft, und einem gekrümmten oder abgewinkelten Teil 49, der die erste Sollreißlinie 4 schneidet und zwar entgegen der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 und damit der Aufreißrichtung (Pfeil 44).The first predetermined tear line 4 for the inner lining alternately has stamped sections 46 and bridge sections 47 (without punching). According to the invention, the punched sections 46 are curved, and successive punched sections 46 engage in a hook-like manner. The punched sections 46 shown consist of a straight part 48, which runs in the direction of the first predetermined tear line 4, and a curved or angled part 49, which intersects the first predetermined tear line 4, namely against the first predetermined tear line 4 and thus the tear direction (arrow 44).

Wenn in dem Innenfutter 2 eine eigene Griff-Zunge 45 vorgesehen ist, erfolgt der Beginn des Aufreißens des Innenfutters 2 längs der ersten Sollreißlinie 4 von einem zwischenliegenden Abschnitt. Es ergeben sich somit zwei verschiedene Aufreißrichtungen 44. Die Ausrichtung der gekrümmten Teile 49 der Stanzabschnitte 46 ist ausgehend von dieser Griff-Zunge 45 aus zueinander entgegengesetzt, wodurch ein breitflächiges Aufreißen von einer kleinen Griff-Zunge 45 aus einwandfrei und sauber erfolgen kann.If a separate grip tongue 45 is provided in the inner lining 2, the opening of the inner lining 2 along the first predetermined tear line 4 takes place from an intermediate section. This results in two different tear-open directions 44. Starting from this grip tongue 45, the orientation of the curved parts 49 of the punched sections 46 is opposite to one another, as a result of which a small grip tongue 45 can be torn open flawlessly and cleanly.

Die Stanzabschnitte 46 bei dem Innenfutter sind lediglich Anstanzungen, wodurch es möglich ist, auch sehr dünne Folien auch bei großen Aufreißöffnungen (Öffnungsabschnitt 15) zu verarbeiten. Unter Anstanzung wird ein Stanzvorgang verstanden, bei dem das Stanzwerkzeug die Folie nicht durchtrennt, sondern in ihr entsprechende Ankerbungen oder Einkerbungen vorsieht. Auf diese Weise wird der hermetische Abschluß des zu verpackenden Gutes sichergestellt.The punched sections 46 in the inner lining are only punched holes, which makes it possible is to process even very thin foils even with large tear-open openings (opening section 15). Punching is understood to mean a punching process in which the punching tool does not cut the film, but rather provides corresponding anchor bends or notches in it. In this way, the hermetic seal of the goods to be packaged is ensured.

In Fig. 6 ist auch die bei Kartonzuschnitten bekannte Verwendung hakenförmiger Stanzabschnitte dargestellt. Diese dürfen jedoch bei Kartonzuschnitten aus den erwähnten Gründen nicht ineinander greifen und werden daher nur zur Begrenzung von Aufreißstreifen 43 verwendet.FIG. 6 also shows the use of hook-shaped punching sections known in cardboard blanks. However, for cardboard blanks these must not interlock for the reasons mentioned and are therefore only used to limit tear strips 43.

Fig. 6 zeigt weiter, daß sich die Lasche 3 nicht notwendigerweise nur in einer Ebene der Faltschachtel 1 erstrecken muß, sie kann vielmehr über eine Falznaht 50 greifen. Es ist zu erwähnen, daß selbstverständlich ein derartiges Übergreifen über eine Falznaht auch bei dem Innenfutter 2 möglich ist, auch wenn dies nicht im einzelnen dargestellt ist.Fig. 6 further shows that the tab 3 does not necessarily have to extend only in one plane of the folding box 1, it can rather reach over a seam 50. It should be mentioned that, of course, such an overlapping over a fold seam is also possible for the inner lining 2, even if this is not shown in detail.

Die in der erläuterten Weise ausgebildete erste Sollreißlinie 4 ermöglicht es also, nicht nur bei kleinen Innenfuttern 2 und kleinen Laschen 3 Öffnungsabschnitte 15 in dem Innenfutter 2 vorzusehen, sondern auch bei großflächigen Innenfuttern 2 und Laschen 3 sowie sehr dünnen Folien.The first predetermined tear line 4 formed in the manner explained therefore makes it possible not only to provide opening sections 15 in the inner lining 2 for small inner linings 2 and small tabs 3, but also for large-area inner liners 2 and tabs 3 and very thin foils.

Claims (22)

1. Package consisting of a folding box (1) with walls of foldable material in particular of cardboard, with an inner lining (2) and with a flap (3) arranged in the region of the inner lining, which flap can be pulled out of at least one wall (14) of the folding box (1) thereby forming an opening the inner lining (2) being provided, in the region of the flap (3), with a first prescribed tear line (4) defining a window (5) and connected, in the region of the window (5) circumscribed by the first prescribed tear line (4), to the flap (3), characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) runs partially outside the border (17) of the opening of the folding box (1) released by the flap (3) (fig. 4).
2. Package according to the preamble of claim 1, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) has an undulating form (fig. 4).
3. Package according to the preamble of claim 1, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) consists of pressed sections (46) and interposed bridge sections (47) along the first prescribed tear line (4), and in that the pressed sections (46) along the first prescribed tear line (4) have a crooked shape and consecutive pressed sections (46) interlock like hooks (fig. 6).
4. Package according to claim 1, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) of the inner lining (2) and the outer contour (second prescribed tear line 6) of the flap (3) which can be pulled out, cross one another several times in such a way that several border regions (18, 19) within the first prescribed tear line (4) run outside the border of the opening released by the flap (3) (fig. 5c).
5. Package according to claim 4, characterised in that at least two border regions (18, 19) are arranged symmetrically about a central line of the flap (3), the central line proceeding from a fold (23) around which the flap (3) can be swung out.
6. Package according to claim 5, characterised in that at least two of the sections (25, 26) of the first prescribed tear line (4) which are symmetrical about the central line, converge on one another conically proceeding from the relevant intersection.
7. Package according to claim 6, characterised in that both sections (25, 26) converge on one another conically in the direction of the fold (23), around which the flap (3) can be swung out.
8. Package according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the border (7) of the flap (3) is marked by a second prescribed tear line (6) in the wall (14).
9. Package according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the inner lining (2) consists of plastic foil.
10. Package according to claim 9, characterised in that the inner lining (2) consists of metallised plastic foil.
11. Package according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) is punched in the inner lining (2).
12. Package according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) is formed by a perforation of the inner lining (2).
13. Package according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) has an undulating form (fig. 4).
14. Package according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterised in that the first prescribed tear line (4) consists of pressed sections (46) and interposed bridge sections (47) along the first prescribed tear line (4), and in that the pressed sections (46) along the first prescribed tear line (4) have a crooked shape and consecutive pressed sections (46) interlock like hooks (fig. 6).
15. Package according to claim 14, characterised in that the pressed sections (46) each consist of a straight-line part (48) and a part (49) inclined to it, the straight-line part (48) extends in the direction of the first prescribed tear line (4) and the inclined part (49) intersects the first prescribed tear line (4).
16. Package according to claim 15, characterised in that the inclined part (49) intersects the first prescribed tear line (4) against the tear direction (arrow 44).
17. Package according to claim 16, characterised in that the inclined part (49) intersects the first prescribed tear line (4) at an acute angle.
18. Package according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterised in that the flap (3) extends beyond one edge of the folding box (1), and the end of the flap (3) has the form of a tongue (13) which can be pushed under one wall (11) of the folding box (fig. 1).
19. Package according to claim 18, characterised in that the wall (11) has a recess (12) at the edge.
20. Package according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterised in that the inner lining (2) is stuck to the flap (3) in the region of the window (5).
21. Package according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterised in that the flap (3) is approximately elliptical or circular-shaped.
22. Package according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterised in that the inner lining (2) consists of a bag.
EP82106742A 1981-08-21 1982-07-26 Package and method for its production Expired EP0072931B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82106742T ATE30224T1 (en) 1981-08-21 1982-07-26 PACKAGING AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES.

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8124502U DE8124502U1 (en) 1981-08-21 1981-08-21 packaging
DE8124502U 1981-08-21
DE3148340 1981-12-07
DE19813148340 DE3148340A1 (en) 1981-12-07 1981-12-07 Folding box with inner lining, cardboard blank for folding box with inner lining, and method of manufacturing a folding box with inner lining
DE3148479 1981-12-08
DE19813148479 DE3148479A1 (en) 1981-12-08 1981-12-08 Intended tearing point for film blanks in folding boxes
DE8209393U DE8209393U1 (en) 1982-04-01 1982-04-01 Folding box
DE8209393U 1982-04-01
DE3217220 1982-05-07
DE19823217220 DE3217220A1 (en) 1981-08-21 1982-05-07 Package

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85113131.8 Division-Into 1985-10-16

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0072931A2 EP0072931A2 (en) 1983-03-02
EP0072931A3 EP0072931A3 (en) 1984-07-04
EP0072931B1 true EP0072931B1 (en) 1987-10-14

Family

ID=27510686

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82106742A Expired EP0072931B1 (en) 1981-08-21 1982-07-26 Package and method for its production
EP85113131A Withdrawn EP0183037A1 (en) 1981-08-21 1982-07-26 Folding box consisting of a folding box blank and a blank forming an inner liner

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85113131A Withdrawn EP0183037A1 (en) 1981-08-21 1982-07-26 Folding box consisting of a folding box blank and a blank forming an inner liner

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0072931B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3277455D1 (en)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3318310A1 (en) * 1983-05-19 1984-11-22 CP Schmidt Verpackungs-Werk GmbH & Co KG, 6750 Kaiserslautern FOLDING BOX WITH INTERNAL LINING AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING IT
DE3329456C2 (en) * 1983-08-16 1986-07-24 Focke & Co, 2810 Verden Box of caps for cigarettes or the like
DE19534035A1 (en) * 1995-09-14 1997-03-20 Henkel Kgaa Folding box with inner lining and variable volume for filling to the brim
IT1288152B1 (en) * 1996-03-27 1998-09-11 Giorgio Trani MULTILAYER DISPOSABLE PACKAGE PROVIDED WITH DISPENSING OPENING.
US7285082B1 (en) 2000-03-08 2007-10-23 Crystal B.V. Airtight box with manufacturing method and apparatus

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2216527A (en) * 1938-08-23 1940-10-01 Robert Gair Co Inc Paperboard container and method of making same
US2423804A (en) * 1941-05-13 1947-07-08 Harry F Waters Method of making lined cartons
US2326269A (en) * 1941-05-13 1943-08-10 Harry F Waters Lined carton
US2555526A (en) * 1948-07-15 1951-06-05 Jr Julius A Zinn Pour seal structure for cartons
US2731188A (en) * 1953-06-16 1956-01-17 Ex Cell O Corp Dispensing container and blank with improved pouring mechanism
CH335997A (en) * 1957-05-26 1959-01-31 Strahm Andre Cardboard packaging
GB1176796A (en) * 1966-05-13 1970-01-07 Keyolok Company Inc Improvements in or relating to Cartons for Moisture and Gas Barrier Packaging.
US3768719A (en) * 1971-07-16 1973-10-30 Procter & Gamble Carton having a bag-like liner
SE384833B (en) * 1973-03-16 1976-05-24 Christenssons Maskiner LIQUID AND GUEST PACKAGING AND PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURE OF PACKAGING
GB2032393B (en) * 1978-08-17 1982-11-03 Toppan Printing Co Ltd Lined boxes
NZ193237A (en) * 1979-04-04 1982-05-25 Nicholas Prop Ltd Sealed-end carton with reclosable pouring-opening

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3277455D1 (en) 1987-11-19
EP0072931A2 (en) 1983-03-02
EP0072931A3 (en) 1984-07-04
EP0183037A1 (en) 1986-06-04

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