EP0063148A1 - Procede pour la synthese de composes hydrogenes et/ou fluores du type polyoxyethylene-alkyl-ether, composes de ce type et application a titre d'agents tensio-actifs non ioniques - Google Patents
Procede pour la synthese de composes hydrogenes et/ou fluores du type polyoxyethylene-alkyl-ether, composes de ce type et application a titre d'agents tensio-actifs non ioniquesInfo
- Publication number
- EP0063148A1 EP0063148A1 EP81902971A EP81902971A EP0063148A1 EP 0063148 A1 EP0063148 A1 EP 0063148A1 EP 81902971 A EP81902971 A EP 81902971A EP 81902971 A EP81902971 A EP 81902971A EP 0063148 A1 EP0063148 A1 EP 0063148A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- fluorinated
- alcoholate
- oxyphosphonium
- compounds
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 title 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- XVDBWWRIXBMVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphanyl]-n-methylmethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)P(N(C)C)N(C)C XVDBWWRIXBMVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010534 nucleophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical class FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 abstract 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 7
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- IIRDTKBZINWQAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexaethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO IIRDTKBZINWQAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- CFIHLFGSTIFVLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-pentoxyethane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CCCCCOC(O)CO CFIHLFGSTIFVLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WQDUMFSSJAZKTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium methoxide Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C WQDUMFSSJAZKTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 4
- IZBNPGGKEWJZQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane-1,1,1,2,2,2-hexol Chemical compound OC(O)(O)C(O)(O)O IZBNPGGKEWJZQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007046 ethoxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HZNVUJQVZSTENZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(C#N)=C(C#N)C1=O HZNVUJQVZSTENZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006266 etherification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229950004288 tosilate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical class CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
- C07C41/16—Preparation of ethers by reaction of esters of mineral or organic acids with hydroxy or O-metal groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the synthesis of hydrogenated and / or fluorinated compounds of the polyoxyethylene-alkyl ether type. It also relates to compounds of this type and their application as nonionic surfactants.
- the processes used up to now for the synthesis of nonionic fluorinated surfactants of general formula R F (CH 2 ) ⁇ (OC 2 H 4 ) n OH in which R F is a fluorinated chain, are based on the condensation of ethylene oxide on the fluorinated alcohol of formula R F (CH 2 ) ⁇ OH.
- the product of the condensation reaction is a mixture of surfactants having a more or less wide distribution of the number n of ether units.
- the pure products that is to say the fluorinated compounds having a number n of well-defined ether units, can then be obtained by distillation.
- the yields are only around 20 to 30% approximately [R. TATEMATSU et al. Yakagaku (1976), 25 p. 287 and Yakagaku (1980) 29, p. 23].
- Patent application JP 73.36.514 published under the number 123.184 / 74 relates to obtaining aqueous emulsions containing a fluorocarbon derivative as main substituent, a nonionic surfactant and water.
- the surfactants used to obtain these emulsions are obtained by adding ethylene oxide to alcohols. They are in the form of mixtures having a distribution conforming to a Gaussian curve and not in the form of pure products.
- the hydrogenated homologs of these fluorinated compounds can be obtained by ethoxylation according to a process analogous to that defined above. above or by Williamson type addition of a polyalcohol to an alcohol or by etherification of a tosilate. These methods make it possible to obtain a number of well-defined ether units with yields of the order of 20 to 50%. To this end, reference may be made to the article by SHICK "Non ionic surfactants" M. Dekker NY 1966. However, none of these Williamson type addition processes or etherification of a tosilate has been, to the knowledge of the applicant, used to obtain nonionic fluorinated surfactants.
- R z is a partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon chain and n is an integer at least equal to 1, consists of:
- fluorocarbon chain is meant, in the present description, the alkyl chains li nea i re s or branched completely fluorinated.
- partially hydrogenated fluorocarbon chains mention may in particular be made of hydrogenated fluorocarbon chains at the end of the chain.
- the first step of the process of the invention consists in the formation of the monosalt chloride of oxyphosphonium by reaction of the trisdimethylaminophosphine on a polyethylene glycol. It is important to operate in an environment which makes it possible to dissolve the glycol and in which the monosel precipitates immediately after its formation.
- the choice of reaction medium therefore depends on the glycol used and the monosal formed. It will be indicated by way of example that tetrahydrofuran is suitable as a reaction medium for polyethylene glycols having 1 to 5 ether units. For a number of ether units greater than 5, a tetrahydrofuran / ether mixture is advantageously used.
- the operation is advantageously carried out at a temperature between -20 and -40 ° C. and under an inert atmosphere, for example under a nitrogen atmosphere. At a higher temperature, monosel also forms, but this is then not stable and breaks down immediately. In general, approximately one molar equivalent of alcohol of the formula is advantageously used
- An aqueous solution of an excess of potassium hexafluorophosphate is preferably used, containing for example 2 molar equivalents of this salt.
- the oxyphosphonium salt thus formed is then extracted from the reaction mixture using an organic solvent, for example methylene chloride and is then dried.
- the patent FR 73.17.883 also relates to obtaining functional d - alkyloxytrisdialkylaminophosphonium salts.
- the third step of the process of the invention consists of a nucleophilic substitution on the oxyphosphonium salt of polyoxyethylene glycol thus obtained with a fluorinated alcoholate of formula R z (CH 2 ) 0M, in which M is a cation, for example sodium.
- the fluorinated alcoholate in solution in an aprotic organic solvent is reacted by heating with the oxyphosphonium salt of polyoxyethyleneglycol.
- the operation is advantageously carried out at a temperature between 50 and 100 ° C., for example at 60 ° C. for 8 and 48 hours, in particular for 24 hours, under an inert atmosphere and stirring.
- Solvents of the ether, mono- or polyether type with high boiling point are particularly suitable, such as for example dimethoxyethane, dioxane, the latter being particularly preferred. Mixtures of such solvents can also be used. In general, about 1 molar equivalent of fluorinated alcoholate is used for 1 molar equivalent of oxyphosphonium salt of polyoxyethyleneglycol.
- the reaction mixture thus obtained is evaporated and the residue is extracted with, for example, ether.
- the resulting organic phase is then washed and dried, then the products formed are prepared by chromatography.
- the chromatographic eluent can be, for example, ethyl acetate or a mixture of ethyl acetate / methanol.
- the starting compounds used in the process of the invention namely the polyoxyethyleneglycol of formula H (OC 2 H 4 ) n OH and the alcoholate fluorinated R z CH 2 0M feels obtained by conventional means.
- polyoxyethyleneglycol H (OC 2 H 4 ) n OH is obtained by condensation of ethylene oxide with a glycol or by a similar process
- the fluorinated alcoholate can be obtained by reaction of a methylate, for example sodium methylate in methanolic solution with the fluorinated alcohol of formula R z CH 2 OH and evaporation under vacuum of the solvent, for example methanol.
- the present invention also relates to the compounds obtained by the above process. It thus relates, as new products, to fluorinated compounds of formula R F CH 2 (OC 2 H 4 ) n OH in which n is greater than or equal to 6 and R. is a fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon chain partially hydrogenated.
- the compounds according to the invention have the characteristic properties of nonionic surfactants and are therefore suitable as nonionic surfactants.
- the present invention therefore also relates to the application of the fluorinated compounds defined above as surfactants.
- the entire reaction system was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere before being cooled to around -40 ° C.
- TDAP was then added slowly. The addition lasted 3 hours and after the addition was allowed to react for a maximum of 30 minutes.
- reaction mixture was then thrown onto 100 ml of water and the reactor was washed twice more.
- the aqueous phase was washed with ether before mixing with an aqueous solution of 2 equivalents (18.4 g) of potassium hexafluorophosphate.
- the extraction of the oxyphosphinium salt was then carried out by washing with methylene chloride.
- This organic phase was dried over Na 2 S0 4 . before evaporation on a rotary evaporator.
- the fluorinated alcoholate of formula C 7 F 15 CH 2 O Na was prepared; 0.25 g of sodium was added to 50 ml of methanol. To this methanolic solution of 1.1 equivalents of sodium methylate, 1.2 equivalents (4.8 g) of fluorinated alcohol C 7 F 15 CH 2 OH were added. Evaporation in vacuo of the solvent made it possible to obtain the fluoroalcoholate, which was subsequently dissolved in 50 ml of dioxane in the presence of an equivalent of the oxyphosphonium salt of tetraoxyethylene glycol obtained according to the above procedure.
- the solution thus obtained was heated for 24 hours at 60 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and magnetic stirring.
- reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was extracted with ether. This organic phase was washed with an HCL2N acid solution (3 x 100 ml) and dried over MgSO .. The reaction products were separated chromatographically using ethyl acetate as eluent. Chromatography was carried out on silica (120 g).
- the nucleophilic substitution reaction was carried out for 24 hours at 62 ° C. After extraction, washing, drying and chromatography on silica (120 g; eluent; ethyl acetate / methanol 95/5), 2.6 g of a yellowish liquid were obtained, the elementary analysis of which was as follows:
- the nucleophilic substitution reaction was carried out for 24 hours at 60 ° C; after treatment of the residue and chromatography (120 g of silica; eluent: ethyl acetate / methanol 95/5), 2.20 g of a yellowish liquid were obtained, the elementary analysis of which made it possible to identify the compound of formula
- This compound had the following physicochemical characteristics: cloud point ⁇ 0 ° C
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8022874A FR2492814A1 (fr) | 1980-10-24 | 1980-10-24 | Procede pour la synthese de composes hydrogenes et/ou fluores du type polyoxyethylene alkyl-ether, composes de ce type et application a titre d'agents tensio-actifs non ioniques |
| FR8022874 | 1980-10-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0063148A1 true EP0063148A1 (fr) | 1982-10-27 |
Family
ID=9247317
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81902971A Withdrawn EP0063148A1 (fr) | 1980-10-24 | 1981-10-23 | Procede pour la synthese de composes hydrogenes et/ou fluores du type polyoxyethylene-alkyl-ether, composes de ce type et application a titre d'agents tensio-actifs non ioniques |
| EP81401691A Withdrawn EP0051527A1 (fr) | 1980-10-24 | 1981-10-23 | Procédé pour la synthèse de composés hydrogénés et/ou fluorés du type polyoxyéthylène-alkyl-éther, composés de ce type et application à titre d'agents tensio-actifs non ioniques |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81401691A Withdrawn EP0051527A1 (fr) | 1980-10-24 | 1981-10-23 | Procédé pour la synthèse de composés hydrogénés et/ou fluorés du type polyoxyéthylène-alkyl-éther, composés de ce type et application à titre d'agents tensio-actifs non ioniques |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP0063148A1 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR2492814A1 (OSRAM) |
| WO (1) | WO1982001546A1 (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3611302A1 (de) * | 1986-04-04 | 1987-10-08 | Hoechst Ag | Fluorierte, mehrwertige alkohole, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung |
| EP0297822B1 (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1992-08-26 | Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. | Fluorine-containing mono- or poly-alkylene glycol and method for producing same |
| FR2700691B1 (fr) * | 1993-01-25 | 1995-04-07 | Oreal | Composition homogène à base de composés fluorés et de glycols, procédé de préparation et utilisation en cosmétique. |
| JP6071255B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-04 | 2017-02-01 | キヤノン株式会社 | 光硬化物 |
| JP5932501B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-06 | 2016-06-08 | キヤノン株式会社 | 硬化性組成物、及びこれを用いるパターン形成方法 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2249657B1 (OSRAM) * | 1973-11-07 | 1977-04-15 | Ugine Kuhlmann |
-
1980
- 1980-10-24 FR FR8022874A patent/FR2492814A1/fr active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-10-23 EP EP81902971A patent/EP0063148A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-10-23 EP EP81401691A patent/EP0051527A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-10-23 WO PCT/FR1981/000137 patent/WO1982001546A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO8201546A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2492814A1 (fr) | 1982-04-30 |
| WO1982001546A1 (fr) | 1982-05-13 |
| FR2492814B1 (OSRAM) | 1984-08-31 |
| EP0051527A1 (fr) | 1982-05-12 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
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| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT CH DE FR GB LU NL SE |
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| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
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| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 19830421 |
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| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: MATHIS, GERARD Inventor name: CASTRO, BERTRAND Inventor name: DELPUECH, JEAN-JACQUES Inventor name: SELVE, CLAUDE Inventor name: LEEMPOEL, PATRICK |