EP0057132B1 - A forced draft evaporative heat exchanger - Google Patents

A forced draft evaporative heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0057132B1
EP0057132B1 EP82400103A EP82400103A EP0057132B1 EP 0057132 B1 EP0057132 B1 EP 0057132B1 EP 82400103 A EP82400103 A EP 82400103A EP 82400103 A EP82400103 A EP 82400103A EP 0057132 B1 EP0057132 B1 EP 0057132B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fan
heat exchanger
air
heat exchange
fill
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82400103A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0057132A3 (en
EP0057132A2 (en
Inventor
Robert E. Cates
Richard H. Harrison, Jr.
Thomas P. Carter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Baltimore Aircoil Co Inc
Original Assignee
Baltimore Aircoil Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Baltimore Aircoil Co Inc filed Critical Baltimore Aircoil Co Inc
Priority to AT82400103T priority Critical patent/ATE24758T1/de
Publication of EP0057132A2 publication Critical patent/EP0057132A2/en
Publication of EP0057132A3 publication Critical patent/EP0057132A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0057132B1 publication Critical patent/EP0057132B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
    • F28C1/00—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers
    • F28C1/04—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers with cross-current only
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
    • Y10S261/11—Cooling towers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a cross flow evaporative heat exchanger having a forced draft means for propelling air into contact with heated liquid.
  • This invention especially relates to crossflow forced draft cooling towers wherein air entry and exit from the fill is along the same axis.
  • cooling towers are usually referred to as either forced draft cooling towers or induced draft cooling towers.
  • forced draft cooling tower is intended to refer to those cooling towers where the ambient air drawn into the interior of the tower by a propulsion means passes first through the propulsion means before having any contact with the fill within the interior of the tower housing. It also means that the plenum chamber during operation will be at a positive pressure with respect to atmosphere.
  • induced draft cooling towers is intended to refer to those cooling towers where the ambient air drawn into the interior of the tower housing passes through the fill and becomes laden with vaporized liquid prior to passing through the propulsion means. It also means that the plenum chamber will be at a negative pressure with respect to atmosphere.
  • evaporative heat exchangers heat is exchanged between a liquid, e.g., water, and the ambient air.
  • the temperature of the liquid is reduced both by direct heat exchange with the air and by partial vaporization of the liquid so that heat is removed in the form of latent heat of vaporization, the resultant vapor being removed in the exhaust stream leaving the tower.
  • the contact between the liquid and air is enhanced by means of a structure referred to as a packing or fill.
  • the fill is commonly a lattice or framework over which the liquid trickles and/or films while at the same time being exposed to an ambient air stream.
  • the heat exchange properties of a cooling tower are improved not only by increasing the liquid/air interface as the liquid proceeds through the cooling tower, but also by increasing the turbulence of the flow of both liquid and air.
  • the heat exchanger described in GB-A--505 590 intends to improve heat transferring efficiency, by means of efficiently spreading the liquid flowing from edge to edge over the whole of the available cooling surface.
  • Figure 12 shows an embodiment wherein the front edge of the fill is not vertical; anyway, it is specified that the fill is arranged substantially vertically. Furthermore, the purpose with this exchanger is to spread the liquid over the whole of the surface of the cooling plates, so that the slanted edge of the fill, for which no technical effect is disclosed, was not designed as providing that the liquid at the edge nearest the fan be released into the air and that liquid droplets drip therefrom (obviously, not all slopes would cause the liquid to drip). As a matter of fact, the normal capillary action of water would tend to maintain the water on the surface of the fill.
  • US-A-2,872,168 shows a forced draft cooling tower such that the air propulsion means is mounted horizontally below liquid retaining louvered walls in the tower base.
  • the plenum space is thereby a dry air zone with exhaust air exiting at the top of the unit.
  • US-A-2,732,190 shows a double pumping unit having a vertical fill such that downwardly traveling liquid is not induced to leave the fill structure and move to a turbulent air zone. Further, the air exits upwardly.
  • US-A-3,286,999 also shows a tower with vertical fill wherein liquid is prevented from entering any turbulent air zone.
  • the drive mechanism is inside the tower housing so that it is subject to corrosion, and although the fill may be inclined for various reasons, the fill face is nevertheless louvered to prevent liquid from falling into a turbulent air zone defined between the fill wall and the fan.
  • the primary object of this invention is to provide an improved forced draft evaporative heat exchanger wherein the interface of liquid and air is optimized to provide the maximum thermal heat exchange benefit per unit fan energy consumption per unit capital cost expenditure.
  • a still further object of this invention is to provide a heat exchanger of high thermal efficiency and compactness wherein the admixing of liquid and air in a turbulent stream is improved in the smallest enclosure dimension.
  • a still further object of this invention is to provide a heat exchanger such as a cooling tower, wherein the air motive force equipment for providing an air stream through the tower is shielded and protected from corrosion by avoiding contact with the liquid, the entrained liquid droplets in the air stream or the humid plenum chamber both during normal operation, and during fan-off operation.
  • the front edge of the heat exchanger means (such as a fill) is sloped sufficiently to cause liquid droplets to drip therefrom into the plenum.
  • the fill is spaced apart from the fan wall mounting the air propulsion means, and defines a zone of turbulent airflow such that liquid droplets falling into the turbulent zone admix with the incoming air and are thereby driven against the fill facing whereat they are broken into mist, coalesce, fall farther down the fill and then again can drop into the turbulent zone; after passing downwardly over the fill elements and through the turbulent zone, the liquid finally collects at the base of the tower in a sump where it can be recirculated or discharged as is required.
  • Figure 1 is an isometric view of a cooling tower of this invention
  • Figure 2 is a cross sectional view through II-II of Figure 1 showing in particular the plenum chamber of the cooling tower
  • Figure 3 is a view of a air propulsion means and its supporting members.
  • a cooling tower 11 having a housing 12 having a topwall 13, fan wall 14, air exit area 15 and side walls 16, 17, defining therein an interior chamber 18.
  • Tower 11 rests on base 19.
  • a recess 20 is formed by flanges 21, 22 respectively in sidewalls 16 and 17 and a shoulder portion 23 in base 19.
  • Recess 20 provides an alcove for the air propulsion means shown as fan-drive-motor assembly 24.
  • Assembly 24 comprises motor 25, pulley 26 and drive belt 27 for turning axial-flow fan 28.
  • a circular axial flow fan is shown as preferred, but other air propulsion means are suitable including centrifugal fans, especially where quiet operation is desired.
  • Fan-drive-motor-assembly 24 is protected by screen 29 so as to prevent unintended or accidental intrusion into the moving fan-drive-motor-assembly 24.
  • a conventional liquid distribution pan 30 having an inlet 31 providing for the inflow of high temperature liquid into and throughout the pan 30.
  • Pan 30 communicates into the interior of the tower through a number of dispersion nozzles 32 in said pan 30 so as to distribute the high temperature liquid uniformly over the fill means 33 (shown in Fig 2) in the interior chamber 18.
  • Nozzles 32 are located in such a pattern that the liquid leaving the upper pan preferably flows only onto fill means 33.
  • the liquid can be sprayed directly onto the fill means 33, without using a distribution means such as pan 30.
  • Fan-drive-motor assembly 24 is shown mounted outside fan wall 14 so that splash or misting of liquid against assembly 24 is minimized during fan-off operation. It is usual for the liquid to contain treatment chemicals such as microbiocides, algaecides, scale and corrosion inhibitors, and other additives to control the quality of the liquid. Unfortunately, these additives are sometimes highly corrosive to unprotected oxidizable surfaces. Thus, the mounting of assembly 24 outside interior chamber 18 in recess 20 is a highly desirable expedient to protect motors, bearings and the like from corrosive deterioration.
  • fill means 33 which is suspended by brackets 36 attached to side walls 16, 17.
  • Other attachment and anchoring arrangements are entirely suitable and have no essential bearing on operation of the tower. What is important is that the stability of fill means 33 is insured against shifting.
  • the fill means is of any conventional design. Fill means 33 most suitably extends laterally across the entire interior of chamber 18 between sidwalls 16, 17. Fill means 33 is spaced apart from fan wall 14 so as to define therebetween a plenum chamber 41. Face 37 of the fill means 33 is slanted such that the lower portion 38 at the base 39 is at a greater distance from fan wall 14 than is the upper portion 40 if fill means 33.
  • the inclination from the uppermost portion 40 to base 39 is uniform although it is quite suitable that the slope of face 37 follows a curve.
  • face 37 can present a spherical segment, concave, convex, hyperbolic, or any geometrical curve front to fan wall 14. What is essential is that with respect to the fill or any individual plate thereof, each point on the terminus of the fill or a plate thereof facing fan wall 14 is no closer fan wall 14 than a point above, and that a least lower terminal points are farther from fan wall 19 than the points above.
  • a plurality of vertically-oriented plates are in spaced apart relationship.
  • the plates need not be planar, but can comprise arcuate sheets.
  • the horizontal axis of each plate be generally aligned with the direction of airflow through the tower.
  • the edge of each plate facing fans wall 14 inclines inwardly so that plenum chamber 41 is formed as described above.
  • the entire face 37 is composed of adjacent fill plates aligned so that all plates terminate in the same plane on face 37. This, however, is not a requisite to operation, and the termini of each plate forming the face 37 of fill means 33 can be at varying rather than uniform distances from fan wall 14 at any reference height.
  • the plenum chamber 41 will take on a trapezoidal cross-sectional configuration with the top wall 13, front wall 14, fill front 37 and the surface 42 of sump 35 forming the sides of the trapezoid.
  • the trapezoids will not be congruent. Congruency is not essential to operation and, therefore, the fill sheets may be incongruent, if desired.
  • Base 19 is supported on pedestals 43 and 44 preferably having defined therein an upwardly extending recess 45 formed by an inset 45 into basin wall 51, upstanding element 46, and step portion 39.
  • the roof portion 39 is reinforced by said element 46 to withstand the entire weight of the assembly and reduce operation weight of the tower by displacing liquid, and also permitting the prongs of a forklift truck assembly to be inserted into insert 45 to facilitate transport of the cooling tower 11 to a desired location.
  • Liquid to be cooled is directed through-inlet 31 where it spreads onto distribution pan 30 and drips through nozzle 32 that communicates through topwall 13 into interior chamber 18 as shown in Figure 2.
  • the fill face 37 of fill 33 will direct droplets exemplified by droplet 43 into plenum chamber 41.
  • droplet 43 For example as liquid droplet 43 nears the outer edge 37 it falls vertically into the turbulent air zone in plenum chamber 41.
  • the airstream driven through chamber 18 by fan 28 impacts drop 43 and drives its horizontally so it is blown into fill means 33, strikes the fill means, and is sheared into a smaller liquid particle for enhanced heat transfer.
  • the process is repeated with drops 43' and 43", and all other droplets or rivulets issuing from fill face 37 into plenum chamber 41.
  • a turbulent airflow is most desirable in plenum 41.
  • This turbulence enhances air/liquid intermixture and forces/liquid droplets falling into the plenum chamber against the fill face.
  • this non-laminar airflow in the plenum becomes more generally horizontally directional as it passes into and through the fill where it is straightened under the influence of the air passages through the fill, which passages generally are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the tower, the axis from fan means to the air exit from the fill. After leaving the fill it may exhaust from air exit area 15 as shown or through other convenient vents in the top wall 13 for example.
  • the cooling tower is of such a size that sound design dictates an interior location for bearing 53 supporting shaft 52.
  • Bearings 53 are thus located downstream of the fan 28, but the turbulent smoothing effects of these bearings the presence of this bearing and its support beam 54 might have is minimized by having bearings 53 lie entirely within the cylindrical projection of the fan hub 55.
  • Support means 54 is preferably as far removed from fan 28 as sound design allows so as not to interfere with or reduce the initial turbulence produced by the fan.
  • the motor is mounted below the plume of vapor emitting from the tower between fan blades when the tower is operating in a fan-off mode. This protects the fan-motor from the effects of corrosion that constant exposure to a high temperature laminar plume would have.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
EP82400103A 1981-01-22 1982-01-20 A forced draft evaporative heat exchanger Expired EP0057132B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82400103T ATE24758T1 (de) 1981-01-22 1982-01-20 Waermetauscher mit zwangsverdampfung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/227,574 US4530804A (en) 1981-01-22 1981-01-22 Forced draft cross flow, free-plenum evaporative heat exchanger
US227574 1981-01-22

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0057132A2 EP0057132A2 (en) 1982-08-04
EP0057132A3 EP0057132A3 (en) 1983-01-26
EP0057132B1 true EP0057132B1 (en) 1987-01-07

Family

ID=22853633

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82400103A Expired EP0057132B1 (en) 1981-01-22 1982-01-20 A forced draft evaporative heat exchanger

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US4530804A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0057132B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS57142484A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE24758T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU549023B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR8200290A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1205004A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3275006D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK149539C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES508899A0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GR (1) GR75143B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IE (1) IE52761B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
MX (1) MX156004A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
PT (1) PT74300B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA82392B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2846797A (en) * 1956-03-16 1958-08-12 Leland R Boyd Changeable display device
US4509279A (en) * 1983-01-13 1985-04-09 The Hopp Press Interchangeable digital display sign
US4548766A (en) * 1984-05-07 1985-10-22 Marley Cooling Tower Company Vacuum formable water cooling tower film fill sheet with integral spacers
US4539768A (en) * 1984-06-15 1985-09-10 Halliday John J Digital display apparatus
US4729184A (en) * 1986-04-16 1988-03-08 Lawrence Cihanek Changeable digital display device
US4873028A (en) * 1988-02-22 1989-10-10 Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. Low silhouette cooling tower with trapezoidal fill and method of air flow therethrough
US5232636A (en) * 1991-07-31 1993-08-03 Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. Cooling tower strainer tank and screen
US6070860A (en) * 1998-08-14 2000-06-06 The Marley Cooling Tower Company Crossflow water cooling tower having structure allowing air flow through water distribution system
US7137623B2 (en) * 2004-09-17 2006-11-21 Spx Cooling Technologies, Inc. Heating tower apparatus and method with isolation of outlet and inlet air
US7942391B2 (en) 2007-04-27 2011-05-17 Rush Air, Inc. Evaporative cooling tower and method
US10495392B2 (en) * 2011-07-07 2019-12-03 E&C Finfan, Inc. Cooler, cooler platform assembly, and process of adjusting a cooler platform
CN106197060A (zh) * 2016-08-26 2016-12-07 广州览讯科技开发有限公司 离心式鼓风横流开式冷却塔
CN106288855A (zh) * 2016-08-31 2017-01-04 广州览讯科技开发有限公司 轴流式鼓风横流开式冷却塔
CN106288856A (zh) * 2016-10-09 2017-01-04 广州览讯科技开发有限公司 金属填料组件冷却塔
CN106288858A (zh) * 2016-10-09 2017-01-04 广州览讯科技开发有限公司 一种地坑式混泥土冷却塔
CN106766998A (zh) * 2016-12-31 2017-05-31 广州览讯科技开发有限公司 一种混凝土鼓风开式冷却塔
DK179524B1 (en) * 2017-03-09 2019-02-06 Inventilate Holding Aps A mobile leisure accommodation vehicle and a method for ventilating a mobile leisure accommodation vehicle
AU2019396605A1 (en) 2018-12-13 2021-06-03 Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. Fan array fault response control system

Family Cites Families (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2732190A (en) * 1956-01-24 Cross flow cooling tower having recycling system
GB505590A (en) * 1937-11-13 1939-05-15 Heenan & Froude Ltd Improvements in apparatus for exposing liquids to direct contact with air or gas
US2201834A (en) * 1938-07-25 1940-05-21 Marley Co Cooling tower condenser
US2872168A (en) * 1953-09-10 1959-02-03 Marley Co Forced draft fan-in-base cooling tower
FR1138128A (fr) * 1954-12-21 1957-06-11 Perfectionnements aux appareils échangeurs de chaleur notamment aux appareils refroidisseurs d'eau
US3012416A (en) * 1959-09-28 1961-12-12 Marley Co Evaporative cooling apparatus
CH435345A (de) * 1963-12-09 1967-05-15 Fuji Manufacturing Company Lim Vorrichtung zum Kühlen von Wasser
US3265372A (en) * 1964-02-27 1966-08-09 Baltimore Aircoil Co Inc Air distribution system
US3286999A (en) * 1964-07-02 1966-11-22 Mitsubishi Plastics Ind Cooling tower
US3363885A (en) * 1964-12-22 1968-01-16 Munters & Co Modular cooling tower
JPS4821392U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1971-07-23 1973-03-10
JPS508283U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1973-05-31 1975-01-28
US3903212A (en) * 1973-07-10 1975-09-02 Cottrell Res Inc Fan-assisted cooling tower and method of operation
US4156706A (en) * 1978-01-16 1979-05-29 The Marley Cooling Tower Company Fan cylinder having invisible eased inlet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0057132A3 (en) 1983-01-26
MX156004A (es) 1988-06-14
PT74300B (en) 1984-06-26
DK25082A (da) 1982-07-23
AU549023B2 (en) 1986-01-09
ZA82392B (en) 1983-08-31
US4530804A (en) 1985-07-23
PT74300A (en) 1982-02-01
GR75143B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1984-07-13
ATE24758T1 (de) 1987-01-15
ES8302289A1 (es) 1983-01-01
CA1205004A (en) 1986-05-27
DK149539C (da) 1987-03-09
EP0057132A2 (en) 1982-08-04
IE52761B1 (en) 1988-02-17
JPS57142484A (en) 1982-09-03
AU7864481A (en) 1982-07-29
DK149539B (da) 1986-07-14
IE820091L (en) 1982-07-22
DE3275006D1 (en) 1987-02-12
ES508899A0 (es) 1983-01-01
JPS6326317B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1988-05-28
BR8200290A (pt) 1982-11-23

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