EP0051869A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Spritzen metallischer Schichten - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Spritzen metallischer Schichten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0051869A1
EP0051869A1 EP81109553A EP81109553A EP0051869A1 EP 0051869 A1 EP0051869 A1 EP 0051869A1 EP 81109553 A EP81109553 A EP 81109553A EP 81109553 A EP81109553 A EP 81109553A EP 0051869 A1 EP0051869 A1 EP 0051869A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metallic
modifying agent
arc
arcing zone
towards
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP81109553A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Stewart John Ashman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Metallisation Ltd
Original Assignee
Metallisation Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Metallisation Ltd filed Critical Metallisation Ltd
Publication of EP0051869A1 publication Critical patent/EP0051869A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
    • B05B7/224—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material having originally the shape of a wire, rod or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/131—Wire arc spraying

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with improvements relating to the spraying of a coating of a metallic material onto a surface, particularly metallic spraying of the kind (hereinafter referred to as being of the kind specified) utilising a metal spraying device in which an electric potential is applied across two metallic wires to establish an arc therebetween, the wires being progressively advanced towards the arc as they are melted by the arc, gas under pressure being fed toward the arcing zone, such gas including a carrier stream to cause molten metal droplets produced by the arc to be carried away from the arcing zone towards the surface to be sprayed, and optionally one or more supplementary streams such as may be operative to constrain the carrier stream to a desired shape.
  • a method of spraying a metallic coating onto a surface utilising a metal spraying device in which an electric potential is applied across two metallic wires to establish an arc therebetween, the wires being progressively advanced towards the arc as they are melted by the arc, gas under pressure being fed towards the arcing zone, such gas including a carrier stream to cause molten metal droplets produced by the arc to be carried away from the arcing zone towards the surface to be sprayed, and optionally one or more supplementary streams such as may be operative to constrain the carrier stream to a desired shape, in which the or one of the streams of gas fed towards the arcing zone includes, or is provided by a modifying agent other than air.
  • modifying agent we mean a substance or composition which is effective to modify the coating sprayed onto the workpiece, compared with the coating produced by the use solely of air.
  • the modifying agent may produce a chemically or physically modifying effect in relation to the conditions pertaining at or in the vicinity of the arcing zone, and/or a chemically or physically modifying effect in relation to the coating sprayed onto the workpiece.
  • the modifying agent may be effective to modify the temperature of the arcing zone, such as to increase or decrease said temperature.
  • the modifying agent may alternatively or additionally be effective to modify the arcing atmosphere, such as to make the arcing atmosphere oxidising or reducing.
  • the modifying agent may be operative to modify the coating obtained by the use of the apparatus, such as by causing additional materials to be carried on the or one of the streams of gas towards the surface to be coated, in admixture with the metallic coating materials.
  • the modifying agent may be gaseous, or liquid, or solid (preferably in the form of a fine powder) or may be a combination of any of these.
  • the modifying agent may be included in the carrier stream which is directed towards the arcing zone, particularly where modification of the arcing temperature is required, or the carrier stream may be provided by a modifying agent in gaseous form.
  • the modifying agent may be included in or may provide one or more of the supplementary stream or streams, particularly where the arcing atmosphere is to be modified, or the coating is to be modified.
  • the modifying agent may comprise reducing agents in gaseous, liquid or solid (powder) form, oxidizing agents, combustible gases, hydrogen peroxide, water, ceramic material, metallic materials in finely divided form, metallic fillers in finely divided form, metallic carbides, metallic borides, metallic oxides, copper alloy, plastics material.
  • This invention also provides apparatus for" use in the spraying of a metallic coating
  • a body for simultaneously feeding two metallic wires or rods through two guide passages which converge forwardly in the direction of wire feed, connecting means which may be connected to a supply of electricity to cause an arc to be established between the wires where they emerge from said guide passages so as to melt the wires
  • first delivery means for delivering a stream of gas under pressure to the arcing zone so as to cause molten metal droplets to be carried away from the arcing zone on the carrier stream from the device towards a surface to which a coating is to be applied
  • second delivery means to deliver a stream of gas under pressure towards the vicinity of the arcing zone, to constrain the carrier stream to a desired shape
  • the first and second delivery means being separate, whereby modifying agents may be added to, or may provide one of, said streams of gas under pressure separately from the other.
  • the device which is the preferred embodiment of this invention is a metal spraying device generally of the kind illustrated by way of example in the Specification of our International Patent Application No. WO 80/00544, to which reference may be made for further details not disclosed herein.
  • the device comprises a housing 6, a manifold assembly 8 secured to a forward end of the housing, a stem portion 14 secured to an extending forwardly from the manifold assembly, and a head 16 secured to a forward end of the stem portion 14.
  • the device also comprises two supply conduits 18, in the form of rubber hose of 10mm diameter, each of which defines an interior supply passage and which is connected to the manifold assembly 8 by screw fittings.
  • air under pressure is delivered through the conduits 18 to the manifold assembly 8 and by way of a conduit 32 to an air motor 42. Air is also delivered, under the control of a spool valve 9, from the two conduits 18 to a passage 34 in the stem portion 14.
  • the head 16 is formed in one piece from an insulating material, preferably a ceramic material, by a machining operation. Extending through the head is an air passage 60 which consitutes first delivery means, through which compressed air may be fed from the passage 34 of the stem portion.
  • Extending through the housing 6 are two guide tubes 36, each defining an interior guide passage 38.
  • the guide tubes converge, and at a point adjacent to the head 16, the guide passages 38 are each in alignment with one of the guide passages 62 of the head.
  • an air motor 42 may be triggered by a trigger lever 43, the air motor driving gear wheels 44 and 46 to axially rotate a central spindle 48.
  • These in turn are connected to feed wheels 50 which extend through slots in the guide tubes 36, the air motor, together with the gear wheels 44 and 46, the central spindle 48 and the feed wheels 50 constituting feeding mechanism of the apparatus.
  • metallic wires in the form of elongate rods of circular cross-section W and W 2 are fed through the guide passages 38 in the guide tubes 36, and into the guide passages 62 of the head 16.
  • the feed wheels 50 grip the metallic wires and feed them along the guide tubes 36 in the direction of forward convergence of the guide tubes and into the head.
  • each of the supply conduits 18 Extending through each of the supply conduits 18 is a conductor means in the form of a plurality of conductor rods (not shown) of solid, conveniently circular cross-section, through which a supply of electricity is delivered to the spray gun, for connection to the metallic wires.
  • a second delivery means comprising a conduit l10 connected to the head at a fitting 112.
  • the fitting 112 connects the conduit 110 to a peripheral bore 114, from which gas under pressure may be delivered firstly to two forwardly extending passages 118, 118, and secondly to a frusto-conical chamber 124 extending around the central part of the nozzle (see Figure 2).
  • gas under pressure delivered to the. head 16 through the conduit 110 will firstly be ducted to afford a convergent frusto-conical stream extending around the arcing zone, to constrain the carrier stream exiting from the duct 60 to a desired .shape, viz, to prevent the carrier stream from spreading.
  • the constitution of the primary, carrier gas stream may differ from that of the secondary, shaping gas streams.
  • one or both of the streams may be modified, to achieve desirable arcing and/or spraying conditions, and/or to modify the composition or characteristics of the spray coating produced from the metallic wire rods.
  • the carrier stream ducted to the apparatus through the conduits 18 is provided by a hydrocarbon gas, or by carbon monoxide, either totally or in admixture with air, to maintain the atmosphere at the arcing zone reducing, to prevent or minimise the tendency of the metallic material produced to oxidise.
  • gases which may be utilised as or as part of the carrier stream are as follows:
  • the carrier stream ducted to the apparatus through the conduits 18 may be oxygen-enriched, and the shaping gas streams ducted to the apparatus through the conduit 110 may be afforded by a combustible gas, such as one of those listed in Example 1. In this manner, not only may the temperature of the materials being sprayed onto the surface be increased, but also oxidation of the materials may be assisted, where this is desired.
  • Either the carrier stream or the shaping gas streams may be enriched with hydrogen peroxide. In liquid form, this may ensure high oxygen content at the arcing zone, whilst the heat required to boil the liquid tends to reduce the temperature at the arcing zone.
  • a reducing atmosphere at the arcing zone with a smaller increase in temperature thereat may be achieved by including a reducing material in solid (pulverant) form in the carrier gas stream.
  • pulverant material may be introduced in air under pressure, prior to admission to the conduits 18.
  • Such solid materials are conveniently of the type which will have an improving effect on the physical properties of the coating, such as increasing the hardness and/or abrasive resistance thereof.
  • Solid reducing materials which may be used include Iron carbide (Fe 3 C); Aluminium carbide (Al 4 C 3 ); Chromium carbide ( C r 3 C 2 ); Nickel carbide (Ni 3 C); Tungsten carbide (WC).
  • a metallic boride in highly divided form may be introduced into a stream of air under pressure, whether including a further modifying agent or not, prior to entry into the conduits 18 or 110.
  • Such metallic borides may include Chromium boride (CrB); Molybdenum boride (M0 2 B); Titanium boride (TiB 2 ); Tungsten boride (W 2 B; WB; W2B5). Additional metallic materials may be added to the coating by inclusion in the carrier stream; such materials may afford metallic fillers, and may include Manganese bronze; Silican bronze; Phosphur bronze; Aluminium bronze; Cupro-nickel.
  • Ceramic material in dust-like form may be included in one or other or both of the gas streams, such as Aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ); Zirconium dioxide (Zr0 2 ); a ceramics material comprising a mixture of Zirconium dioxide (Zr0 2 ) and Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ); a ceramics material comprising a mixture of Aluminium oxide (A1 2 0 3 ) and Silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ).
  • Plastics material may be incorporated in the metallic coating being sprayed by the inclusion of a plastics filler material in finely divided form in one of the air streams delivered to the apparatus.
  • plastics fillers may include Nylon, Polyethylene, Polytetrofluoro ethylene, or polycarbonate materials.
  • a reduction in the arcing temperature may be obtained by.the addition of water (e.g. water vapour) to one or both of the gas streams; such addition may be used to advantage where other modification treatments to the arcing environment may produce an undesired rise in temperature, which may be counteracted by the inclusion of such water in, for example, the primary carrier stream.
  • water e.g. water vapour
EP81109553A 1980-11-08 1981-11-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Spritzen metallischer Schichten Withdrawn EP0051869A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8035967 1980-11-08
GB8035967A GB2086764A (en) 1980-11-08 1980-11-08 Spraying metallic coatings

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0051869A1 true EP0051869A1 (de) 1982-05-19

Family

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Family Applications (1)

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EP81109553A Withdrawn EP0051869A1 (de) 1980-11-08 1981-11-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Spritzen metallischer Schichten

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP0051869A1 (de)
GB (1) GB2086764A (de)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0198613A1 (de) * 1985-03-25 1986-10-22 Osprey Metals Limited Verfahren zur Herstellung von metallischen Produkten
DE3533966C1 (de) * 1985-09-24 1986-12-18 Heinz Dieter 4620 Castrop-Rauxel Matthäus Verfahren und Lichtbogenspritzduese zum Beschichten von Werkstueckoberflaechen durch Schmelzen von Draehten in einem elektrischen Lichtbogen
EP0307556A2 (de) * 1987-09-12 1989-03-22 Karl-Hermann Busse Pulver zum Erzeugen von Hartstoffen bei kurzen Reaktionszeiten, insbesondere zur Füllung von Hohldrähten zum Lichtbogenspritzen
DE3802920C1 (de) * 1988-02-02 1989-05-03 Goetze Ag, 5093 Burscheid, De
WO1990011386A1 (de) * 1989-03-29 1990-10-04 Erich Schulz Verfahren zur aufbringung mindestens eines metalls, metalloxides, -nitrides und/oder -carbides sowie vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens
EP0444577A2 (de) * 1990-02-26 1991-09-04 Noranda Inc. Reaktives Spritzverfahren
EP0445538A1 (de) * 1990-02-06 1991-09-11 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Verschleissfeste Titannitridbeschichtung und Verfahren zum Aufbringen
EP0493695A2 (de) * 1990-12-31 1992-07-08 Castolin S.A. Drahtspritzanlage
EP0522438A1 (de) * 1991-07-09 1993-01-13 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Verschleissbeständige Titannitridschicht und Verfahren zur Verwendung
US5392899A (en) * 1993-12-10 1995-02-28 Nakanishi Metal Works Co., Ltd. Drive wheel conveyor
WO1998053140A1 (fr) * 1997-05-22 1998-11-26 Laurent Kropf Lame composite utilisable notamment dans l'industrie papetiere
EP0887432A2 (de) * 1997-06-19 1998-12-30 The BOC Group plc Verbessertes Plasmaspruhen
WO2000070122A1 (fr) * 1999-05-14 2000-11-23 Chizhikov, Sergei Konstantinovich Dispositif permettant d'appliquer des revetements faits de materiaux en poudre
WO2001032948A1 (de) * 1999-10-29 2001-05-10 Man B & W Diesel A/S Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von mit wenigstens einer gleitfläche versehenen maschinenteilen
US6258416B1 (en) 1996-06-28 2001-07-10 Metalspray U.S.A., Inc. Method for forming a coating on a substrate by thermal spraying
DE10345827A1 (de) * 2003-10-02 2005-05-04 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Beschichtung von metallischen Substraten mit oxidierenden Werkstoffen mittels Lichtbogendrahtspritzen
EP1967601A2 (de) * 2007-03-06 2008-09-10 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Beschichtung
DE102015004474A1 (de) 2015-04-08 2016-10-13 Kai Klinder Anlage zur Herstellung von Metallpulver mit definiertem Korngrößenspektrum

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4545536A (en) * 1983-05-13 1985-10-08 Yakov Avidon Apparatus for electrostatic paint spraying
DE4041810C2 (de) * 1990-12-22 1995-05-24 Castolin Sa Mehrdraht-Lichtbogen-Spritzpistole
BR9200089A (pt) * 1992-01-03 1993-07-06 Cofap Processo de revestimento de aneis de pistao por aspersao termica

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR516567A (fr) * 1918-02-05 1921-04-22 Metallisation Soc D Procédé électrique et dispositif pour la projection de métaux
US2003167A (en) * 1931-01-09 1935-05-28 Gen Electric Apparatus for fusing powdered materials
DE811899C (de) * 1949-06-05 1951-08-23 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag Vorrichtung zum Verspruehen von metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen
GB899275A (en) * 1957-12-03 1962-06-20 Union Carbide Corp Improvements in and relating to a process for the production of a coated workpiece
DE1813349A1 (de) * 1967-12-15 1969-10-16 Castolin Soudures Verfahren zum Beschichten durch Flammspritzen
GB1277488A (en) * 1968-11-07 1972-06-14 Flame Spray Ind Inc Discharge head for a metallizing device
WO1980000544A1 (en) * 1978-09-14 1980-04-03 Metallisation Ltd Improvements relating to metal spraying apparatus

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR516567A (fr) * 1918-02-05 1921-04-22 Metallisation Soc D Procédé électrique et dispositif pour la projection de métaux
US2003167A (en) * 1931-01-09 1935-05-28 Gen Electric Apparatus for fusing powdered materials
DE811899C (de) * 1949-06-05 1951-08-23 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag Vorrichtung zum Verspruehen von metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen
GB899275A (en) * 1957-12-03 1962-06-20 Union Carbide Corp Improvements in and relating to a process for the production of a coated workpiece
DE1813349A1 (de) * 1967-12-15 1969-10-16 Castolin Soudures Verfahren zum Beschichten durch Flammspritzen
GB1277488A (en) * 1968-11-07 1972-06-14 Flame Spray Ind Inc Discharge head for a metallizing device
WO1980000544A1 (en) * 1978-09-14 1980-04-03 Metallisation Ltd Improvements relating to metal spraying apparatus

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0198613A1 (de) * 1985-03-25 1986-10-22 Osprey Metals Limited Verfahren zur Herstellung von metallischen Produkten
DE3533966C1 (de) * 1985-09-24 1986-12-18 Heinz Dieter 4620 Castrop-Rauxel Matthäus Verfahren und Lichtbogenspritzduese zum Beschichten von Werkstueckoberflaechen durch Schmelzen von Draehten in einem elektrischen Lichtbogen
EP0307556A2 (de) * 1987-09-12 1989-03-22 Karl-Hermann Busse Pulver zum Erzeugen von Hartstoffen bei kurzen Reaktionszeiten, insbesondere zur Füllung von Hohldrähten zum Lichtbogenspritzen
EP0307556A3 (de) * 1987-09-12 1990-07-11 Karl-Hermann Busse Pulver zum Erzeugen von Hartstoffen bei kurzen Reaktionszeiten, insbesondere zur Füllung von Hohldrähten zum Lichtbogenspritzen
DE3802920C1 (de) * 1988-02-02 1989-05-03 Goetze Ag, 5093 Burscheid, De
WO1990011386A1 (de) * 1989-03-29 1990-10-04 Erich Schulz Verfahren zur aufbringung mindestens eines metalls, metalloxides, -nitrides und/oder -carbides sowie vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens
EP0445538A1 (de) * 1990-02-06 1991-09-11 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Verschleissfeste Titannitridbeschichtung und Verfahren zum Aufbringen
EP0444577A2 (de) * 1990-02-26 1991-09-04 Noranda Inc. Reaktives Spritzverfahren
EP0444577A3 (en) * 1990-02-26 1992-05-20 Noranda Inc. Reactive spray forming process
EP0493695A2 (de) * 1990-12-31 1992-07-08 Castolin S.A. Drahtspritzanlage
EP0493695A3 (en) * 1990-12-31 1993-01-07 Castolin S.A. Process and apparatus for obtaining protection coatings
EP0522438A1 (de) * 1991-07-09 1993-01-13 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Verschleissbeständige Titannitridschicht und Verfahren zur Verwendung
US5392899A (en) * 1993-12-10 1995-02-28 Nakanishi Metal Works Co., Ltd. Drive wheel conveyor
US6258416B1 (en) 1996-06-28 2001-07-10 Metalspray U.S.A., Inc. Method for forming a coating on a substrate by thermal spraying
US6431464B2 (en) 1996-06-28 2002-08-13 Metalspray U.S.A., Inc. Thermal spraying method and apparatus
FR2763603A1 (fr) * 1997-05-22 1998-11-27 Laurent Kropf Lame composite utilisable notamment dans l'industrie papetiere
WO1998053140A1 (fr) * 1997-05-22 1998-11-26 Laurent Kropf Lame composite utilisable notamment dans l'industrie papetiere
EP0887432A3 (de) * 1997-06-19 1999-01-20 The BOC Group plc Verbessertes Plasmaspruhen
EP0887432A2 (de) * 1997-06-19 1998-12-30 The BOC Group plc Verbessertes Plasmaspruhen
WO2000070122A1 (fr) * 1999-05-14 2000-11-23 Chizhikov, Sergei Konstantinovich Dispositif permettant d'appliquer des revetements faits de materiaux en poudre
WO2001032948A1 (de) * 1999-10-29 2001-05-10 Man B & W Diesel A/S Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von mit wenigstens einer gleitfläche versehenen maschinenteilen
DE10345827A1 (de) * 2003-10-02 2005-05-04 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Beschichtung von metallischen Substraten mit oxidierenden Werkstoffen mittels Lichtbogendrahtspritzen
EP1967601A2 (de) * 2007-03-06 2008-09-10 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Beschichtung
EP1967601A3 (de) * 2007-03-06 2011-04-27 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Beschichtung
DE102015004474A1 (de) 2015-04-08 2016-10-13 Kai Klinder Anlage zur Herstellung von Metallpulver mit definiertem Korngrößenspektrum
DE102015004474B4 (de) 2015-04-08 2020-05-28 Kai Klinder Anlage zur Herstellung von Metallpulver mit definiertem Korngrößenspektrum

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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Inventor name: ASHMAN, STEWART JOHN