EP0048499B1 - Device for upsetting on presses - Google Patents

Device for upsetting on presses Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0048499B1
EP0048499B1 EP81107830A EP81107830A EP0048499B1 EP 0048499 B1 EP0048499 B1 EP 0048499B1 EP 81107830 A EP81107830 A EP 81107830A EP 81107830 A EP81107830 A EP 81107830A EP 0048499 B1 EP0048499 B1 EP 0048499B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
matrix
articulated levers
holders
articulated
underframe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81107830A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0048499A1 (en
Inventor
Tadeusz Rut
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej
Original Assignee
Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PL1978204016A external-priority patent/PL112203B1/en
Priority claimed from PL21113278A external-priority patent/PL122409B1/en
Application filed by Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej filed Critical Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej
Priority to DE7979100095T priority Critical patent/DE2965481D1/en
Publication of EP0048499A1 publication Critical patent/EP0048499A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0048499B1 publication Critical patent/EP0048499B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
    • B21K1/08—Making machine elements axles or shafts crankshafts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/17—Crankshaft making apparatus

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for upsetting on presses, according to the first part of the claim.
  • Devices for forging crank cranks by upsetting and bending a rod are known, in which the press ram is connected by means of articulated levers to the upset tools designed as clamping jaws with positive locking, which move transversely to the direction of the press ram stroke.
  • the articulated levers are articulated on one side to a head piece arranged on the press ram and at the other end on the back of the upsetting tools above the parting plane of the clamping jaws.
  • DE-B-1 301 297 discloses a device of the type mentioned above, in which the lower ends of the articulated levers are articulated on the upper upsetting tool halves above the parting plane of these tools.
  • the width of the articulated lever corresponds to the width of the upsetting tool halves.
  • Such a design of the device has the disadvantage that, due to the articulation of the lower ends of the articulated levers, only one side of the pair of forces occurs on one side of the tool division plane during the working stroke, which causes the uneven loading of the individual articulated levers.
  • the tools therefore have a tendency to “tip over”.
  • the compressive force increases with the deflection of the articulated lever. With this deflection, however, the difference between the loads on the individual articulated levers and the moment of force that causes the upsetting tools to tip over also increases.
  • the upper ends of the articulated levers are only articulated on the lower surface of the head piece. Therefore, bending forces occur during the working stroke, which act on the construction.
  • the object underlying the invention is to eliminate the tilting of the upsetting tools and undesirable bending stresses.
  • the device according to the invention has the advantage that the beams forming the underframe are not bent, but are only pulled in the longitudinal direction. No moment of force acts on the compression matrices. The loads on the articulated levers are distributed more evenly than in known devices. This enables more accurate forging. In addition, the cost of materials required for the devices according to the invention is lower.
  • the device shown in the drawing consists of two assemblies, namely a lower and an upper.
  • the lower assembly has two bars 1 as a base, the outline of which is similar to an elongated letter H. These bars are connected to each other with spacer screws. These bars 1 are supported on a plate 2. Each bar 1 has two projections 1a on the upper surface and two further projections 1b on the lower surface. On the lower projections 1 b two crossbars 3 are held. A bearing roller 4 is seated on each of these beams 3. An articulated lever 5 is articulated on each bearing roller 4 and is designed in a fork-shaped or U-shaped manner. The lower bearing surface on the base of the articulated lever 5 is concave-cylindrical, whereas the upper bearing surfaces of the articulated lever 5 are convex-roller-shaped.
  • Each articulated lever is connected and secured with two connecting members 6 to the bearing rollers.
  • the links are in the form of surprises.
  • the articulation point of each die holder 7 on the fork lever 5 is below the die parting plane P.
  • the die holder is secured to the articulated lever 5 by means of bolts 8.
  • a bearing roller 9 is attached to each lower die holder 7 above the die parting plane P on both sides.
  • Analog bearing rollers 10 are provided on the upper surface of the beam 1 and on the upper projection 1a.
  • An articulated lever 11 is arranged between each of the bearing rollers 9 and 10. In the device, therefore, each lower die holder is articulated on two articulated levers 11 and an articulated lever 5 and forms a parallelogram guide with them and the bars.
  • Hydraulic cylinders 13 are fastened to the beam ends and are connected to the die holders 7 by means of pull cables. These traction ropes are guided by rollers 12. The cylinders 13 serve to return the die holder to the starting position up to the stop 15.
  • the upper assembly of the device consists of two upper beams 16, which are connected to each other with spacer screws.
  • the beams 16 are equipped with two horizontal guide pieces 16b, to which two upper die holders 18 are slidably attached. In their starting position, these die holders rest against stops 19.
  • the die holders have projections 18a, which serve as drivers and are coupled to the projections 7a of the lower die holder 7 during the working stroke. In this way, the die holders 7 and 18 are coupled.
  • the tool inserts are installed in the device.
  • the tool inserts 20 are installed in the lower die holder 7 and the tool inserts 21 in the upper die holder 18.
  • the device according to the invention works as follows: in the open state, the one to be forged is not shown in the drawing material shown in the form of a rod on the lower tool inserts 20 and starts the press.
  • the press table is designated 22 and the press ram 23.
  • the upper die holders 18 press onto the lower die holders 7. Because of the perpendicular deviation of the articulated levers 5 and 11 in the direction of the vertical plane of symmetry, and because of the movable arrangement of the upper die holders 18, the left and right dies are moved against each other in the horizontal direction .
  • the rod section located between the end faces of the two pairs of tool inserts 20, 21 is compressed.
  • the device can be used in vertical presses in the vertical position shown in the drawing, or in the reverse position. However, it can also be installed in horizontal presses in a horizontal position.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Stauchen auf Pressen, gemäß dem ersten Teil des Anspruchs.The invention relates to a device for upsetting on presses, according to the first part of the claim.

Es sind Vorrichtungen zum Schmieden von Kurbelkröpfungen durch Stauchen und Biegen eines Stabes bekannt, in welchen der Pressestößel mittels Gelenkhebeln mit den als Klemmbacken mit Formschluß ausgebildeten Stauchwerkzeugen verbunden ist, die sich quer zur Richtung des Pressestößelhubes bewegen. Die Gelenkhebel sind an einer Seite an einem an Pressestößel angeordneten Kopfstück, und am dem anderen Ende auf der Rückseite der Stauchwerkzeuge oberhalb der Teilungsebene der Klemmbacken angelenkt.Devices for forging crank cranks by upsetting and bending a rod are known, in which the press ram is connected by means of articulated levers to the upset tools designed as clamping jaws with positive locking, which move transversely to the direction of the press ram stroke. The articulated levers are articulated on one side to a head piece arranged on the press ram and at the other end on the back of the upsetting tools above the parting plane of the clamping jaws.

Aus der DE-B-1 301 297 ist zum Beispiel eine Vorrichtung der oben erwähnten Art bekannt, in welcher die unteren Enden der Gelenkhebel an den oberen Stauchwerkzeughälften oberhalb der Teilungsebene dieser Werkzeuge angelenkt sind. Die Breite der Gelenkhebel entspricht dabei der Breite der Stauchwerkzeughälften.DE-B-1 301 297, for example, discloses a device of the type mentioned above, in which the lower ends of the articulated levers are articulated on the upper upsetting tool halves above the parting plane of these tools. The width of the articulated lever corresponds to the width of the upsetting tool halves.

So eine Gestaltung der Vorrichtung hat den Nachteil, daß wegen der Anlenkung der unteren Gelenkhebelenden lediglich auf einer Seite der Werkzeugteilungsebene während des Arbeitshubes ein Moment des Kräftepaares entsteht, welches die ungleichmäßige Belastung der einzelnen Gelenkhebel bewirkt. Die Werkzeuge haben deswegen eine Tendenz zum « Kippen ». Bekanntlich steigt in solchen Vorrichtungen die Stauchkraft mit dem Ausschlag der Gelenkhebel. Mit diesem Ausschlag wächst aber auch die Differenz zwischen den Belastungen der einzelnen Gelenkhebel und des Kräftepaarmoments, das das « Kippen der Stauchwerkzeuge bewirkt. In der bekannten Vorrichtung sind die oberen Enden der Gelenkhebel lediglich an der unteren Fläche des Kopfstückes angelenkt. Während des Arbeitshubes entstehen deswegen Biegekräfte, die auf die Konstruktion einwirken.Such a design of the device has the disadvantage that, due to the articulation of the lower ends of the articulated levers, only one side of the pair of forces occurs on one side of the tool division plane during the working stroke, which causes the uneven loading of the individual articulated levers. The tools therefore have a tendency to “tip over”. In such devices, it is known that the compressive force increases with the deflection of the articulated lever. With this deflection, however, the difference between the loads on the individual articulated levers and the moment of force that causes the upsetting tools to tip over also increases. In the known device, the upper ends of the articulated levers are only articulated on the lower surface of the head piece. Therefore, bending forces occur during the working stroke, which act on the construction.

Die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe besteht darin, das Kippen der Stauchwerkzeuge und unerwünschte Biegespannungen zu beseitigen.The object underlying the invention is to eliminate the tilting of the upsetting tools and undesirable bending stresses.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß bei der Vorrichtung der eingangs erwähnten Art durch die im Kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved in the device of the type mentioned by the features specified in the characterizing part of the claim.

Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung hat den Vorteil, daß die das Untergestell bildenden Balken nicht gebogen, sondern lediglich in Längsrichtung gezogen werden. Auf die Stauchmatrizen wirkt kein Kräftepaarmoment. Die Belastungen der Gelenkhebel sind gleichmäßiger verteilt, als bei bekannten Vorrichtungen. Dieses ermöglicht ein genaueres Schmieden. Außerdem ist der erforderliche Materialaufwand bei den erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtungen kleiner.The device according to the invention has the advantage that the beams forming the underframe are not bent, but are only pulled in the longitudinal direction. No moment of force acts on the compression matrices. The loads on the articulated levers are distributed more evenly than in known devices. This enables more accurate forging. In addition, the cost of materials required for the devices according to the invention is lower.

Anhand der Zeichnung die eine Vorrichtung im offenen Zustand, in der Seitenansicht teilweise geschnitten zeigt, wird die Erfindung näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail with the aid of the drawing, which shows a device in the open state, partially cut away in the side view.

Die in der Zeichnung dargestellte Vorrichtung besteht aus zwei Baugruppen, nämlich einer unteren und einer oberen.The device shown in the drawing consists of two assemblies, namely a lower and an upper.

Die untere Baugruppe hat als Untergestell zwei Balken 1, deren Umriß einem langgestreckten Buchstaben H ähnlich ist. Diese Balken sind mit Distanzschrauben miteinander verbunden. Diese Balken 1 sind auf einer Platte 2 abgestützt. Jeder Balken 1 hat auf der oberen Fläche zwei Vorsprünge 1a und auf der unteren Fläche zwei weitere Vorsprünge 1b. An den unteren Vorsprüngen 1 b sind zwei Querbalken 3 gehalten. An jedem dieser Balken 3 sitzt eine Lagerwalze 4. An jeder Lagerwalze 4 ist ein Gelenkhebel 5 angelenkt, der gabelförmig bzw. U-förmig gestaltet ist. Die untere Lagerfläche am Sockel des Gelenkhebels 5 ist konkavzylindrisch, dagegen sind die oberen Lagerflächen des Gelenkhabels 5 konvexwalzenförmig. Jeder Gelenkhebel ist mit zwei Verbindungsgliedern 6 mit den Lagerwalzen verbunden und gesichert. Die Verbindungsglieder haben die Gestalt von Überlaschungen. Der Anlenkpunkt jedes Matrizenhalters 7 am Gabelhebel 5 befindet sich unterhalb der Matrizenteilungsebene P. Der Matrizenhalter ist am Gelenkhebel 5 mittels Bolzen 8 gesichert. Zu jedem unteren Matrizenhalter 7 ist oberhalb der Matrizenteilungsebene P beiderseitig je eine Lagerwalze 9 befestigt. Analoge Lagerwalzen 10 sind auf der oberen Fläche des Balkens 1 und am oberen Vorsprung 1a vorgesehen. Zwischen den Lagerwalzen 9 und 10 ist je ein Gelenkhebel 11 angeordnet. In der Vorrichtung ist also jeder untere Matrizenhalter an zwei Gelenkhebeln 11 und einem Gelenkhebel 5 angelenkt und bildet mit ihnen und den Balken eine Parallelogrammführung.The lower assembly has two bars 1 as a base, the outline of which is similar to an elongated letter H. These bars are connected to each other with spacer screws. These bars 1 are supported on a plate 2. Each bar 1 has two projections 1a on the upper surface and two further projections 1b on the lower surface. On the lower projections 1 b two crossbars 3 are held. A bearing roller 4 is seated on each of these beams 3. An articulated lever 5 is articulated on each bearing roller 4 and is designed in a fork-shaped or U-shaped manner. The lower bearing surface on the base of the articulated lever 5 is concave-cylindrical, whereas the upper bearing surfaces of the articulated lever 5 are convex-roller-shaped. Each articulated lever is connected and secured with two connecting members 6 to the bearing rollers. The links are in the form of surprises. The articulation point of each die holder 7 on the fork lever 5 is below the die parting plane P. The die holder is secured to the articulated lever 5 by means of bolts 8. A bearing roller 9 is attached to each lower die holder 7 above the die parting plane P on both sides. Analog bearing rollers 10 are provided on the upper surface of the beam 1 and on the upper projection 1a. An articulated lever 11 is arranged between each of the bearing rollers 9 and 10. In the device, therefore, each lower die holder is articulated on two articulated levers 11 and an articulated lever 5 and forms a parallelogram guide with them and the bars.

An den Balkenenden sind hydraulische Zylinder 13 befestigt, die mittels Zugseilen mit den Matrizenhaltern 7 verbunden sind. Diese Zugseile werden durch Rollen 12 geführt. Die Zylinder 13 dienen zum Rückführen der Matrizenhalter in die Ausgangsstellung bis zum Anschlag 15.Hydraulic cylinders 13 are fastened to the beam ends and are connected to the die holders 7 by means of pull cables. These traction ropes are guided by rollers 12. The cylinders 13 serve to return the die holder to the starting position up to the stop 15.

Die obere Baugruppe der Vorrichtung besteht aus zwei oberen Balken 16, welche mit Distanzschrauben miteinander verbunden sind. Die Balken 16 sind mit zwei waagrechten Führungsstücken 16b ausgerüstet, an welchen zwei obere Matrizenhalter 18 gleitend befestigt sind. Diese Matrizenhalter liegen in ihrer Ausgangsstellung an Anschlägen 19 an. Die Matrizenhalter weisen Vorsprünge 18a auf, welche als Mitnehmer dienen und während des Arbeitshubes mit den Vorsprüngen 7a des unteren Matrizenhalters 7 gekoppelt werden. Auf diese Weise werden die Matrizenhalter 7 und 18 gekoppelt. In die Vorrichtung werden die Werkzeugeinsätze eingebaut. In die unteren Matrizenhalter 7 werden die Werkzeugeinsätze 20, in die oberen Matrizenhalter 18 die Werkzeugeinsätze 21 eingebaut.The upper assembly of the device consists of two upper beams 16, which are connected to each other with spacer screws. The beams 16 are equipped with two horizontal guide pieces 16b, to which two upper die holders 18 are slidably attached. In their starting position, these die holders rest against stops 19. The die holders have projections 18a, which serve as drivers and are coupled to the projections 7a of the lower die holder 7 during the working stroke. In this way, the die holders 7 and 18 are coupled. The tool inserts are installed in the device. The tool inserts 20 are installed in the lower die holder 7 and the tool inserts 21 in the upper die holder 18.

Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung arbeitet folgendermaßen : Im offenen Zustand legt man das zu schmiedende in der Zeichnung nicht dargestellte Material in Form eines Stabes auf die unteren Werkzeugeinsätze 20 und setzt die Presse in Gang. In der Zeichnung sind der Pressentisch mit 22 und der Pressenstößel mit 23 bezeichnet. Während des Arbeitshubes pressen die oberen Matrizenhalter 18 auf die unteren Matrizenhalter 7. Wegen der Lotabweichung der Gelenkhebel 5 und 11 in Richtung der vertikalen Symmetrieebene, und wegen der beweglichen Anordnung der oberen Matrizenhalter 18, werden die linken und die rechten Matrizen in waagerechter Richtung gegeneinander bewegt. Der zwischen den Stirnflächen der zwei Werkzeugeinsatzpaare 20, 21 befindliche Stababschnitt wird gestaucht.The device according to the invention works as follows: in the open state, the one to be forged is not shown in the drawing material shown in the form of a rod on the lower tool inserts 20 and starts the press. In the drawing, the press table is designated 22 and the press ram 23. During the working stroke, the upper die holders 18 press onto the lower die holders 7. Because of the perpendicular deviation of the articulated levers 5 and 11 in the direction of the vertical plane of symmetry, and because of the movable arrangement of the upper die holders 18, the left and right dies are moved against each other in the horizontal direction . The rod section located between the end faces of the two pairs of tool inserts 20, 21 is compressed.

Die Vorrichtung kann in vertikalen Pressen in der auf der Zeichnung dargestellten lotrechten Lage, oder in der umgekehrten Position angewandt werden. Sie kann aber auch in horizontalen Pressen in waagrechter Lage montiert werden.The device can be used in vertical presses in the vertical position shown in the drawing, or in the reverse position. However, it can also be installed in horizontal presses in a horizontal position.

Claims (1)

  1. Press forging apparatus, having two matrices (20, 21) between a headpiece (16) and an underframe (1), clamping the forged material and mounted displacably with reference to the press- table (22) transverse to the direction of the pressing stroke (23), the lower and upper halves of which are each arranged in a pair of matrix holders (7, 18), whereby the holders for the upper and lower matrices are coupled together, and whereby both matrix holders (7), which are located on one side of the matrix separation plane (P), are pivotally mounted on articulated levers (5 and 11), which in turn are housed on the underframe (1), and the inner articulated levers (5), which are located closer to the forging zone, are pivotally mounted on the lower matrix holders (7) beneath the matrix separation plane (P), and the bearings of the outer articulated levers (11), which are further from the forging zone, are supported on projections (1a), which are also located on the underframe (1), characterised in that the lower bearings (4, 6) of the inner articulated levers (5) are supported on cross-beams (3), which are fixed to the lower part of the beams which form the underframe (1), and the upper bearings (9) of the outer articulated levers (11) are mounted above the matrix-separation plane (P).
EP81107830A 1978-01-14 1979-01-12 Device for upsetting on presses Expired EP0048499B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE7979100095T DE2965481D1 (en) 1978-01-14 1979-01-12 A method, slug and device for forging a crank shaft

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL204016 1978-01-14
PL1978204016A PL112203B1 (en) 1978-01-14 1978-01-14 Method of and apparatus for forging crank throws
PL211132 1978-11-22
PL21113278A PL122409B1 (en) 1978-11-22 1978-11-22 Crank forging method and apparatus therefor

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP79100095.3 Division 1979-01-12

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0048499A1 EP0048499A1 (en) 1982-03-31
EP0048499B1 true EP0048499B1 (en) 1984-07-25

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Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP81107830A Expired EP0048499B1 (en) 1978-01-14 1979-01-12 Device for upsetting on presses
EP79100095A Expired EP0003139B1 (en) 1978-01-14 1979-01-12 A method, slug and device for forging a crank shaft

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP79100095A Expired EP0003139B1 (en) 1978-01-14 1979-01-12 A method, slug and device for forging a crank shaft

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US4272979A (en)
EP (2) EP0048499B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS54148160A (en)
AR (1) AR216206A1 (en)
AT (1) AT362979B (en)
BR (1) BR7900201A (en)
CA (1) CA1106653A (en)
DK (1) DK151533B (en)
ES (2) ES476824A1 (en)
FI (1) FI67795C (en)
HU (1) HU180814B (en)
IN (1) IN152965B (en)
YU (1) YU1979A (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102014212732A1 (en) * 2014-07-01 2016-01-07 Sms Meer Gmbh Method and upsetting device for producing offset workpieces, such as shafts or rods

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JP4854564B2 (en) * 2007-03-30 2012-01-18 リズム時計工業株式会社 Lighting device
EP2933038B1 (en) * 2012-12-12 2020-01-22 Nippon Steel Corporation Apparatus for forming a blank for finish forging for a forged crankshaft for a three-cylinder engine and method for manufacturing a forged crankshaft for a three-cylinder engine using the same
CN103551850B (en) * 2013-11-14 2016-08-17 重庆应国机械制造有限责任公司 Singly turn the Closed Extrusion Forging Technology of full-fibre crankshaft forging
US10654092B2 (en) * 2015-05-14 2020-05-19 Neturen Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for manufacturing stepped member
CN113059102B (en) * 2021-03-15 2023-12-01 中机精密成形产业技术研究院（安徽）股份有限公司 Multi-station forging method and device for guide bar hanger base for warp knitting machine

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102014212732A1 (en) * 2014-07-01 2016-01-07 Sms Meer Gmbh Method and upsetting device for producing offset workpieces, such as shafts or rods
DE102014212732B4 (en) 2014-07-01 2022-02-24 Sms Group Gmbh Process and upsetting device for the production of offset workpieces such as shafts or rods

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATA23579A (en) 1980-11-15
BR7900201A (en) 1979-08-14
IN152965B (en) 1984-05-12
AT362979B (en) 1981-06-25
HU180814B (en) 1983-04-29
ES476823A1 (en) 1979-07-16
ES476824A1 (en) 1979-06-16
JPS54148160A (en) 1979-11-20
JPS5653455B2 (en) 1981-12-18
DK151533B (en) 1987-12-14
EP0003139A1 (en) 1979-07-25
FI67795B (en) 1985-02-28
EP0048499A1 (en) 1982-03-31
YU1979A (en) 1983-02-28
US4272979A (en) 1981-06-16
EP0003139B1 (en) 1983-05-25
CA1106653A (en) 1981-08-11
FI67795C (en) 1985-06-10
DK13979A (en) 1979-07-15
AR216206A1 (en) 1979-11-30
FI790099A (en) 1979-07-15

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