EP0038249A1 - Multi-stage depressed collector for a microwave tube - Google Patents

Multi-stage depressed collector for a microwave tube Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0038249A1
EP0038249A1 EP81400541A EP81400541A EP0038249A1 EP 0038249 A1 EP0038249 A1 EP 0038249A1 EP 81400541 A EP81400541 A EP 81400541A EP 81400541 A EP81400541 A EP 81400541A EP 0038249 A1 EP0038249 A1 EP 0038249A1
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Prior art keywords
electrodes
axis
electrode
walls
propagation
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EP81400541A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0038249B1 (en
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Philippe Gosset
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • H01J23/0275—Multistage collectors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a multi-stage depressed collector for microwave tubes. It also relates to microwave tubes comprising such a collector.
  • microwave tubes such as klystrons or traveling wave tubes
  • the collector of these tubes therefore receives, to the fraction of energy transmitted to the microwave frequency, all the energy of the electron beam and dissipates it in the form of heat. We must try to reduce this dissipated energy, on the one hand, to reduce the difficulties associated with the evacuation of heat, and on the other hand, to increase the efficiency of the tubes.
  • a known solution for reducing energy consists in using a depressed collector with several stages.
  • This collector comprises several electrodes placed on the path of the electron beam of the tube.
  • Various geometric configurations are currently used for the electrodes; there are essentially symmetrical electrodes of revolution with respect to the axis. propagation of the electron beam from the tube and the asymmetric electrodes. These electrodes are brought to decreasing voltages and values lower than those of the delay line in the case of a traveling wave tube, or to that of the cavities, in the case of a klystron; the last electrode can be brought to the potential of the cathode of the tube.
  • the electron beam When it reaches the collector, the electron beam has electrons with different speeds. Under the influence of the space charge, the slowest electrons follow a curved path and are picked up by the first electrode. The other electrons continue their course; their speed is gradually reduced by the braking field that exists between the elect they are gradually picked up by the different electrodes of the collector.
  • the electrons are therefore collected at the lowest possible potential because the electrons are sorted according to their energy.
  • the present invention relates to a depressed manifold with several stages for microwave tubes, the electrodes of which are symmetrical in revolution with respect to the axis of propagation of the electron beam.
  • Each electrode has two walls, symmetrical in revolution with respect to the axis of propagation of the beam and superimposed along this axis.
  • the braking field of the electrons due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes is thus localized in the space of small volume comprised between the walls opposite two neighboring electrodes.
  • one or more permanent magnets are placed outside the vacuum enclosure which contains the collector, above the last electrode, so as to establish an asymmetric magnetic field with respect to the beam propagation axis.
  • the collector according to the present invention makes it possible to substantially increase the yield of the tubes in which it is used.
  • the collector according to the present invention allows a. distribution of the energy to be dissipated over a large surface of the electrodes and therefore makes it possible to avoid the point heating of the electrodes which occurs in the collectors according to the prior art.
  • Figure 1 relates to a schematic representation seen in longitudinal section of a symmetrical collector according to the prior art.
  • the collector shown in FIG. 1 comprises by way of example four electrodes e ,, e 2 , e3, e4.
  • Electrodes are symmetrical in revolution with respect to the propagation axis 00 'of the electron beam produced by the tube which is associated with the collector and which is not shown in the figure.
  • the other electrodes e 1 to e 3 , have an orifice of increasing diameter which allows the passage of the electron beam which develops from one electrode to the next.
  • the last electrode e 4 has in its middle a conical part 3 intended in a known manner to reflect the incident beam in all directions.
  • the electrodes e 1 e 2 , e 3 are brought, by connections not shown in the figure, to decreasing voltages V 1 , V 2 , V 3 and of values lower than that of the delay line in the case of a traveling wave tube or cavity tube in the case of a klystron.
  • Insulating supports 1 fix the electrodes while insulating them to the metal vacuum enclosure 2.
  • Other embodiments of the depressed collectors are known, in which for example the enclosure is insulating and the supports of the electrodes are metallic.
  • Figure 2 relates to a schematic representation seen in longitudinal section of a collector according to the invention.
  • the collector according to the invention differs above all from the collector shown in FIG. 1 by the shape of the electrodes.
  • the electrodes no longer consist of a single surface to which an adapted shape is given; the electrodes are box-shaped, they are approximately constituted by a cylinder having the axis axis 00 'and ending with two side walls 6 and 7. Each of these walls is symmetrical of revolution with respect to the axis 00' of beam propagation. The two walls of the same electrode are therefore superimposed along the axis 00 1 .
  • FIG. 2 four electrodes e ' 1 , e' 2 , e t 3 and e ' 4 are shown by way of example.
  • the first three electrodes have their two side walls pierced with an orifice. of increasing diameter to allow the passage of the electron beam; while the last electrode e ' 4 has only its first wall which is pierced.
  • the electrodes are brought to decreasing voltages V ' 1 to V' 4 , with V ' 4 equal to V K.
  • each box-shaped electrode It is important that the electric field inside each box-shaped electrode is weak.
  • the diameter O of the orifice drilled on each of the walls of the same electrode is chosen to be as small as possible relative to the distance D separating the two walls of this electrode, while remaining sufficient to allow the passage of almost all of the electron beam.
  • the electric field which reigns inside each box-shaped electrode if it is defocusing (because braking) for the electron beam coming from the tube is on the other hand focusing (because accelerator) for the reflected electrons. It is therefore advantageous for this field to be as weak as possible.
  • the reflected electrons are subjected to a weaker focusing field than in the case of the collector according to the prior art and are better distributed over the electrodes. There is therefore not, as in the collectors according to the prior art, localized heating of the electrodes.
  • the electric braking field of the electrons coming from the tube due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes is located in the space of small volume which is comprised between the walls opposite two neighboring electrodes.
  • the distance d which separates the facing walls from two neighboring electrodes is chosen to be as small as possible while remaining sufficient to avoid breakdown between these electrodes.
  • This improvement is mainly due to the fact that by locating the braking field, the electron beam is better controlled and more electrons are picked up at the right potential on each electrode.
  • one or more permanent magnets 5 are placed outside the vacuum enclosure 2 which contains the collector and above the last electrode e ′ 4 .
  • a magnet 5 near a socket 4.
  • samarium-cobalt magnets are arranged so as to establish an asymmetrical magnetic field with respect to the axis 00 '. These magnets therefore cause the curvature of the trajectories of the secondary electrons and of the reflected electrons which circulate in the last stage.
  • the electric field inside the last electrode is weak, the secondary and reflected electrons are not focused and accelerated towards the tube as it happens in the collectors according to the prior art.
  • the existence of an asymmetric magnetic field means that a good part of these electrons is picked up by the last electrode e ' 4 .

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  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)

Abstract

Chaque électrode du collecteur (e'1, e'2, e'3, e'4) comporte deux parois (6, 7), symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe (00') de propagation du faisceau et superposées le long de cet axe. Le champ de freinage des électrons dû aux potentiels décroissants des électrodes se trouve ainsi localisé dans l'espace de faible volume compris entre les parois en vis-à-vis de deux électrodes voisines. Plusieurs aimants permanents (5), placés hors de l'enceinte à vide (2) au-dessus de la dernière électrode (e'4), établissent un champ magnétique dissymétrique par rapport à l'axe de propagation (00').Each collector electrode (e'1, e'2, e'3, e'4) has two walls (6, 7), symmetrical in revolution with respect to the axis (00 ') of propagation of the beam and superimposed on along this axis. The braking field of the electrons due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes is thus located in the space of small volume comprised between the walls opposite two neighboring electrodes. Several permanent magnets (5), placed outside the vacuum enclosure (2) above the last electrode (e'4), establish an asymmetrical magnetic field relative to the axis of propagation (00 ').

Description

La présente invention concerne un collecteur déprimé à plusieurs étages pour tube hyperfréquence. Elle concerne également les tubes hyperfréquences comportant un tel collecteur.The present invention relates to a multi-stage depressed collector for microwave tubes. It also relates to microwave tubes comprising such a collector.

Le fonctionnement des tubes hyperfréquences, tels que les klystrons ou les tubes à onde progressive, est basé sur un échange d'énergie entre un faisceau électronique et une onde électromagnétique hyperfréquence. Le collecteur de ces tubes reçoit donc, à la fraction d'énergie transmise à l'onde hyperfréquence près, toute l'énergie du faisceau électronique et la dissipe sous forme de chaleur. Il faut essayer de diminuer cette énergie dissipée, d'une part, pour réduire les difficultés associées à l'évacuation de la chaleur, et d'autre part, pour augmenter le rendement des tubes.The operation of microwave tubes, such as klystrons or traveling wave tubes, is based on an exchange of energy between an electron beam and a microwave electromagnetic wave. The collector of these tubes therefore receives, to the fraction of energy transmitted to the microwave frequency, all the energy of the electron beam and dissipates it in the form of heat. We must try to reduce this dissipated energy, on the one hand, to reduce the difficulties associated with the evacuation of heat, and on the other hand, to increase the efficiency of the tubes.

Une solution connue pour diminuer l'énergie consiste à utiliser un collecteur déprimé à plusieurs étages. Ce collecteur comporte plusieurs électrodes placées sur le trajet du faisceau électronique du tube. On utilise actuellement diverses configurations géométriques pour les électrodes ; on distingue essentiellement les électrodes symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe. de propagation du faiceau d'électrons issu du tube et les électrodes dissymétriques. Ces électrodes sont portées à des tensions décroissantes et de valeurs inférieures à celles de la ligne à retard dans le cas d'une tube à onde progressive, ou à celle des cavités, dans le cas d'un klystron ; la dernière électrode peut être portée au potentiel de la cathode du tube.A known solution for reducing energy consists in using a depressed collector with several stages. This collector comprises several electrodes placed on the path of the electron beam of the tube. Various geometric configurations are currently used for the electrodes; there are essentially symmetrical electrodes of revolution with respect to the axis. propagation of the electron beam from the tube and the asymmetric electrodes. These electrodes are brought to decreasing voltages and values lower than those of the delay line in the case of a traveling wave tube, or to that of the cavities, in the case of a klystron; the last electrode can be brought to the potential of the cathode of the tube.

Lorsqu'il arrive au collecteur, le faisceau d'électrons comporte des électrons possédant différentes vitesses. Sous l'influence de la charge d'espace, les électrons les plus lents suivent une trajectoire incurvée et sont captés par la première électrode. Les autres électrons poursuivent leur course ; leur vitesse est diminuée progressivement par le champ de freinage qui existe entre les électrodes et ils sont peu à peu captés par les différentes électrodes du collecteur.When it reaches the collector, the electron beam has electrons with different speeds. Under the influence of the space charge, the slowest electrons follow a curved path and are picked up by the first electrode. The other electrons continue their course; their speed is gradually reduced by the braking field that exists between the elect they are gradually picked up by the different electrodes of the collector.

Les électrons sont donc collectés au potentiel le plus bas possible car on réalise un tri des électrons en fonction de leur énergie.The electrons are therefore collected at the lowest possible potential because the electrons are sorted according to their energy.

La présente invention concerne un collecteur déprimé à plusieurs étages pour tube hyperfréquence dont les électrodes sont symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe de propagation du faisceau d'électrons. Chaque électrode comporte deux parois, symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe de propagation du faisceau et superposées le long de cet axe. Le champ de freinage des électrons dû aux potentiels décroissants des électrodes est ainsi localisé dans l'espace de faible volume compris entre les parois en vis-à-vis de deux électrodes voisines. En outre, un ou plusieurs aimants permanents sont placés hors de l'enceinte à vide qui contient le collecteur, au-dessus de la dernière électrode, de façon à établir un champ magnétique dissymétrique par rapport à l'axe de propagation de faisceau.The present invention relates to a depressed manifold with several stages for microwave tubes, the electrodes of which are symmetrical in revolution with respect to the axis of propagation of the electron beam. Each electrode has two walls, symmetrical in revolution with respect to the axis of propagation of the beam and superimposed along this axis. The braking field of the electrons due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes is thus localized in the space of small volume comprised between the walls opposite two neighboring electrodes. In addition, one or more permanent magnets are placed outside the vacuum enclosure which contains the collector, above the last electrode, so as to establish an asymmetric magnetic field with respect to the beam propagation axis.

Le collecteur selon la présente invention permet d'augmenter sensiblement le rendement des tubes dans lesquels il est utilisé.The collector according to the present invention makes it possible to substantially increase the yield of the tubes in which it is used.

Ainsi, en tenant compte de l'énergie récupérée par le collecteur déprimé selon l'invention, on a obtenu pour un tube à onde progressive de 19 % de rendement direct (c'est-à-dire de rendement calculé sans tenir compte de l'énergie récupérée par le collecteur déprimé), un rendement dit déprimé supérieur à 54 %, en tenant compte du chauffage et au niveau de 200 watts de puissance utile, entre 11,7 et 12,4 GHz.Thus, taking into account the energy recovered by the depressed collector according to the invention, there was obtained for a traveling wave tube of 19% of direct efficiency (that is to say of efficiency calculated without taking into account the energy recovered by the depressed collector), a so-called depressed efficiency greater than 54%, taking into account the heating and at the level of 200 watts of useful power, between 11.7 and 12.4 GHz.

De plus, le collecteur selon la présente invention permet une. répartition de l'énergie à dissiper sur une grande surface des électrodes et permet donc d'éviter l'échauffement ponctuel des électrodes qui se produit dans les collecteurs selon l'art antérieur.In addition, the collector according to the present invention allows a. distribution of the energy to be dissipated over a large surface of the electrodes and therefore makes it possible to avoid the point heating of the electrodes which occurs in the collectors according to the prior art.

D'autres objets, caractéristiques et résultats de l'invention ressortiront de la description suivante, donnée à titre d'exemple non limitatif et illustrée par les figures annexées qui représentent :

  • - la figure 1, une représentation schématique vue en coupe longitudinale d'un collecteur symétrique selon l'art antérieur ;
  • - la figure 2, une représentation schématique vue en coupe longitudinale d'un collecteur selon l'invention.
Other objects, characteristics and results of the invention will emerge from the following description, given by way of nonlimiting example and illustrated by the appended figures which represent:
  • - Figure 1, a schematic representation in section longitudinal of a symmetrical collector according to the prior art;
  • - Figure 2, a schematic representation seen in longitudinal section of a collector according to the invention.

Sur les différentes figures, les mêmes repères désignent les mêmes éléments, mais, pour des raisons de clarté, les cotes et proportions des différents éléments ne sont pas respectées.In the different figures, the same references designate the same elements, but, for reasons of clarity, the dimensions and proportions of the different elements are not observed.

La figure 1 concerne une représentation schématique vue en coupe longitudinale d'un collecteur symétrique selon l'art antérieur.Figure 1 relates to a schematic representation seen in longitudinal section of a symmetrical collector according to the prior art.

Le collecteur représenté sur la figure 1 comporte à titre d'exemple quatre électrodes e,, e2, e3, e4.The collector shown in FIG. 1 comprises by way of example four electrodes e ,, e 2 , e3, e4.

Ces. électrodes sont symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe de propagation 00' du faisceau d'électrons produit par le tube qui est associé au collecteur et qui n'est pas représenté sur la figure.These. electrodes are symmetrical in revolution with respect to the propagation axis 00 'of the electron beam produced by the tube which is associated with the collector and which is not shown in the figure.

Mis à part la dernière électrode e4, les autres électrodes, e1 à e3, comportent un orifice de diamètre croissant qui permet le passage du faisceau d'électrons qui va en s'épanouissant d'une électrode à la suivante.Aside from the last electrode e 4 , the other electrodes, e 1 to e 3 , have an orifice of increasing diameter which allows the passage of the electron beam which develops from one electrode to the next.

La dernière électrode e4 comporte en son milieu une partie conique 3 destinée de façon connue à réfléchir le faisceau incident dans toutes les directions.The last electrode e 4 has in its middle a conical part 3 intended in a known manner to reflect the incident beam in all directions.

Les électrodes e1 e2, e3 sont portées, par des connexions non représentées sur la figure, à des tensions décroissantes V1, V2, V3 et de valeurs inférieurs à celle de la ligne à retard dans le cas d'un tube à onde progressive ou à celle des cavités dans le cas d'un klystron. La dernière électrode e4 peut être portée au potentiel de la cathode du tube : V4 = VK.The electrodes e 1 e 2 , e 3 are brought, by connections not shown in the figure, to decreasing voltages V 1 , V 2 , V 3 and of values lower than that of the delay line in the case of a traveling wave tube or cavity tube in the case of a klystron. The last electrode e4 can be brought to the potential of the cathode of the tube: V 4 = V K.

Des supports isolants 1 fixent les électrodes tout en les isolant à l'enceinte à vide métallique 2. D'autres modes de réalisation des collecteurs déprimés sont connus, dans lesquels par exemple l'enceinte est isolante et les supports des électrodes sont métalliques.Insulating supports 1 fix the electrodes while insulating them to the metal vacuum enclosure 2. Other embodiments of the depressed collectors are known, in which for example the enclosure is insulating and the supports of the electrodes are metallic.

Sur la figure 1, on a représenté symboliquement par un trait en pointillés terminé par une flèche quelques trajectoires des électrons après leur entrée dans le collecteur.In Figure 1, there is symbolically represented by a dotted line ending in an arrow a few trajectories of the electrons after their entry into the collector.

Avec le collecteur selon l'art antérieur, on observe que la trajectoire des électrons dont la vitesse- s'annule entre deux électrodes, à cause du champ de freinage qui existe entre ces électrodes, subit une courbure prononcée qui ramène ces électrons toujours vers la même zone légèrement inclinée par rapport à l'horizontale sur l'électrode au plus fort potentiel.With the collector according to the prior art, it is observed that the trajectory of the electrons whose speed is canceled out between two electrodes, because of the braking field which exists between these electrodes, undergoes a pronounced curvature which brings these electrons always towards the same zone slightly inclined compared to the horizontal on the electrode with the highest potential.

On assiste donc à un échauffement localisé très important des électrodes. On est conduit en particulier à augmenter les dimensions de l'avant-dernière électrode, l'électrode e3, par rapport aux autres électrodes ; en effet, on constate que cettte électrode reçoit le maximum de chaleur à dissiper lorsqu'on utilise le tube en petits signaux ou sans puissance HF à l'entrée.There is therefore a very significant localized heating of the electrodes. We are led in particular to increase the dimensions of the penultimate electrode, the electrode e 3 , compared to the other electrodes; indeed, it can be seen that this electrode receives the maximum amount of heat to dissipate when the tube is used in small signals or without HF power at the input.

La figure 2 concerne une représentation schématique vue en coupe longitudinale d'un collecteur selon l'invention.Figure 2 relates to a schematic representation seen in longitudinal section of a collector according to the invention.

Le collecteur selon l'invention diffère surtout du collecteur représenté sur la figure 1 par la forme des électrodes. Les électrodes ne sont plus constituées par une surface unique à laquelle on donne une forme adaptée ; les électrodes sont en forme de boîte, elles sont approximativement constituées par un cylindre ayant pour axe l'axe 00' et terminé par deux parois latérales 6 et 7. Chacune de ces parois est symétrique de révolution par rapport à l'axe 00' de propagation du faisceau. Les deux parois d'une même électrode sont donc superposées le long de l'axe 001.The collector according to the invention differs above all from the collector shown in FIG. 1 by the shape of the electrodes. The electrodes no longer consist of a single surface to which an adapted shape is given; the electrodes are box-shaped, they are approximately constituted by a cylinder having the axis axis 00 'and ending with two side walls 6 and 7. Each of these walls is symmetrical of revolution with respect to the axis 00' of beam propagation. The two walls of the same electrode are therefore superimposed along the axis 00 1 .

Sur la figure 2, on a représenté à titre d'exemple quatre électrodes e'1, e'2, et 3 et e'4. Les trois premières électrodes ont leurs deux parois latérales percées d'un orifice. de diamètre croissant pour permettre le passage du faisceau d'électrons ; alors que la dernière électrode e'4 n'a que sa première paroi qui est percée.In FIG. 2, four electrodes e ' 1 , e' 2 , e t 3 and e ' 4 are shown by way of example. The first three electrodes have their two side walls pierced with an orifice. of increasing diameter to allow the passage of the electron beam; while the last electrode e ' 4 has only its first wall which is pierced.

Comme dans le collecteur selon l'art antérieur, les électrodes sont portées à des tensions décroissantes V'1 à V'4, avec V'4 égale à VK.As in the collector according to the prior art, the electrodes are brought to decreasing voltages V ' 1 to V' 4 , with V ' 4 equal to V K.

Il est important que le champ électrique à l'intérieur de chaque électrode en forme de boîte soit faible. Pour cela, le diamètre O de l'orifice percé sur chacune des parois d'une même électrode est choisi aussi faible que possible par rapport à la distance D séparant les deux parois de cette électrode, tout en restant suffisant pour permettre le passage de la quasi-totalité du faisceau d'électrons.It is important that the electric field inside each box-shaped electrode is weak. For this, the diameter O of the orifice drilled on each of the walls of the same electrode is chosen to be as small as possible relative to the distance D separating the two walls of this electrode, while remaining sufficient to allow the passage of almost all of the electron beam.

En effet, le champ électrique qui règne à l'intérieur de chaque électrode en forme de boîte s'il est défocalisant (car freinant) pour le faisceau d'électrons issu du tube est par contre focalisant (car accélérateur) pour les électrons réfléchis. On a donc intérêt à ce que ce champ soit le plus faible possible. Ainsi les électrons réfléchis sont soumis à un champ focalisant moins fort que dans le cas du collecteur selon l'art antérieur et se répartissent mieux sur les électrodes. On n'assiste donc pas comme dans les collecteurs selon l'art antérieur à un échauffement localisé des électrodes.Indeed, the electric field which reigns inside each box-shaped electrode if it is defocusing (because braking) for the electron beam coming from the tube is on the other hand focusing (because accelerator) for the reflected electrons. It is therefore advantageous for this field to be as weak as possible. Thus the reflected electrons are subjected to a weaker focusing field than in the case of the collector according to the prior art and are better distributed over the electrodes. There is therefore not, as in the collectors according to the prior art, localized heating of the electrodes.

Dans le collecteur selon l'invention, le champ électrique de freinage des électrons issus du tube dû aux potentiels décroissants des électrodes est localisé dans l'espace de faible volume qui est compris entre les parois en vis-à-vis de deux électrodes voisines. La distance d qui sépare les parois en vis-à-vis de deux électrodes voisines est choisie aussi faible que possible tout en restant suffisante pour éviter un claquage entre ces électrodes.In the collector according to the invention, the electric braking field of the electrons coming from the tube due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes is located in the space of small volume which is comprised between the walls opposite two neighboring electrodes. The distance d which separates the facing walls from two neighboring electrodes is chosen to be as small as possible while remaining sufficient to avoid breakdown between these electrodes.

Des calculs d'optique électronique confirmés par des résultats expérimentaux ont montré qu'on obtenait avec le collecteur selon l'invention dont les électrodes déterminent des espaces à champ électrique faible, et où le champ de freinage entre électrodes n'est appliqué que sur une courte distance, une amélioration de 4 à 5 points pour un rendement déprimé de 50 %.Electronic optical calculations confirmed by experimental results have shown that the collector according to the invention is obtained, the electrodes of which determine spaces with a weak electric field, and where the braking field between electrodes is applied only to one short distance, an improvement of 4 to 5 points for a depressed yield of 50%.

Cette amélioration est essentiellement due au fait qu'en localisant le champ de freinage on contrôle mieux le faisceau d'électrons et on capte sur chaque électrode davantage d'électrons au bon potentiel.This improvement is mainly due to the fact that by locating the braking field, the electron beam is better controlled and more electrons are picked up at the right potential on each electrode.

Par ailleurs, selon l'invention, on place un ou plusieurs aimants permanents 5 à l'extérieur de l'enceinte à vide 2 qui contient le collecteur et au-dessus de la dernière électrode e'4. Sur la figure 2, on a représenté un aimant 5 à proximité d'un queusot 4. On utilise généralement des aimants en samarium-cobalt. Ces aimants sont disposés de façon à établir un champ magnétique dissymétrique par rapport à l'axe 00'. Ces aimants provoquent donc la courbure des trajectoires des électrons secondaires et des électrons réfléchis qui circulent dans le dernier étage.Furthermore, according to the invention, one or more permanent magnets 5 are placed outside the vacuum enclosure 2 which contains the collector and above the last electrode e ′ 4 . In Figure 2, there is shown a magnet 5 near a socket 4. Generally used samarium-cobalt magnets. These magnets are arranged so as to establish an asymmetrical magnetic field with respect to the axis 00 '. These magnets therefore cause the curvature of the trajectories of the secondary electrons and of the reflected electrons which circulate in the last stage.

Comme le champ électrique à l'intérieur de la dernière électrode est faible, les électrons secondaires et réfléchis ne sont pas focalisés et accélérés vers le tube comme cela se passe dans les collecteurs selon l'art antérieur. En plus, l'existence d'un champ magnétique dissymétrique fait qu'une bonne partie de ces électrons est captée par la dernière électrode e'4.As the electric field inside the last electrode is weak, the secondary and reflected electrons are not focused and accelerated towards the tube as it happens in the collectors according to the prior art. In addition, the existence of an asymmetric magnetic field means that a good part of these electrons is picked up by the last electrode e ' 4 .

On a noté que l'introduction d'un champ magnétrique dissymétrique permet de doubler le courant recueilli sur la dernière électrode e'4 ; or l'énergie recueillie sur l'électrode e'4 au potentiel VK est particulièrement intéressante pour l'amélioration du rendement car c'est en quelque sorte de l'énergie gratuite.It has been noted that the introduction of an asymmetric magnetic field makes it possible to double the current collected on the last electrode e '4; however, the energy collected on the electrode e ' 4 at the potential V K is particularly advantageous for improving the efficiency because it is somehow free energy.

Claims (5)

1. Collecteur déprimé à plusieurs étages pour tube hyperfréquence, comportant plusieurs électrodes (e',, e'2, e!3, e'4) placées sur le trajet du faisceau électronique du tube, qui sont symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe (00') de propagation du faisceau et qui sont portées à des potentiels décroissants, caractérisé en ce que chaque électrode comporte deux parois (6, 7), symétriques de révolution par rapport à l'axe (00') de propagation du faisceau et superposées le long de cet axe, le champ électrique de freinage des électrons dû aux potentiels décroissants des électrodes étant ainsi localisé dans l'espace de faible volume compris entre les parois en vis-à-vis de deux électrodes voisines, et caractérisé en ce qu'un ou plusieurs aimants permanents (5) sont placés hors de l'enceinte à vide (2) qui contient le collecteur, au-dessus de la dernière électrode (e'4) de façon à établir un champ magnétique dissymétrique par rapport à l'axe de propagation du faisceau.1. Multistage depressed manifold for microwave tube, comprising several electrodes (e ',, e' 2 , e! 3 , e ' 4 ) placed in the path of the electron beam of the tube, which are symmetrical of revolution with respect to the 'axis (00') of propagation of the beam and which are brought to decreasing potentials, characterized in that each electrode has two walls (6, 7), symmetrical of revolution with respect to the axis (00 ') of propagation of the beam and superimposed along this axis, the electric field of braking of the electrons due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes being thus located in the space of small volume included between the walls opposite two neighboring electrodes, and characterized in one or more permanent magnets (5) are placed outside the vacuum enclosure (2) which contains the collector, above the last electrode (e ' 4 ) so as to establish an asymmetrical magnetic field with respect to to the beam propagation axis. 2. Collecteur selon la revendication l, caractérisé en ce que chaque électrode est approximativement constituée par un cylindre ayant pour axe l'axe (00') de propagation du faisceau d'électrons et terminé par les deux dites parois (6, 7).2. Collector according to claim l, characterized in that each electrode is approximately constituted by a cylinder having as its axis the axis (00 ') of propagation of the electron beam and terminated by the two said walls (6, 7). 3. Collecteur selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la distance (d) séparant les parois en vis-à-vis de deux électrodes voisines est choisie aussi faible que possible tout en restant suffisante pour éviter un claquage entre ces deux électrodes voisines.3. Collector according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the distance (d) separating the facing walls of two neighboring electrodes is chosen to be as small as possible while remaining sufficient to avoid breakdown between these two neighboring electrodes. 4. Collecteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le diamètre (φ) de l'orifice percé sur chacune des parois d'une même électrode est choisi aussi faible que possible par rapport à la distance (D) séparant les deux parois de cette électrode tout en restant suffisant pour permettre le passage de la quasi-totalité du faisceau d'électrons.4. Collector according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the diameter (φ) of the orifice drilled on each of the walls of the same electrode is chosen to be as small as possible relative to the distance (D) separating the two walls of this electrode while remaining sufficient to allow the passage of almost all of the electron beam. 5. Tube hyperfréquence, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un collecteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4.5. Microwave tube, characterized in that it comprises a collector according to one of claims 1 to 4.
EP81400541A 1980-04-15 1981-04-03 Multi-stage depressed collector for a microwave tube Expired EP0038249B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8008392A FR2480497A1 (en) 1980-04-15 1980-04-15 MULTI-STAGE DEPRESSED COLLECTOR FOR HYPERFREQUENCY TUBE AND HYPERFREQUENCY TUBE HAVING SUCH A COLLECTOR
FR8008392 1980-04-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0038249A1 true EP0038249A1 (en) 1981-10-21
EP0038249B1 EP0038249B1 (en) 1988-07-06

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EP81400541A Expired EP0038249B1 (en) 1980-04-15 1981-04-03 Multi-stage depressed collector for a microwave tube

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US (1) US4398122A (en)
EP (1) EP0038249B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS56165248A (en)
DE (1) DE3176808D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2480497A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2162684A (en) * 1984-07-17 1986-02-05 Varian Associates Electron beam scrambler
FR2659492A1 (en) * 1990-03-08 1991-09-13 Eev Ltd HIGH FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER APPARATUS.
FR2742580A1 (en) * 1995-12-15 1997-06-20 Thomson Csf Electron collector with reduced secondary emission for O type electronic tube

Families Citing this family (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4794303A (en) * 1987-01-22 1988-12-27 Litton Systems, Inc. Axisymmetric electron collector with off-axis beam injection
JPH07101596B2 (en) * 1992-12-09 1995-11-01 株式会社宇宙通信基礎技術研究所 Traveling wave tube amplifier
GB9311419D0 (en) * 1993-06-03 1993-07-28 Eev Ltd Electron beam tubes
US5780970A (en) * 1996-10-28 1998-07-14 University Of Maryland Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons
GB9724960D0 (en) * 1997-11-27 1998-01-28 Eev Ltd Electron beam tubes
FR2833748B1 (en) 2001-12-14 2004-04-02 Thales Sa ELECTRONIC TUBE WITH SIMPLIFIED COLLECTOR
GB2411517A (en) * 2004-02-27 2005-08-31 E2V Tech Uk Ltd Collector arrangement

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US2888596A (en) * 1952-08-08 1959-05-26 Raytheon Mfg Co Traveling wave tubes
FR1187520A (en) * 1957-01-29 1959-09-11 English Electric Valve Co Ltd collecting electrode for electronic discharge tubes

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FR1096180A (en) * 1953-03-24 1955-06-09 Emi Ltd Improvements to electronic tubes
FR1187520A (en) * 1957-01-29 1959-09-11 English Electric Valve Co Ltd collecting electrode for electronic discharge tubes

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Title
IRE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume ED-7, No. 4, Octobre 1960, New York, US J.W. HANSEN et al.: "Improvement of Beam-Tube Performance by Collector-Potential Depression and a Novel Design", pages 282-288 * page 284, colonne de droite, Seconde Moitie; page 285, colonne de droite, lignes 16-26; les figures 3 et 5 * *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2162684A (en) * 1984-07-17 1986-02-05 Varian Associates Electron beam scrambler
FR2659492A1 (en) * 1990-03-08 1991-09-13 Eev Ltd HIGH FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER APPARATUS.
GB2251334A (en) * 1990-03-08 1992-07-01 Eev Ltd High frequency amplifying apparatus.
US5283534A (en) * 1990-03-08 1994-02-01 Eev Limited High frequency amplifying apparatus with a collector which has a periodic amplitude variable longitudinal magnetic field therein
GB2251334B (en) * 1990-03-08 1994-02-23 Eev Ltd High frequency amplifying apparatus
FR2742580A1 (en) * 1995-12-15 1997-06-20 Thomson Csf Electron collector with reduced secondary emission for O type electronic tube

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS56165248A (en) 1981-12-18
DE3176808D1 (en) 1988-08-11
FR2480497A1 (en) 1981-10-16
FR2480497B1 (en) 1982-11-19
US4398122A (en) 1983-08-09
EP0038249B1 (en) 1988-07-06

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