US3702951A

US3702951A - Electrostatic collector for charged particles

Info

Publication number: US3702951A
Application number: US198285A
Authority: US
Inventors: Henry G Kosmahl
Original assignee: National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
Current assignee: National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
Priority date: 1971-11-12
Filing date: 1971-11-12
Publication date: 1972-11-14
Anticipated expiration: 1989-11-14

Abstract

A charged particle collector comprising a stack of apertured electrode plates which lie within an imaginary sphere is provided. The plate closet to a charged particle emitter forms a portion of the imaginary sphere and is at zero volts potential with respect to the emitter. The plate farthest away from the charged particle emitter is of conical shape with the apex pointing toward the emitter and includes a spike extending toward the emitter. The conical plate has either a negative or positive potential with respect to the emitter, depending on whether the charged particles are negative or positive. A plurality of intermediate apertured electrode plates are positioned between the plate which forms a portion of the sphere and the conical plate, each of the plates being at a slightly lower potential than the preceding plate moving in a direction toward the emitter. These intermediate plates approximate the shape of an equipotential line which would be plotted for the particular voltage applied to the plate.

Description

I Umted States Patent [151 3,7 Kosmahl [45] Nov. 14, 1972 [54] ELECTROSTATIC COLLECTOR FOR 2,325,865 8/1943 Litton ..315/5.38

CHARGED PARTICLES Prima Examiner-Herman Karl Saalbach 72 Inventor: He G. Kosmahl on t d Fall 1 g 9 ms 6 8 Assistant Examiner Saxfield Chatmon, Jr.

Att0rneyN. T. Musial et al. [73] Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of 57 ABSTRACT the National Aeronautics and Space Adnfinistrafiom A charged particle collector compns1 ng a stack of apertured electrode plates which lie within an mag- [22] Fled: 12, 1971 nary sphere is provided. The plate closet to a charged [21] APP] 198,235 particle emitter forms a portion of the imaginary sphere and is at zero volts potential with respect to the emitter. The plate farthest away from the charged par- [52] US. Cl ..315/5.38, 315/ 3.5 ticle emitter is of conical Shape with the apex i i [51] I131. C1 .1101] 23/02 toward the emitter and includes a Spike extending [58] Fleld of Search ..3l5/5.38, 3.5 toward the emitter The conical plate has either a negative or positive potential with respect to the [56] References cued emitter, depending on whether the charged particles UNITED STATES PATENTS are negative or positive. A plurality of intermediate apertured electrode plates are posltioned between the 3,644,778 2/1972 Mlhran ..315/5.38 plate which forms a portion of the Sphere and the 3,175,120 3/1965 Wendt ..315/5.38 conical plate, each f the plates being at a Slightly 2,610,306 9/1952 Touraton et a1. .....315/5.38 X lower potential than the preceding plate moving i a 2,949,558 8/1960 Kompner et a1. .....315/5.38 X direction toward the emitter. These intermediate 3,368,104 2/1968 McCullough ..315/5.38 plates approximate the Shape of an equipotential line 3,273,006 9/ 1966 osepchuk "315/538 X which would be plotted for the particular voltage 3,453,482 7/1969 Preist ..315/5.38 X plied to the plate 3,172,004 3/1965 Gutfeld et a1 ..315/5.38 X 2,284,733 6/1942 Haeff ..315/5.38 10 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures P'A'TENTE'Dnuv 14 m2 3. 702,951 sum 1 or 2 INVENTQR HENRY e. KOSMAHL BY WWQM ATTORNEYS PKTENTEDHBVMIHTZ 3.702.951

' SHEET 2 0F 2 FIG. 2

INVENTOR HENRY G. KOSMAHL BY M ATTORNEYS ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION poses without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to devices which produce charged particles as a consequence of their operation and is directed more particularly to a charged particle collector for such devices. Such devices include, but

are not limited to for example, microwave tubes and fusion devices.

Microwave electron tubes are used to generate radio frequency electromagnetic waves in such devices as radar sets and television transmitters. With the advent of space communication systems using orbiting satellites there is a demand for maximum efficiency and for the elimination of cooling problems associated with microwave tubes. The relatively low efiiciency and heating problems of prior art tubes result from spent electron beams emerging from the exits of microwave tubes and producing heat and energy losses in such tubes when they strike the walls of the tube shell or enclosure.

In the past, attempts have been made to reduce the velocity of spent electrons and collect them on surfaces at the lowest possible potentials by using depressed collector's, that is a collector comprising elements which are at low potential with respect to the electron emitter source.

Some prior art depressed collectors consisted of two or more cylindrical, axially aligned segments insulated from each other and shielded from a magnetic field established to focus the electron beam. Such arrangements provided a significant improvement in efficiency but caused strongly curving fringing fields which prevent collecting electrons at the lowest possible potential and which additionally caused undesirable backstreaming of many electrons.

Further improvements in depressed-type collectors have been made by providing the depressed collector with a spike pointed toward the electron emitting source and carrying a negative potential. Although the depressed collector utilizing a spike has further improved the efficiency of microwave tubes, much greater improvements in efficiency are required to minimize the weight and to reduce the heating and sputtering problems with respect to satellite communicationsystems.

Like microwave tubes fusion devices, as part of their operation, produce a beam of spent charged particles having a range of kinetic energies. The charged particles, in the case of a fusion device, are ions which carry a positive charge. As in the case of microwave tubes, it is desirable to collect the spent charged particles to increase efficiency and to reduce sputtering and heating.

OBJECIS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the invention to provide a new and novel charged particle collector of the depressed type.

It is another object of the invention to provide for a microwave tube a collector which will minimize space charge effects and blocking which occur in the collector regions of microwave tubes.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a collector which will control electron trajectories with lens effects by providing parameters which result from exactly solving the boundary value problem.

Yet another object of the. invention is to provide a collector which independently effects the sorting of low and high energy charged particle: groups by utilizing sloped electrode plates and an axial spike, respectively.

An additional object of the invention is to provide a microwave tube wherein the electron source appears to the collector as a point source thereby making variations in the position of entry of electrons into the collector unimportant.

A further object of the invention is to provide a new and novel microwave collector which eliminates backstreaming of secondary and primary electrons into the collector entrance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cutaway pictorial drawing of a microwave tube and collector embodying the invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the equipotential lines found in a collector arrangement embodying the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT While the following description is directed to a collector for a microwave tube, it will be understood that the same collector arrangement may be used for the ion beam of a fusion device by reversing the electrical potential on the collector. The same equations. for

equipotential lines apply to the electron collector and the ion collector.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a microwave tube 10 comprising an evacuated shell 11 in which is disposed a microwave amplifier tube 12 which serves as the source of a beam comprised of spent electrons and an electron collector assembly 13. The collector 13 is comprised of a stack of electrodes in the form of

plates

14, 15, 16, 17, l8, l9 and 20 which are retained in spaced apart positions by insulators 21 through which are threaded bolt 22. As viewed in FIG. 1, the bolts 22 also extend through an upper support plate 23 and through a lower support ring 24. Each of the electrodes 14 through 20 includes an annular, radially extending flange 25 which is clamped between the insulators 21.

The electrode 20 is conical in shape and disposed downstream of a beam of electrons emitted from an exit 26 of the microwave electron tube 12. The apex of the conical electrode 20 lies on the axis of the electron beam emitted from exit 26 and is pointed toward the microwave tube 12. A short spike 36 extends from the apex of electrode 20 toward the electron beam source 12 and is symmetrical about the axis of the electron beam.

The electrode 14 is of concave shape, as viewed from the electrode 20, and is axisymmetric with respect to the electron beam. The curvature of electrode 14 is such that it forms a portion of an imaginary sphere whose center is at the apex of the conical electrode 20.

To allow passage of the electron beam upwardly through the electrodes 14 through 19, each is provided with respective

central apertures

27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32. Preferably, the apertures increase in size in a downstream direction from the electron exit 26 so that electrons of the electron beam will not strike the lower or upstream surface of the electrodes as electron beam spreads or increases in diameter in a downstream direction. On the other hand, the apertures must be small enough in size so that electrons falling back toward the microwave tube 12 will not fall past any electrode without being caught, that is, the electron will fall onto the surface of an electrode.

The microwave tube 12 is at ground potential (or positive) with respect to the collector 13. The electrode 14 is also at ground potential while the electrode is at a negative potential which, in the instant case, is about 1.5 V.

In the electrode 13 just described, the spike 36 serves to deflect high energy electrons. The relatively low energy electrons are collected by the sloped apertured electrode plates 14 through 19.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a graph of the equipotential points for various voltages which may be applied to the electrodes of a collector embodying the invention. Line 37 connects points which are at ground potential. As shown, line 37 forms part of the surface of a sphere which is further defined by the dashed line 38. The radius of curvature of

lines

37 and 38 emanates from a point 39 which is at the center of a sphere partially defined by

lines

37 and 38.

Line 40 connects points having the maximum negative potential on the collector. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the shape of

lines

37 and 40 are determined by the shape of

electrodes

14 and 20, respectively, of FIG. 1. Thus, if

lines

37 and 40 were rotated about the axis 41 they would generate a portion of a sphere and a cone, respectively, which have the same shape as

electrodes

14 and 20, respectively.

The

lines

42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 define equipotential levels which increase negatively in the direction toward the line 40. To construct a collector in accordance with the invention, the intermediate electrodes between the conical electrode 20 and the concave electrode 14, the intermediate electrodes would have shapes which would be approximately defined by rotating lines 42 through 47 about an axis defined by line 41. The lines 42 through 47 would first be calculated in view of the desired difference in potential between

electrodes

14, 20 and the desired equipotential levels between those electrodes. Of course, it will be understood that the number of intermediate electrodes will be determined by the degree of efficiency required in view of other considerations .such as minimum weight. The line 48 in FIG. 2 represents the potential on spike 36 which, as will be seen from FIG. 2, is the same as the potential along line 40 and which is present on electrode 20.

It will be seen from the graph of FIG. 2 that electrodes which are formed in accordance with the

equipotential lines

42, 43 and 44 are quasi-spherical in that the radius of curvature of each line is not uniform. It will also be noted that the radius of curvature of line 43 is greater than the radius of line 44 which, in turn, is greater than the radius of curvature of line 44.

Lines

45, 46 and 47, on the other hand, represent electrodes which are quasi-conical. It will also be seen that the included angle of an electrode determined by line 45 is greater than the included angle of an electrode determined by the line 46. Likewise, an electrode formed by revolving line 46 about axis 41 has a greater included angle than one determined by line 47.

As indicated previously, the apertures 27 through 31 preferably increase in diameter in a downstream direction in order to minimize the number of electrons which strike the lower surfaces of the electrodes as the electron beam spreads in a downstream direction. Dashed line 49 in FIG. 2 defines the apertures which would be provided in electrodes of a collector made in accordance with the voltages utilized in the graph of FIG. 2. Thus, the distance between the axis 41 and the dashed line 49 would be the radius of the aperture for a particular equipotential electrode. The apertures thus defined increase linearly in size because line 49 is a straight line. However, the apertures may increase in size non-linearly depending on the kinetic energies in the electron beam and the voltages to be applied to the electrodes.

The

lines

50, 51, 52 and 53 are illustrative of paths which may be taken by electrons of different kinetic energies and subject to different radial accelerations in a collector made in accordance with the equipotential surfaces represented by

lines

37, 40 and 42 through 48 of FIG. 2. 1

It will be understood that the foregoing invention may be changed or modified by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth in the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:

l. A collector for a source which emits a beam of spent charged particles comprising a first conical electrode disposed downstream of said source of charged particles symmetrical to the axis of the charged particle beam and having its apex pointing toward said source of charged particles,

a spike disposed on the apex of said conical electrode symmetric to the axis of the beam and pointing toward said source of charged particles, and

a concave electrode disposed between said conical electrode and said source of charged particles symmetric to the axis ofthe beam and including a central aperture, the concave side facing said conical electrode, said conical electrode being at a voltage potential of the same polarity as that of said charged particles with respect to said concave electrode.

2. The structure of claim 1 and including a plurality of centrally apertured intermediate electrodes disposed between said concave and conical electrodes symmetric to the axis of the beam and with the central area of each of said apertured electrodes depressed toward the source of spent charged particles, each of said apertured electrodes being a higher voltage potential than the electrode between it and the source of spent electrons.

3. The structure of claim 2 wherein the apertures increase in size in a downstream direction from the source of spent charged particles.

4. The structure of claim 2 wherein said spike extends through the aperture of the one of said apertured electrodes next below the negative potential of said conical electrode.

5. The structure of claim 2 wherein each electrode is shaped such that any point on it lies at approximately the same point as a corresponding equipotential point of a potential equal to the voltage potential applied to the electrode.

6. The structure of claim 1 wherein said conical electrode has an included angle of about 120.

7. The structure of claim 1 wherein said concave electrode is a portion of a sphere whose center lies at the apex of said conical electrode.

8. The structure of claim 1 wherein the apertured electrodes nearest said conical electrode are quasiconical and the apertured electrodes nearest said concave elecu'ode are quasi-spherical portions.

9. The structure of claim 8 wherein the included angle of each of said quasi-conical electrodes is substantially greater than the next downstream quasi-conical electrode and wherein curvature of said quasispherical portions of each electrode is substantially less than the next upstream electrode.

10. The structure of claim 1 wherein said spike extends from the apex of said conical electrode approximately one-fourth of the distance to the source of the charged particle beam.

Claims

1. A collector for a source which emits a beam of spent charged particles comprising a first conical electrode disposed downstream of said source of charged particles symmetrical to the axis of the charged particle beam and having its apex pointing toward said source of charged particles, a spike disposed on the apex of said conical electrode symmetric to the axis of the beam and pointing toward said source of charged particles, and a concave electrode disposed between said conical electrode and said source of charged particles symmetric to the axis of the beam and including a central aperture, the concave side facing said conical electrode, said conical electrode being at a voltage potential of the same polarity as that of said charged particles with respect to said concave electrode.

6. The structure of claim 1 wherein said conical electrode has an included angle of about 120*.

8. The structure of claim 1 wherein the apertured electrodes nearest said conical electrode are quasi-conical and the apertured electrodes nearest said concave electrode are quasi-spherical portions.

9. The structure of claim 8 wherein the included angle of each of said quasi-conical electrodes is substantially greater than the next downstream quasi-conical electrode and wherein curvature of said quasi-spherical portions of each electrode is substantially less than the next upstream electrode.