EP0035757B1 - Steam turbine - Google Patents

Steam turbine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0035757B1
EP0035757B1 EP81101580A EP81101580A EP0035757B1 EP 0035757 B1 EP0035757 B1 EP 0035757B1 EP 81101580 A EP81101580 A EP 81101580A EP 81101580 A EP81101580 A EP 81101580A EP 0035757 B1 EP0035757 B1 EP 0035757B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
steam
rotor
laval nozzles
steam turbine
stage
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EP81101580A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0035757A1 (en
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Paul Dipl.-Ing. Morcov
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D1/00Non-positive-displacement machines or engines, e.g. steam turbines
    • F01D1/32Non-positive-displacement machines or engines, e.g. steam turbines with pressure velocity transformation exclusively in rotor, e.g. the rotor rotating under the influence of jets issuing from the rotor, e.g. Heron turbines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-stage steam turbine with a closed circuit, with at least one impeller arranged in a closed turbine housing, which has a plurality of internal Laval nozzles which are connected to a plurality of Laval nozzles arranged on the circumference of the impeller.
  • the steam turbine has been the most important engine in thermal power plants for about a century; it has gained considerable importance as a marine propulsion system, for driving pumps, compressors, power generators etc. While the steam turbine developed rapidly in the first 50 years of this period, the technical literature shows that in the past 50 years the development of the steam turbine has ceased is characterized by drastic further developments.
  • the steam turbine according to the invention can be classified as a counter-pressure reaction turbine, but differs in essential features from the conventional turbines in this group.
  • a known multi-stage steam turbine of the type mentioned at the beginning (US-A-3 032 988) has a drum as an impeller with an inner and an outer shell, in each of which a plurality of Laval nozzles are arranged, the Laval nozzles of the inner shell having a first turbine stage and the Laval nozzles of the outer jacket form a second turbine stage. All Laval nozzles are connected to a common cavity between the two drum jackets.
  • the steam therefore does not flow continuously from a Laval nozzle of the first stage to a Laval nozzle of the second stage in this known turbine, but part of the steam emerging from a Laval nozzle of the first stage flows through the Laval nozzle of the second stage, but another part of the flows Steam into the space between the two drum coats and only causes flow losses there.
  • the steam emerging from the Laval nozzles of the first stage hits the jacket of the next stage, with the vast majority of its kinetic energy being lost. Only then does the steam flow partly through the outer Laval nozzles and partly into the space between the two drum coats. The efficiency due to the unfavorable flow conditions and gap losses shown is very low.
  • the object of the invention is to design a multi-stage steam turbine of the type outlined in the preamble of claim 1 in such a way that the efficiency is significantly improved, gap losses between the individual stages of an impeller in particular being avoided.
  • the steam is conducted continuously through the curved tubes without any gap loss from an internal Laval nozzle to an external Laval nozzle. Possibly. further Laval nozzles can be provided in the course of the tube. Any gap losses between the Laval nozzles connected in series are excluded, as are flow losses due to sharp deflections of the steam flow.
  • thermal efficiency of this steam turbine is significantly higher than that of conventional designs because gap losses and sealing losses are largely avoided or at least greatly reduced, so that only friction, insulation and flow losses have to be taken into account, which together do not exceed 4 to 5% in one Steam turbine of medium power. Compared to an average efficiency of 78% of a conventional back pressure turbine and 80% of a conventional condensation turbine, this means an efficiency improvement of 12 to 15%.
  • the design of the steam turbine according to the invention is simpler and more robust than conventional designs due to the omission of the stator and the blades of the impeller, so that not only is the manufacture easier and cheaper, but also the operational safety is increased because damage due to mechanical overloading of the blades is excluded are.
  • the steam turbine according to the invention is also suitable for driving ships, locomotives and other vehicles.
  • Laval nozzles designed for supercritical gradients
  • the steam turbine is designed with a plurality of impellers mounted on a common rotor shaft, and that the steam outlet of one stage is connected to a cavity in the impeller of the following stage.
  • this multi-stage design which is required to utilize the entire available heat gradient, can be implemented in a structurally very simple manner, namely without guide wheels.
  • the successive Laval nozzles on the circumference of the impeller are alternately angled axially to both sides out of the impeller plane. It is thereby achieved that the steam jet emerging from a nozzle does not impinge on the subsequent nozzle, but rather flows freely past it. Despite this axial angling of the individual nozzles, there is no resulting axial force that would require an axial force compensation, because the axial forces generated by the alternately angled nozzles on the impeller cancel each other out.
  • At least two impellers are arranged with mutually opposite exit directions of the Laval nozzles arranged on the circumference, and that the two impellers can optionally be connected to the cavity for supplying steam. This allows the direction of rotation to be reversed in a very simple manner without the need for a manual transmission.
  • an axially movable slide is arranged centrally in the impellers or in a rotor shaft carrying the impellers, which selectively shuts off one of the two impellers from the cavity for the supply of steam.
  • the steam leaving the steam outlet of the possibly last stage is conducted in a closed circuit via a pressure regenerator and back to the impeller of the possibly first stage.
  • a pressure regenerator as is known for example from DE-A-2 613 418, a particularly high efficiency is achieved because the steam in the closed circuit does not condense and the water would have to be evaporated again. Instead, the steam remains in a vapor phase; by applying heat, its pressure is increased to the value desired at the turbine inlet.
  • a rotor shaft 2 ' is mounted in bearings 3' in a two-part turbine housing 1 ', which are designed, for example, as plain bearings made of white metal.
  • Two disk-shaped impellers 6 'and 6 are arranged next to one another on the rotor shaft 2', each carrying a plurality of tangentially directed nozzles 9 'and 9" on their circumference, which are designed as so-called Laval nozzles with a cross section that extends from the nozzle inlet to reduced to the narrowest cross section and expanded again towards the nozzle outlet.
  • the exit direction of the nozzles 9 'of one impeller 6' and the nozzles 9 "of the other impeller 6" are tangentially opposite.
  • the impellers 6 'and 6 are freely rotatable in a housing chamber 10' of the turbine housing 1 ', which has a steam outlet 11'.
  • a cover 24 is attached, through which a steam supply line 15' leads centrally into a central cavity 5 'of the rotor shaft 2'. From there, the steam passes through tangentially arranged nozzles 25, which are also designed as Laval nozzles for supercritical gradients, into curved tubes 7 ', which run outwards to the nozzles 9' or 9 ".
  • the heat gradient of the steam is reduced in a first stage in the nozzles 25 on the inside of the impeller.
  • the external nozzles 9 'and 9 "form the second stage.
  • the steam flows from the steam outlet 11' to a pressure regenerator (not shown in FIG. 1) and from there in a closed circuit back into the steam supply line 15 '.
  • nozzles 9' of the impeller 6 'and the nozzles 9 "of the impeller 6" are tangentially opposite, the direction of rotation of the rotor shaft 2 'can be changed by either impinging the impeller 6' or the impeller 6 "with steam.
  • a slide 26 is arranged axially displaceably in the cavity 5 'of the rotor shaft 2' and has a bushing 27 at its end facing the steam supply line 15 ', which is connected to a piston-shaped slide part 29 via webs 28.
  • the steam enters the interior of one of the impellers 6 ′ or 6 ′′ between the webs 28.
  • the slide 26 is connected to a piston 31 via a piston rod 30.
  • a ring 32 surrounds the piston rod 30 in a sealing manner and can be on both of them Hydraulic pressure is alternately applied to the sides via hydraulic lines 33.
  • the slide 26 is optionally moved into one of its two axial end positions, so that steam is optionally applied to the impeller 6 'or the impeller 6 ".
  • the direction of rotation of the rotor shaft 2 ' is reversed accordingly.
  • the rotor shaft 2 ' consists of two hollow shafts 34 and 35, which receive the impellers 6' and 6 "between them, a shaft intermediate piece 36 being arranged between these two impellers.
  • One hollow shaft 35 is included a shaft journal 37 connected.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 The embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is particularly suitable for heavy vehicles, such as locomotives, ships, etc.
  • the machine does not require a controller.
  • the steam turbine with nozzles 25 and 6 'connected in series according to FIGS. 1 and 2 can also be designed without a device for reversing the direction of rotation, for example with a plurality of adjacent impellers 6' which are connected to the common cavity 5 '.
  • a rotor shaft 2 is rotatably supported at its ends in bearings 3, which are preferably designed as roller bearings.
  • a bushing 4 is fastened on the shaft 2 and, between itself and the shaft 2, axially next to one another includes a plurality of divided cavities 5 designed as annular spaces.
  • a plurality of disk-shaped impellers 6 are attached to the sleeve 4, each of which has a plurality of radial tubes 7, which are connected to the annular spaces 5 via bores 8 and angled in the circumferential direction at their outer end and there each with a nozzle 9 (FIG. 4 ) are connected, which are designed as Laval nozzles.
  • the impellers 6 are each freely rotatable in a housing chamber 10 of the turbine housing 1.
  • Each housing chamber 10 has a steam outlet 11, which is connected to one of the annular cavities 5 via an intermediate chamber 12, a plurality of radial housing bores 13 and a plurality of radial bores 14 of the bush 4.
  • These openings through which the steam flows can also be designed in the manner of Laval nozzles, as shown in the drawing, in order to keep the flow losses low.
  • FIG. 3 shows a multi-stage steam turbine.
  • the steam passes through a steam supply line 15 through a housing bore 16 and a radial bore 17 of the sleeve 4 into the annular space 5 of the first stage.
  • the steam passes through the steam outlet 11 into the annular space 5 of the second stage, etc., until the steam through the steam outlet 11 of the last stage via a line 18 to only one in FIG. 1 schematically indicated pressure regenerator 19 and from there via a line 20 and a regulator 21 in the closed circuit again in the steam supply line 15.
  • the individual nozzles 9 are each arranged at a flat angle to the impeller plane, so that the steam jets emerging from the nozzles 9 do not strike the respectively neighboring nozzle 9.
  • the nozzles 9 are screwed to web plates 22 or welded to them.
  • the tubes 7 are also welded to these web plates 22, so that the individual impellers 6 each form a disk-shaped component.
  • the individual turbine stages are sealed off from one another and from the atmosphere by means of stuffing boxes 23 or similar seals, which are only schematically indicated in FIG. 3.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

1. Multiple-stage steam turbine with closed circuit, with at least one rotor (6, 6', 6 ''), arranged in an enclosed turbine casing (1, 1'), which reveals several internal Laval nozzles (8, 25), which are connected to several Laval nozzles (9, 9', 9") arranged at the rotor perimeter, characterized by the fact that in each case an arc-shaped curved pipe (7, 7') is attached to the rotor (6, 6', 6") and runs directly consecutively from one of the internal Laval nozzles (8, 25), if the necessity arises via one or more further Laval nozzles, continuously to one of the Laval nozzles (9, 9', 9") arranged at the perimeter.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine mehrstufige Dampfturbine mit geschlossenem Kreislauf, mit mindestens einem in einem geschlossenen Turbinengehäuse angeordneten Laufrad, das mehrere innenliegende Lavaldüsen aufweist, die mit mehreren am Laufradumfang angeordneten Lavaldüsen in Verbindung stehen.The invention relates to a multi-stage steam turbine with a closed circuit, with at least one impeller arranged in a closed turbine housing, which has a plurality of internal Laval nozzles which are connected to a plurality of Laval nozzles arranged on the circumference of the impeller.

Die Dampfturbine stellt seit etwa einem Jahrhundert die wichtigste Antriebsmaschine in Wärmekraftwerken dar; sie hat erhebliche Bedeutung erlangt als Schiffsantrieb, zum Antrieb von Pumpen, Kompressoren, Stromgeneratoren usw. Während in den ersten 50 Jahren dieses Zeitabschnitts eine rasche Entwicklung der Dampfturbine stattfand, zeigt die technische Literatur, dass in den vergangenen 50 Jahren die Entwicklung der Dampfturbine nicht mehr durch einschneidende Weiterentwicklungen gekennzeichnet ist.The steam turbine has been the most important engine in thermal power plants for about a century; it has gained considerable importance as a marine propulsion system, for driving pumps, compressors, power generators etc. While the steam turbine developed rapidly in the first 50 years of this period, the technical literature shows that in the past 50 years the development of the steam turbine has ceased is characterized by drastic further developments.

Von vielen Autoren wird die folgende systematische Einteilung der Dampfturbinen gewählt:

  • a) Bei der Aktionsturbine wird das gesamte Wärmegefälle des Dampfes an den Düsen des gehäusefesten Leitrades umgesetzt;
  • b) bei der Reaktionsturbine erfolgt die Umsetzung des Wärmegefälles am Laufrad;
  • c) bei der Gegendruckturbine verlässt der Dampf die Turbine mit einem Druck, der über dem Atmosphärendruck liegt;
  • d) der Abdampf der Kondensationsturbine wird einem Kondensator zugeführt, in dem Unterdruck herrscht.
The following systematic classification of steam turbines is used by many authors:
  • a) In the action turbine, the entire heat gradient of the steam is implemented at the nozzles of the stationary stator;
  • b) in the reaction turbine, the heat gradient is implemented on the impeller;
  • c) in the case of the counter-pressure turbine, the steam leaves the turbine at a pressure which is above atmospheric pressure;
  • d) the exhaust steam from the condensation turbine is fed to a condenser in which there is negative pressure.

Es gibt auch Zwischenformen der Aktionsturbine und der Reaktionsturbine, wobei das Wärmegefälle teilweise im Laufrad und teilweise im Leitrad umgesetzt wird.There are also intermediate forms of the action turbine and the reaction turbine, the heat gradient being implemented partly in the impeller and partly in the stator.

Die erfindungsgemässe Dampfturbine ist als Gegendruck-Reaktionsturbine einzuordnen, unterscheidet sich aber in wesentlichen Merkmalen von den herkömmlichen Turbinen dieser Gruppe.The steam turbine according to the invention can be classified as a counter-pressure reaction turbine, but differs in essential features from the conventional turbines in this group.

Bei jeder Dampfturbinen-Bauart ist es ein wesentliches Ziel, die Verluste gering zu halten, um einen hohen Wirkungsgrad zu erreichen. Einen wesentlichen Anteil der bei herkömmlichen Dampfturbinen auftretenden Verluste haben die sogenannten Spaltverluste, die im Spalt zwischen dem Laufrad und dem Leitrad bzw. am Umfang des Laufrades auftreten. Die Spaltverluste herkömmlicher Dampfturbinen können in der Grössenordnung von 7 bis 8% angenommen werden.With every type of steam turbine, it is an essential goal to keep losses low in order to achieve a high degree of efficiency. The so-called gap losses that occur in the gap between the impeller and the stator or on the circumference of the impeller have a significant proportion of the losses which occur in conventional steam turbines. The gap losses of conventional steam turbines can be assumed to be in the order of 7 to 8%.

Weitere Verluste treten im Bereich von Dampfdichtungen auf, beispielsweise an den Wellendichtungen, an einem Schubausgleichskolben usw. Abhängig von der Grösse der Turbine müssen diese Verluste üblicherweise mit etwa 16 bis 22% angenommen werden.Further losses occur in the area of steam seals, for example on the shaft seals, on a thrust compensation piston, etc. Depending on the size of the turbine, these losses usually have to be assumed to be around 16 to 22%.

Eine bekannte mehrstufige Dampfturbine der eingangs genannten Gattung (US-A-3 032 988) weist als Laufrad eine Trommel mit einem inneren und einem äusseren Mantel auf, in denen jeweils mehrere Lavaldüsen angeordnet sind, wobei die Lavaldüsen des innenliegenden Mantels eine erste Turbinenstufe und die Lavaldüsen des aussenliegenden Mantels eine zweite Turbinenstufe bilden. Alle Lavaldüsen stehen mit einem gemeinsamen Hohlraum zwischen den beiden Trommelmänteln in Verbindung.A known multi-stage steam turbine of the type mentioned at the beginning (US-A-3 032 988) has a drum as an impeller with an inner and an outer shell, in each of which a plurality of Laval nozzles are arranged, the Laval nozzles of the inner shell having a first turbine stage and the Laval nozzles of the outer jacket form a second turbine stage. All Laval nozzles are connected to a common cavity between the two drum jackets.

Der Dampf fliesst daher bei dieser bekannten Turbine nicht kontinuierlich von einer Lavaldüse der ersten Stufe zu einer Lavaldüse der zweiten Stufe, sondern ein Teil des aus einer Lavaldüse der ersten Stufe austretenden Dampfes fliesst zwar durch die Lavaldüse der zweiten Stufe, jedoch fliesst ein anderer Teil des Dampfes in den Raum zwischen den beiden Trommelmänteln und verursacht dort nur Strömungsverluste. Der aus den Lavaldüsen der ersten Stufe austretende Dampf trifft auf den Mantel der nächsten Stufe, wobei der weitaus grösste Teil seiner kinetischen Energie verlorengeht. Erst arschliessend fliesst der Dampf teilweise durch die äusseren Lavaldüsen und teilweise in den Raum zwischen den beiden Trommelmänteln. Der Wirkungsgrad wegen den aufgezeigten ungünstigen Strömungsverhältnissen und Spaltverlusten ist sehr gering.The steam therefore does not flow continuously from a Laval nozzle of the first stage to a Laval nozzle of the second stage in this known turbine, but part of the steam emerging from a Laval nozzle of the first stage flows through the Laval nozzle of the second stage, but another part of the flows Steam into the space between the two drum coats and only causes flow losses there. The steam emerging from the Laval nozzles of the first stage hits the jacket of the next stage, with the vast majority of its kinetic energy being lost. Only then does the steam flow partly through the outer Laval nozzles and partly into the space between the two drum coats. The efficiency due to the unfavorable flow conditions and gap losses shown is very low.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine mehrstufige Dampfturbine der im Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 umrissenen Gattung so auszuführen, dass der Wirkungsgrad wesentlich verbessert wird, wobei insbesondere Spaltverluste zwischen den einzelnen Stufen eines Laufrades vermieden werden sollen.The object of the invention is to design a multi-stage steam turbine of the type outlined in the preamble of claim 1 in such a way that the efficiency is significantly improved, gap losses between the individual stages of an impeller in particular being avoided.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass jeweils ein bogenförmig gekrümmtes Rohr am Laufrad befestigt ist und unmittelbar anschliessend von einer der innenliegenden Lavaldüsen ggf. über eine oder mehrere weitere Lavaldüsen kontinuierlich zu einer der am Umfang angeordneten Lavaldüsen verläuft.This object is achieved according to the invention in that in each case an arcuately curved tube is fastened to the impeller and then immediately runs continuously from one of the inner Laval nozzles, possibly via one or more further Laval nozzles, to one of the Laval nozzles arranged on the circumference.

Durch die gekrümmten Rohre wird der Dampf kontinuierlich und ohne jegliche Spaltverluste von einer innenliegenden Lavaldüse zu einer aussenliegenden Lavaldüse geleitet. Ggf. können im Verlauf des Rohres weitere Lavaldüsen vorgesehen sein. Jegliche Spaltverluste zwischen den hintereinander geschalteten Lavaldüsen sind ausgeschlossen, ebenso Strömungsverluste durch scharfe Umlenkungen der Dampfströmung.The steam is conducted continuously through the curved tubes without any gap loss from an internal Laval nozzle to an external Laval nozzle. Possibly. further Laval nozzles can be provided in the course of the tube. Any gap losses between the Laval nozzles connected in series are excluded, as are flow losses due to sharp deflections of the steam flow.

Der thermische Wirkungsgrad dieser Dampfturbine ist wesentlich höher als bei herkömmlichen Konstruktionen, weil Spaltverluste und Dichtungsverluste weitgehend vermieden oder zumindest stark herabgesetzt werden, so dass nur Reibungs-, Isolierungs- und Strömungsverluste zu berücksichtigen sind, die zusammen nicht mehr als 4 bis 5% bei einer Dampfturbine mittlerer Leistung betragen. Gegenüber einem durchschnittlichen Wirkungsgrad von 78% einer herkömmlichen Gegendruckturbine und von 80% einer herkömmlichen Kondensationsturbine bedeutet dies eine Wirkungsgradverbesserung um 12 bis 15%. Ausserdem ist die Konstruktion der erfindungsgemässen Dampfturbine durch den Wegfall des Leitrades und der Schaufeln des Laufrades einfacher und robuster als herkömmliche Konstruktionen, so dass nicht nur die Herstellung einfacher und billiger ist, sondern auch die Betriebssicherheit erhöht wird, weil Schäden infolge mechanischer Überbeanspruchung der Schaufeln ausgeschlossen sind.The thermal efficiency of this steam turbine is significantly higher than that of conventional designs because gap losses and sealing losses are largely avoided or at least greatly reduced, so that only friction, insulation and flow losses have to be taken into account, which together do not exceed 4 to 5% in one Steam turbine of medium power. Compared to an average efficiency of 78% of a conventional back pressure turbine and 80% of a conventional condensation turbine, this means an efficiency improvement of 12 to 15%. In addition, the design of the steam turbine according to the invention is simpler and more robust than conventional designs due to the omission of the stator and the blades of the impeller, so that not only is the manufacture easier and cheaper, but also the operational safety is increased because damage due to mechanical overloading of the blades is excluded are.

Neben dem Einsatz in Wärmekraftwerken ist die erfindungsgemässe Dampfturbine auch für den Antrieb von Schiffen, Lokomotiven und anderen Fahrzeugen geeignet.In addition to use in thermal power plants, the steam turbine according to the invention is also suitable for driving ships, locomotives and other vehicles.

Die Verwendung von für überkritische Gefälle ausgelegten Düsen (sogenannten Lavaldüsen) ist im Dampfturbinenbau an sich bekannt. Diese Düsen, deren kleinster Querschnitt (sogenannter kritischer Querschnitt) im mittleren Düsenbereich liegt, ermöglicht die Umsetzung eines grossen Wärmegefälles, weil im engsten Querschnitt der Dampf mit der Schallgeschwindigkeit strömt, die den Zustandswerten an dieser Stelle zugeordnet ist.The use of nozzles designed for supercritical gradients (so-called Laval nozzles) is known per se in steam turbine construction. These nozzles, whose smallest cross-section (so-called critical cross-section) is in the middle of the nozzle area, enable a large heat gradient to be implemented because the narrowest cross-section causes the steam to flow at the speed of sound that is assigned to the state values at this point.

In Weiterbildung des Erfindungsgedankens ist vorgesehen, dass die Dampfturbine mit mehreren, auf einer gemeinsamen Läuferwelle angebrachten Laufrädern ausgeführt ist, und dass jeweils der Dampfaustritt einer Stufe mit einem Hohlraum im Laufrad der folgenden Stufe verbunden ist. Bei der erfindungsgemässen Dampfturbine kann diese mehrstufige Ausführung, die zur Ausnutzung des gesamten zur Verfügung stehenden Wärmegefälles erforderlich ist, in konstruktiv sehr einfacher Weise, nämlich ohne Leiträder verwirklicht werden.In a further development of the inventive concept, it is provided that the steam turbine is designed with a plurality of impellers mounted on a common rotor shaft, and that the steam outlet of one stage is connected to a cavity in the impeller of the following stage. In the steam turbine according to the invention, this multi-stage design, which is required to utilize the entire available heat gradient, can be implemented in a structurally very simple manner, namely without guide wheels.

Gemäss einer weiteren Ausgestaltung des Erfindungsgedankens sind die am Umfang des Laufrades aufeinanderfolgenden Lavaldüsen abwechselnd axial nach beiden Seiten aus der Laufradebene leicht abgewinkelt. Dadurch wird erreicht, dass der aus einer Düse austretende Dampfstrahl nicht auf die nachfolgende Düse aufprallt, sondern frei an dieser vorbeiströmt. Trotz dieser axialen Abwinklung der einzelnen Düsen entsteht keine resultierende Axialkraft, die einen Axialkraftausgleich erforderlich machen würde, weil sich die von den abwechselnd nach beiden Seiten abgewinkelten Düsen erzeugten Axialkräfte am Laufrad gegenseitig aufheben.According to a further embodiment of the inventive concept, the successive Laval nozzles on the circumference of the impeller are alternately angled axially to both sides out of the impeller plane. It is thereby achieved that the steam jet emerging from a nozzle does not impinge on the subsequent nozzle, but rather flows freely past it. Despite this axial angling of the individual nozzles, there is no resulting axial force that would require an axial force compensation, because the axial forces generated by the alternately angled nozzles on the impeller cancel each other out.

In einer insbesondere für Fahrzeuge, wie Lokomotiven und Schiffe, geeigneten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass mindestens zwei Laufräder mit einander entgegengesetzten Austrittsrichtungen der am Umfang angeordneten Lavaldüsen angeordnet sind, und dass die beiden Laufräder wahlweise mit dem Hohlraum zur Dampfzufuhr verbindbar sind. Dadurch wird in konstruktiv sehr einfacher Weise ohne die Notwendigkeit eines Schaltgetriebes eine Drehrichtungsumkehr ermöglicht.In an embodiment of the invention which is particularly suitable for vehicles such as locomotives and ships, it is provided that at least two impellers are arranged with mutually opposite exit directions of the Laval nozzles arranged on the circumference, and that the two impellers can optionally be connected to the cavity for supplying steam. This allows the direction of rotation to be reversed in a very simple manner without the need for a manual transmission.

Zur Umsteuerung dieser Ausführungsform ist vorgesehen, dass zentral in den Laufrädern bzw. in einer die Laufräder tragenden Läuferwelle ein axial bewegbarer Schieber angeordnet ist, der wahlweise eines der beiden Laufräder gegenüber dem Hohlraum zur Dampfzufuhr absperrt.To reverse this embodiment, it is provided that an axially movable slide is arranged centrally in the impellers or in a rotor shaft carrying the impellers, which selectively shuts off one of the two impellers from the cavity for the supply of steam.

In einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der den Dampfaustritt der ggf. letzten Stufe verlassende Dampf im geschlossenen Kreislauf über einen Druckregenerator und wieder zum Laufrad der ggf. ersten Stufe geführt wird. Durch die Verwendung eines derartigen Druckregenerators, wie er beispielsweise aus der DE-A-2 613 418 bekannt ist, wird ein besonders hoher Wirkungsgrad erreicht, weil der Dampf im geschlossenen Kreislauf nicht kondensiert und das Wasser wieder verdampft werden müsste. Stattdessen bleibt der Dampf in einer Dampfphase; durch Wärmezufuhr wird sein Druck auf den am Turbineneinlass erwünschten Wert erhöht.In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the steam leaving the steam outlet of the possibly last stage is conducted in a closed circuit via a pressure regenerator and back to the impeller of the possibly first stage. By using such a pressure regenerator, as is known for example from DE-A-2 613 418, a particularly high efficiency is achieved because the steam in the closed circuit does not condense and the water would have to be evaporated again. Instead, the steam remains in a vapor phase; by applying heat, its pressure is increased to the value desired at the turbine inlet.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert, die in der Zeichnung dargestellt sind. Es zeigt:

  • Fig. 1 einen Längsschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemässe Dampfturbine,
  • Fig. 2 einen Schnitt längs der Linie 11-11 in Fig. 1,
  • Fig. 3 in einem senkrechten Schnitt eine abgewandelte Ausführungsform einer Dampfturbine,
  • Fig. 4 einen vereinfachten Schnitt längs der Linie IV-IV in Fig. 3 und
  • Fig. 5 eine Teil-Abwicklung des Laufradumfangs nach Fig. 4.
The invention is explained in more detail below using exemplary embodiments which are illustrated in the drawing. It shows:
  • 1 shows a longitudinal section through a steam turbine according to the invention,
  • 2 shows a section along the line 11-11 in Fig. 1,
  • 3 is a vertical section of a modified embodiment of a steam turbine,
  • Fig. 4 is a simplified section along the line IV-IV in Fig. 3 and
  • 5 shows a partial development of the wheel circumference according to FIG. 4.

Bei der in den Fig. 1 und 2 gezeigten Dampfturbine ist in einem zweiteiligen Turbinengehäuse 1' eine Läuferwelle 2' in Lagern 3' gelagert, die beispielsweise als Gleitlager aus Weissrnetall ausgeführt sind. Auf der Läuferwelle 2' sind nebeneinander zwei scheibenförmige Laufräder 6' und 6" angeordnet, die jeweils an ihrem Umfang mehrere, tangential gerichtete Düsen 9' und 9" tragen, die als sogenannte Lavaldüsen mit einem Querschnitt ausgeführt sind, der sich vom Düseneintritt bis zu einem engsten Querschnitt verringert und zum Düsenaustritt hin wieder erweitert. Die Austrittsrichtung der Düsen 9' des einen Laufrades 6' und der Düsen 9" des anderen Laufrades 6" sind tangential entgegengesetzt.In the steam turbine shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a rotor shaft 2 'is mounted in bearings 3' in a two-part turbine housing 1 ', which are designed, for example, as plain bearings made of white metal. Two disk-shaped impellers 6 'and 6 "are arranged next to one another on the rotor shaft 2', each carrying a plurality of tangentially directed nozzles 9 'and 9" on their circumference, which are designed as so-called Laval nozzles with a cross section that extends from the nozzle inlet to reduced to the narrowest cross section and expanded again towards the nozzle outlet. The exit direction of the nozzles 9 'of one impeller 6' and the nozzles 9 "of the other impeller 6" are tangentially opposite.

Die Laufräder 6' und 6" sind in einer Gehäusekammer 10' des Turbinengehäuses 1' frei drehbar angeordnet, die einen Dampfaustritt 11' aufweist.The impellers 6 'and 6 "are freely rotatable in a housing chamber 10' of the turbine housing 1 ', which has a steam outlet 11'.

An einem Ende des Turbinengehäuses 1' ist ein Deckel 24 angebracht, durch den zentral eine Dampfzufuhrleitung 15' in einen zentralen Hohlraum 5' der Läuferwelle 2' führt. Von dort gelangt der Dampf über tangential angeordnete Düsen 25, die ebenfalls als Lavaldüsen für überkritisches Gefälle ausgelegt sind, in bogenförmig gekrümmte Rohre 7', die nach aussen zu den Düsen 9' bzw. 9" verlaufen.At one end of the turbine housing 1 ', a cover 24 is attached, through which a steam supply line 15' leads centrally into a central cavity 5 'of the rotor shaft 2'. From there, the steam passes through tangentially arranged nozzles 25, which are also designed as Laval nozzles for supercritical gradients, into curved tubes 7 ', which run outwards to the nozzles 9' or 9 ".

In den auf dem Laufrad innenliegenden Düsen 25 erfolgt der Abbau des Wärmegefälles des Dampfes in einer ersten Stufe. Die aussenliegenden Düsen 9' bzw. 9" bilden die zweite Stufe. Vom Dampfaustritt 11' fliesst der Dampf zu einem Druckregenerator (in Fig. 1 nicht dargestellt) und von dort im geschlossenen Kreislauf wieder in die Dampfzufuhrleitung 15'.The heat gradient of the steam is reduced in a first stage in the nozzles 25 on the inside of the impeller. The external nozzles 9 'and 9 "form the second stage. The steam flows from the steam outlet 11' to a pressure regenerator (not shown in FIG. 1) and from there in a closed circuit back into the steam supply line 15 '.

Abweichend von dem Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem der Dampf nacheinander zwei Düsen 25 und 9' bzw. 9" durchströmt, können abhängig von der Grösse des Wärmegefälles auch drei oder mehr Düsen hintereinandergeschaltet sein. Da die Düsen 9' des Laufrades 6' und die Düsen 9" des Laufrades 6" tangential entgegengesetzt sind, lässt sich die Drehrichtung der Läuferwelle 2' dadurch ändern, dass wahlweise das Laufrad 6' oder das Laufrad 6" mit Dampf beaufschlagt wird. Hierzu ist im Hohlraum 5' der Läuferwelle 2' ein Schieber 26 axial verschiebbar angeordnet, der an seinem der Dampfzufuhrleitung 15' zugekehrten Ende eine Büchse 27 aufweist, die über Stege 28 mit einem kolbenförmigen Schieberteil 29 verbunden ist. Zwischen den Stegen 28 hindurch tritt der Dampf in den Innenraum jeweils eines der Laufräder 6' bzw. 6" ein. Der Schieber 26 ist über eine Kolbenstange 30 mit einem Kolben 31 verbunden. Ein Ring 32 umgibt die Kolbenstange 30 dichtend und kann auf seinen beiden Seiten abwechselnd mit hydraulischem Druck über Hydraulikleitungen 33 beaufschlagt werden. Dadurch wird der Schieber 26 wahlweise in eine seiner beiden axialen Endstellungen bewegt, so dass wahlweise das Laufrad 6' oder das Laufrad 6" mit Dampf beaufschlagt wird. Entsprechend kehrt sich die Drehrichtung der Läuferwelle 2' um.In a departure from the exemplary embodiment in which the steam flows through two nozzles 25 and 9 'or 9 "in succession, three or more nozzles can also be connected in series depending on the size of the heat gradient. Since the nozzles 9' of the impeller 6 'and the nozzles 9 "of the impeller 6" are tangentially opposite, the direction of rotation of the rotor shaft 2 'can be changed by either impinging the impeller 6' or the impeller 6 "with steam. Here A slide 26 is arranged axially displaceably in the cavity 5 'of the rotor shaft 2' and has a bushing 27 at its end facing the steam supply line 15 ', which is connected to a piston-shaped slide part 29 via webs 28. The steam enters the interior of one of the impellers 6 ′ or 6 ″ between the webs 28. The slide 26 is connected to a piston 31 via a piston rod 30. A ring 32 surrounds the piston rod 30 in a sealing manner and can be on both of them Hydraulic pressure is alternately applied to the sides via hydraulic lines 33. As a result, the slide 26 is optionally moved into one of its two axial end positions, so that steam is optionally applied to the impeller 6 'or the impeller 6 ". The direction of rotation of the rotor shaft 2 'is reversed accordingly.

In Fig. 2 ist nur das eine Laufrad 6" dargestellt. Das andere Laufrad 6' ist vollständig spiegelbildlich zum Laufrad 6" ausgeführt.2 shows only one impeller 6 ". The other impeller 6 'is completely mirror-inverted to the impeller 6".

Wie man in Fig. 1 erkennt, besteht die Läuferwelle 2' aus zwei Hohlwellen 34 und 35, die zwischen sich die Laufräder 6' und 6" aufnehmen, wobei zwischen diesen beiden Laufrädern noch ein Wellenzwischenstück 36 angeordnet ist. Die eine Hohlwelle 35 ist mit einem Wellenzapfen 37 verbunden.As can be seen in FIG. 1, the rotor shaft 2 'consists of two hollow shafts 34 and 35, which receive the impellers 6' and 6 "between them, a shaft intermediate piece 36 being arranged between these two impellers. One hollow shaft 35 is included a shaft journal 37 connected.

Die in den Fig. 1 und 2 gezeigte Ausführungsform ist besonders für schwere Fahrzeuge geeignet, wie Lokomotiven, Schiffe usw. Die Maschine benötigt keinen Regler. Es versteht sich, dass die Dampfturbine mit hintereinandergeschalteten Düsen 25 und 6' nach den Fig. 1 und 2 auch ohne Einrichtung zur Drehrichtungsumkehr ausgeführt sein kann, beispielsweise mit mehreren nebeneinanderliegenden Laufrädern 6', die mit dem gemeinsamen Hohlraum 5' verbunden sind.The embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is particularly suitable for heavy vehicles, such as locomotives, ships, etc. The machine does not require a controller. It goes without saying that the steam turbine with nozzles 25 and 6 'connected in series according to FIGS. 1 and 2 can also be designed without a device for reversing the direction of rotation, for example with a plurality of adjacent impellers 6' which are connected to the common cavity 5 '.

Die Fig. 3-5 zeigen eine abgewandelte Ausführung einer Dampfturbine zur Erläuterung einzelner Unteransprüche, wobei nicht alle Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 verwirklicht sind.3-5 show a modified version of a steam turbine to explain individual subclaims, not all of the features of claim 1 being realized.

In einem Turbinengehäuse 1 ist eine Läuferwelle 2 an ihren Enden in Lagern 3, die vorzugsweise als Wälzlager ausgeführt sind, drehbar gelagert. Auf der Welle 2 ist eine Büchse 4 befestigt, die zwischen sich und der Welle 2 axial nebeneinander mehrere abgeteilte, als Ringräume ausgeführte Hohlräume 5 einschliesst.In a turbine housing 1, a rotor shaft 2 is rotatably supported at its ends in bearings 3, which are preferably designed as roller bearings. A bushing 4 is fastened on the shaft 2 and, between itself and the shaft 2, axially next to one another includes a plurality of divided cavities 5 designed as annular spaces.

Auf der Büchse 4 sind mehrere scheibenförmige Laufräder 6 angebracht, die jeweils mehrere radiale Rohre 7 aufweisen, die einerseits über Bohrungen 8 mit den Ringräumen 5 in Verbindung stehen und an ihrem äusseren Ende in Umfangsrichtung abgewinkelt und dort jeweils mit einer Düse 9 (Fig. 4) verbunden sind, die als Lavaldüsen ausgeführt sind.A plurality of disk-shaped impellers 6 are attached to the sleeve 4, each of which has a plurality of radial tubes 7, which are connected to the annular spaces 5 via bores 8 and angled in the circumferential direction at their outer end and there each with a nozzle 9 (FIG. 4 ) are connected, which are designed as Laval nozzles.

Die Laufräder 6 sind jeweils in einer Gehäusekammer 10 des Turbinengehäuses 1 frei drehbar angeordnet. Jede Gehäusekammer 10 weist einen Dampfaustritt 11 auf, der jeweils über eine Zwischenkammer 12, mehrere radiale Gehäusebohrungen 13 und mehrere radiale Bohrungen 14 der Büchse 4 mit einem der ringförmigen Hohlräume 5 in Verbindung steht. Diese Öffnungen, durch die der Dampf strömt, können auch in der Art von Lavaldüsen ausgeführt sein, wie in der Zeichnung dargestellt, um die Strömungsverluste gering zu halten.The impellers 6 are each freely rotatable in a housing chamber 10 of the turbine housing 1. Each housing chamber 10 has a steam outlet 11, which is connected to one of the annular cavities 5 via an intermediate chamber 12, a plurality of radial housing bores 13 and a plurality of radial bores 14 of the bush 4. These openings through which the steam flows can also be designed in the manner of Laval nozzles, as shown in the drawing, in order to keep the flow losses low.

In Fig. 3 ist eine mehrstufige Dampfturbine dargestellt. Der Dampf gelangt durch eine Dampfzufuhrleitung 15 durch eine Gehäusebohrung 16 und eine radiale Bohrung 17 der Büchse 4 in den Ringraum 5 der ersten Stufe. Nach dem Durchströmen der Düsen 9 des Laufrades 6 der ersten Stufe gelangt der Dampf durch den Dampfaustritt 11 in den Ringraum 5 der zweiten Stufe usw., bis der Dampf durch den Dampfaustritt 11 der letzten Stufe über eine Leitung 18 zu einem in Fig. 1 nur schematisch angedeuteten Druckregenerator 19 und von dort über eine Leitung 20 und einen Regler 21 im geschlossenen Kreislauf wieder in die Dampfzufuhrleitung 15 gelangt.3 shows a multi-stage steam turbine. The steam passes through a steam supply line 15 through a housing bore 16 and a radial bore 17 of the sleeve 4 into the annular space 5 of the first stage. After flowing through the nozzles 9 of the impeller 6 of the first stage, the steam passes through the steam outlet 11 into the annular space 5 of the second stage, etc., until the steam through the steam outlet 11 of the last stage via a line 18 to only one in FIG. 1 schematically indicated pressure regenerator 19 and from there via a line 20 and a regulator 21 in the closed circuit again in the steam supply line 15.

Aus Fig. 5 erkennt man, dass die einzelnen Düsen 9 jeweils in einem flachen Winkel zur Laufradebene angeordnet sind, so dass die aus den Düsen 9 austretenden Dampfstrahlen nicht auf die jeweils benachbarte Düse 9 treffen. Die Düsen 9 sind an Stegblechen 22 angeschraubt bzw. mit diesen verschweisst. Auch die Rohre 7 sind mit diesen Stegblechen 22 verschweisst, so dass die einzelnen Laufräder 6 jeweils ein scheibenförmiges Bauteil bilden. Die Abdichtung der einzelnen Turbinenstufen gegeneinander und gegen die Atmosphäre erfolgt durch in Fig. 3 nur schematisch angedeutete Stopfbuchsen 23 oder ähnliche Dichtungen.5 that the individual nozzles 9 are each arranged at a flat angle to the impeller plane, so that the steam jets emerging from the nozzles 9 do not strike the respectively neighboring nozzle 9. The nozzles 9 are screwed to web plates 22 or welded to them. The tubes 7 are also welded to these web plates 22, so that the individual impellers 6 each form a disk-shaped component. The individual turbine stages are sealed off from one another and from the atmosphere by means of stuffing boxes 23 or similar seals, which are only schematically indicated in FIG. 3.

Da sich der Dampf beim Durchströmen der einzelnen Stufen zunehmend ausdehnt, haben die Rohre 7 aufeinanderfolgender Turbinenstufen unter Berücksichtigung der Kontinuitätsgleichung zunehmend grössere Durchmesser.Since the steam expands as it flows through the individual stages, the tubes 7 of successive turbine stages have increasingly larger diameters taking into account the continuity equation.

BezugszeichenlisteReference symbol list

  • Turbinengehäuse 1, 1'Turbine casing 1, 1 '
  • Läuferwelle 2, 2'Rotor shaft 2, 2 '
  • Lager 3Camp 3
  • Büchse 4Box 4
  • Ringraum 5, 5'Annulus 5, 5 '
  • Laufrad 6, 6', 6"Impeller 6, 6 ', 6 "
  • Rohr 7, 7'Tube 7, 7 '
  • Bohrung 8Hole 8
  • Düse 9, 9', 9"Nozzle 9, 9 ', 9 "
  • Gehäusekammer 10, 10'Housing chamber 10, 10 '
  • Dampfaustritt 11, 11'Steam outlet 11, 11 '
  • Zwischenkammer 12Intermediate chamber 12
  • Gehäusebohrung 13Housing bore 13
  • Bohrung 14Hole 14
  • Dampfzufuhrleitung 15, 15'Steam supply line 15, 15 '
  • Gehäusebohrung 16Housing bore 16
  • Bohrung 17Hole 17
  • Leitung 18Line 18
  • Druckregenerator 19Pressure regenerator 19
  • Leitung 20Line 20
  • Regler 21Controller 21
  • Stegblech 22Web plate 22
  • Stopfbuchse 23Stuffing box 23
  • Deckel 24Cover 24
  • Düsen 25Nozzles 25
  • Schieber 26Slider 26
  • Büchse 27Rifle 27
  • Stege 28Bars 28
  • Schieberteil 29Slider part 29
  • Kolbenstange 30Piston rod 30
  • Kolben 31Piston 31
  • Ring 32Ring 32
  • Hydraulikleitung 33Hydraulic line 33
  • Hohlwelle 34Hollow shaft 34
  • Hohlwelle 35Hollow shaft 35
  • Wellenzwischenstück 36Shaft intermediate piece 36
  • Wellenzapfen 37Shaft journal 37

Claims (6)

1. Multiple-stage steam turbine with closed circuit, with at least one rotor (6, 6', 6"), arranged in an enclosed turbine casing (1, 1'), which reveals several internal Laval nozzles (8, 25), which are connected to several Laval nozzles (9, 9', 9") arranged at the rotor perimeter, characterised by the fact that in each case an arc-shaped curved pipe (7, 7') is attached to the rotor (6, 6', 6") and runs directly consecutively from one of the internal Laval nozzles (8, 25), if the necessity arises via one or more further Laval nozzles, continuously to one of the Laval nozzles (9, 9', 9") arranged at the perimeter.
2. Steam turbine according to Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the steam turbine is constructed with several rotors (6) fitted on a common rotor shaft (2), and that in each case the steam outlet (11) of one stage is connected with a hollow space (5) in the rotor (6) of the following stage.
3. Steam turbine according to Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the consecutive Laval nozzles (9) at the perimeter of the rotor (6) are slightly bent axially alternately to the two sides from the rotor plane.
4. Steam turbine according to one of Claims 1-3, characterised by the fact that at least two rotor wheels (6', 6") are arranged with mutually opposed outlet directions of the Laval nozzles (9, 9') arranged at the perimeter, and that the two rotors (6, 6') may be connected optionally to the hollow space (5') for the steam supply for reversal of the direction of rotation.
5. Steam turbine according to Claim 4, characterised by the fact that an axially movable slide (29) is arranged centrally in the rotors (6', 6") or, respectively, in a rotor shaft (2') carrying the rotors, the slide blocking off optionally one of the two rotors (6' or 6" respectively) opposite the hollow space (5') for the steam supply.
6. Steam turbine according to one of Claims 1-5, characterised by the fact that the steam leaving the steam outlet (11, 11') of the last stage in the closed circuit is led through a pressure regenerator (19) and back to the rotor (6, 6', 6") of the first stage.
EP81101580A 1980-03-08 1981-03-05 Steam turbine Expired EP0035757B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81101580T ATE17774T1 (en) 1980-03-08 1981-03-05 STEAM TURBINE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3008973 1980-03-08
DE19803008973 DE3008973A1 (en) 1980-03-08 1980-03-08 STEAM TURBINE

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EP0035757A1 EP0035757A1 (en) 1981-09-16
EP0035757B1 true EP0035757B1 (en) 1986-01-29

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KR101229575B1 (en) 2011-10-05 2013-02-05 주식회사 에이치케이터빈 Reaction type turbine and manufacturing method of the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3008973A1 (en) 1981-09-24
EP0035757A1 (en) 1981-09-16
ATE17774T1 (en) 1986-02-15
DE3173593D1 (en) 1986-03-13

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