EP0035177B1

EP0035177B1 - Method and appparatus for sensing oxygen in a gas atmosphere

Info

Publication number: EP0035177B1
Application number: EP81101183A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Masaaki Uchida; Hidetoshi Kanegae; Shigeo Ishitani
Original assignee: Nissan Motor Co Ltd
Current assignee: Nissan Motor Co Ltd
Priority date: 1980-03-03
Filing date: 1981-02-19
Publication date: 1984-06-20
Also published as: JPS6148866B2; EP0035177A1; DE3164257D1; AU520484B2; CA1159930A; US4366039A; AU6800081A; JPS56122950A

Description

This invention relates to a method for sensing oxygen in a gas atmosphere, wherein a control current, which is a DC current, is forced to flow through an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyde layer between reference and measurement electrolyde layers of an oxygen-sensitive element in which said reference electrode layer lays on a surface of said solid electrolyte layer and is substantially entirely covered with a shield layer and said measurement electrode layer lays on a surface of said solid electrolyte layer and is spaced from said reference electrode layer so as to contact a combustion gas subject to sensing, said reference and measurement electrode layers and at least one of said solid electrolyte layer and said shield layer are microscopically porous and gas-permeable to cause migration of oxygen ions through said solid electrolyte layer from selected one of said reference and measurement electrode layers toward the other to thereby establish a reference oxygen partial pressure at the interface between electrode layer and said solid electrolyte layer. This invention relates further to an apparatus for performing the method.
In recent internal combustion engines and particularly in automotive engines, it has become popular to perform feedback control of air/fuel ratio by utilizing an oxygen sensor installed in an exhaust passage as a device that provides an electrical feedback signal indicative of the air/fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture actually supplied to the engine. Based on this feedback signal, a control circuit commands a fuel- supplying apparatus such as electronically controlled fuel injection valves to regulate the rate of fuel feed to the engine so as to correct deviations of actual air/fuel ratio from an intended air/fuel ratio. Usually the oxygen sensor is of an oxygen concentration cell type utilizing an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte, such as zirconia stabilized with calcia or ytttria, and there is the need of establishing a reference oxygen partial pressure to enable the oxygen sensor to generate an electromotive force in dependence on the difference between an oxygen partial pressure in a gas subject to measurement and the reference oxygen partial pressure. It has been a usual practice to utilize either air or a mixture of a certain metal such as nickel and its oxide as the source of oxygen to establish the reference oxygen partial pressure.
US-A-4 207 1 59 discloses a new type of oxygen-sensing device which is essentially a combination of an oxygen-sensitive element having a microscopically porous layer of an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte with reference and measurement electrode layers formed thereon, a DC power source to force a constant current to flow through the solid electrolyte layer between the two electrode layers and a voltage measuring means to measure an output voltage developed between the two electrode layers of the oxygen-sensitive element.
In this device, a reference oxygen partial pressure is established in the oxygen-sensitive element, without using any extra oxygen source material, by a balance between the migration of oxygen ions through the solid electrolyte layer in a definite direction caused by the flow of the aforementioned current and diffusion of oxygen molecules through the porous solid electrolyte layer. Wide applications of this device are expected primarily because of the simpleness of the construction of the oxygen-sensitive element as the result of eliminating the need to use an oxygen source material and the possibility of desirably determining the magnitude of the reference oxygen partial pressure by appropriately determining the intensity of the constant current supplied to the element.
It is the task of the invention to improve the method as indicated in the introductory part of claim 1, such that it has the function of self- regulating the intensity of the current so as to minimize variations of the output characteristic of the oxygen-sensitive element caused by changes in the temperature of the element. Furthermore, it is the task of the invention to provide a simple apparatus for performing the method.
In a method as indicated above, said task is solved by the following steps:

(a) comparing a reference voltage with an output voltage developed between said reference and measurement electrode layers of said element;
(b) multiplying said output voltage by a constant coefficient; and
(c) regulating said control current by utilizing the results of said comparing and said multiplying steps such that said control current is decreased when said output voltage increases, said control current is increased, when said output voltage decreases while the result of said comparing step indicates that said output voltage is higher than said reference voltage, and maintaining said control current substantially constant while the result of said comparing step indicates that said output voltage is lower than said reference voltage.

An apparatus for performing the method includes an oxygen-sensitive element having an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer, a reference electrode layer laid on a surface of the solid electrolyte layer and substantially entirely covered with a shield layer and a measurement electrode layer laid on a surface of the solid electrolyte layer and spaced from the reference electrode layer so as to contact a gas subject to sensing. The two electrode layers and at least one of the solid electrolyte layer and the shield layer are microscopically porous and gas-permeable. This element itself is a known one. The apparatus further comprises a control circuit electrically connected to said oxygen-sensitive element to force a control current, which is a DC current to flow through the solid electrolyte layer between the reference and measurement electrode layers to cause migration of oxygen ions through the solid electrolyte layer from selected one of said reference and measurement electrode layers toward the other to thereby establish a reference oxygen partial pressure at the interface between the reference electrode layer and the solid electrolyte layer.
As the inventive features the apparatus comprises comparator means, multiplier means and regulation means for respectively performing the comparing, multiplying and regulating steps of said method, wherein the regulation means comprises a transistor connected to a DC power source and said oxygen-sensitive element such that a collector current of said transistor is supplied to said element while said transistor is in conducting state, a resistance connected to said power source and said element in parallel with said transistor, and an operational amplifier having an input terminal connected to the output terminal of said multiplier means for performing said multiplying step and an output terminal connected to the base of said transistor and that the output terminal of said comparator means for performing said comparing step being connected to a junction between said operational amplifier and the base of said transistor.
The invention is particularly suitable for detection of upward and downward deviations of air/fuel ratio in a combustor from a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. For this purpose, the intensity of the current for establishment of a reference oxygen partial pressure in the oxygen-sensitive element disposed in the combustion gas is regulated such that the output voltage of the element remains at a considerably high level while the air/fuel ratio is on one side of the stoichiometric point but shifts to a very low level when the air/fuel ratio shifts into the other side, and the output voltage of the element is compared with a reference voltage set at the middle of the high and low levels of the output voltage to ascertain whether the air/fuel ratio is above the stoichiometric ratio or below. For example, when the current is forced to flow in the solid electrolyte layer from the reference electrode toward the measurement electrode the output voltage remains at a high level while the air/fuel ratio is below the stoichiometric ratio and at a low level while the air/fuel ratio is above the stoichiometric. If the temperature of the element changes in this case, the high level output voltage tends to exhibit greater fluctuations than the low level output voltage. In this case, the control circuit according to the invention would be designed such that the intensity of the current flowing in the oxygen-sensitive element varies in dependence on the magnitude of the output voltage of the element in the direction to compensate predicted fluctuations of the output voltage by the influence of the temperature only when the output voltage is above a predetermined voltage, which may agree with the above-mentioned reference voltage. This manner of regulation of the current intensity is highly effective for minimization of the degree of actual fluctuation of the output voltage upon occurrence of a change in the temperature of the element, so that the comparison between the output voltage and the reference voltage for examination of actual air/fuel ratio can be continued with sufficient accuracy even when the oxygen-sensitive element undergoes considerable changes in its temperature.
It is preferable that the control circuit has a peak-voltage holding means for temporarily storing a peak value of the voltage produced by the multiplier means and gradually discharging the stored voltage with an adequate time constant for the purpose of avoiding an excessively great change in the current intensity during transition of the output voltage of the oxygen-sensing element from the high level to the low level on the occurrence of a change of the air/fuel ratio across the stoichiometric ratio by utilizing the stored peak voltage as the basis for regulation of the current intensity.
The magnitude of the output voltage of the oxygen-sensitive element depends also on the porosity of the solid electrolyte layer and/or the shield layer, and it is not easy to industrially produce many oxygen-sensitive elements with very small differences in the porosity. When the intensity of the current for establishment of reference oxygen partial pressure is always kept constant, the differences in the porosity become a cause of individually different output characteristics of the industrially produced oxygen-sensitive elements. The regulation of the current intensity by the control circuit according to the invention is effective also for compensation of differences in the porosity. Therefore, the oxygen-sensitive elements for use in the devices according to the invention can be produced with less strict control of the porosity of the solid electrolyte layer.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic and sectional view of an oxygen-sensing element included in a device according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a known method of supplying a constant current to the oxygen-sensitive element of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a graph showing an example of output characteristics of the oxygen-sensitive element of Fig. 1 when used in exhaust gases discharged from an internal combustion engine;
Fig. 4 is a chart showing the dependence of the output voltage of the same oxygen-sensitive element on the temperature, air/fuel ratio in the engine and the intensity of the current supplied to the element;
Fig. 5 is a block diagram showing the fundamental construction of a device according to the invention;
Fig. 6 is a circuit diagram showing an embodiment of a current control circuit in the device of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between an output voltage of the current control circuit of Fig. 6 and the intensity of a current supplied from this circuit to the oxygen-sensitive element;
Fig. 8 is a chart showing the effect of operating the oxygen-sensitive element in exhaust gases by using the control circuit of Fig. 6 on the degree of variations in the output voltage of the oxygen-sensitive element with temperature;
Fig. 9 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the control circuit of Fig. 6; and
Figs. 10(A) and 10(B) are charts for the explanation of the function of the control circuit of Fig. 9.

Description of the preferred embodiments

Fig. 1 shows an exemplary construction of an oxygen-sensitive element 10 for use in the present invention. This element 10 is of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,207,159.
A structurally basic member of this oxygen-sensitive element 10 is a substrate 12 made of an electrochemically inactive ceramic material such as alumina. Usually a heater element 14, for example a thin layer of platinum, is embedded in the substrate 12 because a solid electrolyte used in this element 10 becomes high in its internal resistance and unsatisfactorily low in its activity when the element is not adequately heated; for example when used at temperatures below about 500°C.
An electrically conducting electrode layer 16 called the reference electrode layer is formed on a major surface of the substrate 12, and a layer 18 of an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte typified by Zr0₂ stabilized with CaO or Y _z0₃ is formed on the same side of the substrate 12 so as to cover substantially the entire area of the electrode layer 16. Another electrically conducting electrode layer 20 called the measurement electrode layer is formed on the outer surface of the solid electrolyte layer 18. Each of these three layers 16, 18, 20 can be formed as a thin, film-like layer (though it may be a "thick layer" in the field of current electronic technology), so that the total thickness of these three layers may become only about 50 microns by way of example. Macroscopically the reference electrode layer 16 is completely shielded from an environmental atmosphere by the substrate 12 and the solid electrolyte layer 18. (Accordingly, the substrate 12 will be called a shield layer in the present specification). However, both the solid electrolyte layer 18 and the measurement electrode layer 20 (the reference electrode layer 16, too) are formed so as to be microscopically porous and permeable to gas molecules. If desired for certain reasons, the shield layer 12 may be made gas-permeably porous instead of, or together with, the solid electrolyte layer 18.
As a modification, it is possible to form both a reference electrode layer and a measurement electrode layer on the same side of the solid electrolyte layer with a suitable distance between the two electrode layers. In that case, a shield layer is formed on the same side of the solid electrolyte layer so as to cover only the reference electrode layer.
Usually the outer surfaces of the measurement electrode layer 20 and the solid electrolyte layer 18, or the entire outer surfaces of the element 10, are covered with a gas-permeably porous protective layer 22 formed of a ceramic material.
In operation, a power supply 24 is connected to the heater 14 in the oxygen-sensitive element 10 to apply a voltage V adequate for heating. A current control circuit 26 according to the invention is connected to the reference and measurement electrode layers 16 and 20 of the oxygen-sensitive element 10 to force a DC current Is of a controlled intensity to flow through the solid electrolyte layer 18 between the two electrode layers 16, 20 to thereby establish a reference oxygen partial pressure at the interface between the reference electrode layer 16 and the solid electrolyte layer 18. The illustrated direction of the flow of the current Is is exemplary. In parallel with the control circuit 26, a voltage-measuring device 28 is connected to the two electrode layers 16 and 20 to measure an output voltage which is developed between these two electrodes 16 and 20 and indicates the magnitude of an electromotive force generated by an oxygen concentration cell constituted of the two electrode layers 16, 20 and the solid electrolyte layer 18 sandwiched therebetween.
Heretofore it has been recommended to force a constant current to flow through the solid electrolyte layer 18 in the element 10. Fig. 2 shows an examplary construction of constant current supplying means for this element 10. In this diagram indicated by R_H is the resistance of the heater 14 in Fig. 1, by R is the internal resistance of the element 10 (principally the resistance of the solid electrolyte layer 18), and by E is the electromotive force the element 10 can generate. The constant current circuit utilizes a field effect transistor 30 in the known manner. That is, a source voltage V_o is applied to the drain of the FET 30, while the source side of the FET 30 is connected to the reference electrode layer 16 (or the measurement electrode 20) through a resistor 32 having a suitable resistance R_s and a protective resistor 34. The other electrode layer 20 (or 16) of the element 10 is grounded.
The magnitude of a voltage V_GS between the gate and source in this FET 30 is given by:
where Is represents the source current. In this case the voltage V_GS is maintained constant, so that a DC current I_SC of the same intensity as the source current Is flows through the solid electrolyte layer 18 in the element 10 to cause migration of oxygen ions in this layer 18 in the direction reverse to the direction of the current flow. By the effect of the oxygen ion migration, a reference oxygen partial pressure can be maintained in the element 10. Therefore, the oxygen concentration cell in the element 10 generates an electromotive force E in dependence on the difference between the reference oxygen partial pressure and an oxygen partial pressure at the measurement electrode layer 20 which contacts a gas subject to measurement, and the element 10 provides an output voltage V_s which is the sum of the electromotive force E and a voltage developed by the flow of the current I_SC in the internal resistance R.
The function of the oxygen-sensitive element 10 will be described more in detail to facilitate understanding of the merits of the subsequently described present invention.
When the FET 30 in Fig. 2 is connected to the oxygen-sensitive element 10 such that the constant current I_SC flows in the solid electrolyte layer 18 from the reference electrode 16 toward the measurement electrode 20, the reference electrode 16 is continuously supplied with oxygen since the current I_SC causes oxygen ions to migrate from the measurement electrode 20 toward the reference electrode 16. However, a portion of oxygen accumulated at the reference electrode 16 diffuses into the exterior atmosphere through the porous solid electrolyte layer 18 (or through the shield layer 12 if this layer is made porous), and, as the result of a balance between the supply of oxygen ions and the diffusion of oxygen molecules, the magnitude of oxygen partial pressure at the interface between the reference electrode layer 16 and the solid electrolyte layer 18 is maintained at a nearly constant and relatively high level (for example, of the order of 10^-1 atm). When the oxygen-sensitive element 10 in this state is disposed in a combustion gas such as exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, on condition that the measurement electrode layer 20 is formed of a catalytic material such as platinum that catalyzes oxidation of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, etc. as is usual for this oxygen-sensitive element 10, the output voltage V_S of the element 10 remains at a considerably high level while the excess air factor A of an air-fuel mixture subjected to combustion is smaller than 1.0 (meaning the employment of a fuel-rich mixture), as shown in Fig. 3. When the excess air factor A is greater than 1.0 (meaning the employment of a lean mixture), the magnitude of the output voltage V_s is very small as can be seen in Fig. 3, and there occurs a great and sharp change in the magnitude of the output voltage V_s upon occurrence of a change in the excess air factor A of the mixture across 1.0 i.e. stoichiometric point.
On the contrary, when the FET 30 in Fig. 2 is connected to the element 10 so as to force the constant current I_sc to flow in the solid electrolyte layer 18 from the measurement electrode 20 toward the reference electrode 16, there occurs migration of oxygen ions from the reference electrode 16 toward the measurement electrode 20, with the result that a reference oxygen partial pressure produced in this case at the interface between the reference electrode layer 16 and the solid electrode layer 18 remains at a considerably low level (for example, of the order of 10^-20 atm). When the oxygen-sensing element 10 in this state is disposed in the exhaust gas, the relationship between the excess air factor A and the level of the output voltage V_s becomes reverse to that shown in Fig. 3: the output voltage V_S remains at a considerably high level while A is greater than 1.0 and becomes very low when A becomes smaller than 1.0.
In practice, however, there occur considerable changes in the values of the high and low levels of the output voltage V_s mainly by the effect of the temperature of the gas subject to measurement, in either of the above described two cases of the electrical connection for supplying the current I_sc.
Fig. 4 illustrates variations in the output voltage V_s in the case of the oxygen-sensitive element 10 being made to exhibit an output characteristic of the type as shown in Fig. 3 by the flow of a current therein from the reference electrode 16 toward the measurement electrode 20. The curve R-1 represents the relationship between the intensity of the current flowing in the element 10 and the magnitude of the output voltage V_s while the element 10 is disposed in an exhaust gas produced by combustion of a slightly rich mixture whose excess air factor A is 0.9 and maintained at a constant temperature of 550°C. This relationship becomes as represented by the curve R-2 when the temperature of the element 10 becomes 650°C with no change in the value of A. If the temperature of the element 10 further rises to 750°C, the current-voltage relationship becomes as represented by the curve R-3 while λ, is still kept at 0.9. In this chart, the broken line drawn horizontally indicates the intensity of the constant current I_sc supplied to the element 10 by the circuit of Fig. 2. Accordingly, the intersection of this line and the curve R-1 gives the magnitude V_RI of the output voltage V_s of the element 10 maintained at 550°C. At 650°C, the magnitude of the output voltage V_S becomes V_R2 that is given by the intersection of the broken line and the curve R-2 despite the constantness of the value (0.9) of λ, and at 750°C the output voltage V_s takes a still lowered value V_R3. As can be seen, changes of practically possible scales in the temperature of the element 10, i.e. exhaust gas temperature, cause great changes in the magnitude of the output voltage V_S. Then there arises a difficulty in estimating the air/fuel ratio based on the output of the oxygen-sensing element 10. In the case of utilizing the output characteristics shown in Fig. 3 to ascertain whether the air/fuel ratio is above the stoichiometric point or below, the output voltage V_s is compared with a constant reference voltage set at a value of 0.5-0.6 volts. If the current intensity I_SC in Fig. 4 is determined on the premise that the element 10 will be heated to about 550°C and the reference voltage is set at 0.55 volts, a rise of the temperature to 650°C or 750°C by way of example with resultant decrease of the value of the output voltage V_S from V_R1 to V_R2 or V_R2, a value close to 0.55 volts, makes it difficult to correctly estimate whether the value of λ, is actually smaller than 1.0 or greater.
A principal reason for such lowering of the output voltage V_s with increase in the temperature is that the diffusion of oxygen molecules through the porous solid electrolyte layer 18 augments as the temperature becomes higher, whereby the reference oxygen partial pressure in the element 10 lowers. That is, the difference between the reference oxygen partial pressure and a relatively low oxygen partial pressure in the exhaust gas produced by combustion of a fuel-rich mixture becomes smaller.
Although less significant, the lower level of the output voltage V_s in Fig. 3 also undergoes changes in its numerical value with the temperature of the oxygen-sensitive element 10. In Fig. 4, curves L-1, L-2 and L-3 represent the relationship between the intensity of the current flowing in the element 10 and the output voltage V_s while the element 10 is disposed in an exhaust gas produced by combustion of a slightly lean mixture in which λ takes a value of 1.1, at temperatures of 550°C, 650°C and 750°C, respectively. As the temperature varies within the range of 550-750°C, the output voltage V_S of the element 10 supplied with the constant current I_SC varies between V_L1 and V_L3.
Besides the influence of the temperature, the output voltage V_s of the oxygen-sensing element 10 depends on the porosity of the solid electrolyte layer 18 (and/or the shield layer 12 if it is made porous) when operated with the supply of a constant current I_SC, because the diffusion of oxygen molecules in the porous layer augments as the porosity becomes higher. Therefore, the relationship between the intensity of the current flowing in the element 10 and the output voltage V_s varies as the porosity becomes higher in the same way as the variations caused by changes in the temperature toward the higher side as shown in Fig. 4. From a practical viewpoint, industrially produced oxygen-sensitive elements 10 exhibit some differences in the output voltage V_S from one another because of inevitable differences of the porosity of the solid electrolyte layer 18 in the individual elements 10.
The current control circuit 26 in a device according to the invention has the function of regulating the intensity of the current Is for establishment of a reference oxygen partial pressure thereby minimizing the degree of the above explained variations in the magnitude of the output voltage V_S of the oxygen-sensitive element 10.
As shown in Fig. 5, the current control circuit 26 is fundamentally constituted of a comparator circuit 40 which makes a comparison between the output voltage V_S of the oxygen-sensing element 10 and a predetermined constant voltage V_o and produces a binary signal indicative of the result of the comparison, a multiplier circuit 42 in which the output voltage V_S is multiplied by a constant coefficient M and a current regulation circuit 44 which produces a DC current Is by utilizing a constant source voltage V_c and regulates the intensity of the current I_S based on the outputs of the comparator circuit 40 and the multiplier circuit 42.
More particularly, in the case of the current Is being forced to flow in the solid electrolyte layer 18 of the oxygen-sensing element 10 from the reference electrode 16 toward the measurement electrode 20 to thereby realize an output characteristic of the type as shown in Fig. 3, the comparator circuit 40 puts out a suppression signal while the output voltage V_s is lower than the predetermined voltage V_o. The suppression signal causes the current regulation circuit 44 to cut off the output of the multiplier circuit 42 and reduce the intensity of the current Is flowing into the element 10 to a considerably small value I_m such as a few microamperes. While the output voltage V_S is higher than the predetermined voltage V_o, the comparator circuit 40 does not put out the suppression signal but puts out a command signal which causes the current regulation circuit 44 to utilize the output of the multiplier circuit 42 such that the intensity of the current Is varies in dependence on the value of the output voltage V_s: more particularly, in this case the regulation circuit 44 functions so as to decrease the current Is as the output voltage V_S augments.
The application of the voltage V_H to the heater 14 in the oxygen-sensitive element 10 is performed in the same manner as in Fig. 2. Of course this heating current circuit is omitted if the element 10 is not provided with any heater.
Fig. 6 shows a preferred example of actual construction of the control circuit 26 of Fig. 5.
In Fig. 6, an operational amplifier 46 having the function of a comparator and a diode 48 constitute the aforementioned comparator circuit 40. The predetermined voltage V_o and the output voltage V_S of the element 10 are put into the positive and negative input terminals of the operational amplifier 46, respectively, and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 46 is connected to the base of a PNP transistor 50, which is a component of the aforementioned current regulation circuit 44, via the diode 48 connected in the forward direction. An operational amplifier 52 having a multiplying function is the principal component of the multiplier circuit 42. The output voltage V_S of the element 10 is put into the positive input terminal of this operational amplifier 52, and a voltage produced by dividing the output voltage of this amplifier 52 by two resistances R, and R₂ is put into the negative input terminal. The current regulation circuit 44 includes an operational amplifier 54 whose positive input terminal receives the output of the operational amplifier 52. A resistance R₃ is connected between the source of the constant voltage V_c and the emitter of the transistor 50, and a voltage at the junction between this resistance R₃ and the transistor 50 is put into the negative input terminal of the operational amplifier 54. The output terminal of the operational amplifier 54 is connected to the base of the transistor 50 via a resistance R₅, and the collector of the transistor 50 is connected to the oxygen-sensitive element 10 so that a collector current I_e of the transistor 50 can be supplied to the element 10.
While the output voltage V_S of the oxygen-sensitive element 10 is lower than the predetermined voltage V_o, the comparator 46 puts out a positive voltage signal which causes the transistor 50 to become inoperative with resultant interruption of the supply of any current through the transistor 50 to the element 10. However, the element 10 is supplied with the aforementioned very small current I_m produced by a resistance R₄ connected to the source of the voltage Vein parallel with the transistor 50. The intensity of this current I_m is given by:
As can be seen in Fig. 7, this current I_m is a practically constant current usually smaller than 5 microamperes.
While the output voltage V_S of the element 10 is greater than the voltage V_o, the comparator 46 puts out a zero volt signal which causes the diode 48 inoperative, so that the transistor 50 becomes operative. Meanwhile, in the operational amplifier 52 the output voltage V_S of the element 10 is multiplied by the constant coefficient M, which is determined by the resistances R₁ and R₂ as expressed by the following equation:
The thus multiplied voltage M · V_S is put into the operational amplifier 54, and the output of this operational amplifier controls the function of the transistor 50 such that the collector current I_c becomes as follows:
In this state, the sum of the collector current I_c and the above-described very small current I_m becomes the current I_S that flows through the solid electrolyte layer 18 in the oxygen-sensitive element 10:
Then, as can be understood from the equations (4) and (5) and as shown in Fig. 7, the intensity of the current I_S decreases linearly as the difference of the output voltage V_S of the element 10 from the predetermined voltage V_o becomes greater, until the output voltage V_s reaches a value given by V_c/M, where the collector current I_c becomes zero. As shown in Fig. 7, in most cases it is suitable to set the constant voltage V_o for use in the comparator 46 at the same value as the reference voltage mentioned hereinbefore in connection with the graph of Fig. 3.
Fig. 8 is a chart prepared by superposing Fig. 7 on Fig. 4 to illustrate the effect of regulating the intensity of the current Is in the manner as shown in Fig. 7.
In the case of combustion of a slightly rich mixture in which excess air factor λ takes a value of 0.9, the output voltage V_S of the oxygen-sensitive element 10 in the exhaust gas becomes higher than the predetermined voltage V_o. Accordingly, if the output voltage V_S rises or lowers for any reason the control circuit of Fig. 6 functions to decrease or increase the current Is in dependence on the rate of the change in the output voltage V_S. If the temperature of the element 10 rises, for example, from 550°C to 650°C and further to 750°C there occurs gradual lowering of the output voltage V_s as represented by the curves R-1 R-2 and R-3 despite the maintenance of the constant value of λ. Then the control circuit responds quickly to such lowering of the output voltage V_S by increasing the current Is as represented by the slant portion of the broken line thereby interrupting the lowering of the output voltage V_s. Therefore, the extent of actual lowering of the output voltage V_s becomes very small as can be understood from equilibrated values V_RI, V_RII and V_RIII of the output voltage V_S given by the intersections of the slant portion of the broken line and the three curves R-1, R-2 and R-3. The difference between the value V_RI at 550°C and V_RIII at 750°C is only about 0.1 volt, in contrast to the difference of about 0.4 volts between the equilibrated voltage values V_R1 at 550°C and V_R3 at 750°C shown in Fig. 4. A similar effect can be produced also when the porosity of the solid electrolyte layer and/or shield layer in the element 10 is considerably higher than a standard level.
In the case of combustion of a slightly lean mixture in which λ takes a value of 1.1, the output voltage V_s of the element 10 in the exhaust gas becomes lower than the predetermined voltage V_o. Accordingly, only the very small current I_m is supplied to the element 10. Since this current I_m is considerably smaller than the constant current I_SC shown in Fig. 4, the extent of fluctuation of the output voltage V_s attributed to a change in the temperature between 550°C and 750°C becomes appreciably smaller than in the case of Fig. 4. In the example shown in Fig. 8, the difference between an output voltage value V_LI at 550°C and a smaller value V_LIII at 750°C is only about 0.1 volt, but in Fig. 4 the difference between the corresponding two values V_L1 and V_L3 is greater than 0.15 volts.
Thus, the above described control circuit has the capability of appreciably stabilizing the output voltage V_s of the element 10 at each of its high and low output levels and preventing the output voltage V_s from becoming close to a reference voltage set at a value between the two output levels even though the element 10 undergoes considerable changes in its temperature. Accordingly, when the device according to the invention is used to examine whether actual air/fuel ratio in a combuster is above a stoichiometric ratio or below, always the examination can easily be carried out with remarkably improved accuracy.
The device according to the invention is expected to be used mainly in apparatus for feedback control of air/fuel ratio in automotive internal combustion engines. In many cases the aim of the feedback control is to maintain the excess air factor A of an air-fuel mixture at 1.0, that is, to feed the engine with a stoichiometric mixture. However, it is practically impossible to stably maintain an exactly stoichiometric condition: it is inevitable that a slightly rich mixture (λ<1) and a slightly lean mixture (λ>1) are alternately supplied to the engine at a relatively high frequency. When the oxygen-sensitive element 10 disposed in the exhaust gas exhibits an output characteristic of the type as shown in Fig. 3, there occurs abrupt transition of the output voltage V_s from the high level to the low level or reversely each time the value of λ changes across 1.0. As the intensity of the current Is supplied to the element 10 is controlled in the manner as illustrated in Fig. 7, each time when the output voltage V_s shifts from the high level to the low level there occurs a quick and great increase in the intensity of the current I_S. The increase of the current Is at this instant is undesirable because it is obstructive to smooth and quick drop of the output voltage V_s to the low level in Fig. 3, although the increased current I_S will soon drop to the very small current I_m when the output voltage V_s becomes below V_o, and also because the element 10 might be deteriorated by the supply of excessively augmented current Is (in the case of the control characteristic of Fig. 7, the maximum value of the current Is reaches about 120 microamperes).
To avoid a great augmentation of the current Is during transition of the output voltage V_s of the element 10 from the high level to the low level, it is preferable to add a peak-voltage holding circuit to the current regulation circuit 44 or the multiplier circuit 42 in the control circuit of Fig. 6 in order to temporarily store a maximal value of the multiplied output voltage M V_S and utilize it as the basis for regulation of the intensity of the current I_S. Fig. 9 shows the addition of a peak-voltage holding circuit 60 to the control circuit of Fig. 6 as an example.
The peak-voltage holding circuit 60 has an operational amplifier 62 which receives the output of the multiplier 52 at its positive input terminal. The output terminal of the operational amplifier 62 is connected to a capacitor 66 via a diode 64, and a resistance R₆ is connected in parallel with the capacitor 66. The positive input terminal of the operational amplifier 54 of the current regulation circuit 44 is connected to the junction between the diode 64 and the capacitor 66. Otherwise the circuit of Fig. 9 is identical with that of Fig. 6.
This circuit 60 stores a maximal value of the voltage M · V_s provided by the multiplier 52 and gradually discharges the stored voltage at a rate determined by a time constant given by R₆xC₁, where C, represents the capacitance of the capacitor 66. Since M is a constant, it may be said that this circuit 60 modifies the voltage M · V_s to a peak voltage V_P which is proportional to a maximal value V_max of the output voltage V_s of the oxygen-sensitive element 10:
The current regulation circuit 44 utilizes this peak voltage Vp in place of the voltage M V_s in regulating the collector current I_e in the way as described with reference to Fig. 6. Therefore,
While the output voltage V_S of the element 10 is lower than the predetermined voltage V_o, only the very small current I_m is supplied to the element 10. While the output voltage V_s is greater than the voltage V_o, a current expressed by I_c+I_m=I_s is supplied to the element 10.
In the cases of air/fuel ratio control for automotive internal combustion engines, it is suitable to set the time constant R₆xC₁ at a value in the range from about 5 sec to about 15 sec. Usually an abrupt drop of the output voltage V_S of the element 10 in response to an abrupt shift of a rich mixture to a lean mixture in the engine is completed within 0.5 seconds. In practice, however, it is desirable to determine the time constant with sufficient allowance because the response time of the element 10 varies by various reasons including aging of the element 10 and differences in characteristics of industrially produced elements. This is permissible because changes in the output voltage V_s by the influence of temperature occur relatively slowly. However, if the time constant is made unduly long it becomes impossible to compensate lowering of the output voltage V_s when significant lowering of the reference oxygen partial pressure occurs within a relatively short period of time.
Figs. 10(A) and 10(B) illustrate the manner of changes in the above described voltages V_s and Vp and the intensity of the current I_s actually supplied to the oxygen-sensitive element 10 when the device according to the invention including the control circuit of Fig. 9 is used in a feedback air/fuel ratio control system for an automotive internal combustion engine with the aim of maintaining a stoichiometric condition of the air-fuel mixture. The current Is is forced to flow from the reference electrode 16 in the element 10 toward the measurement electrode layer 20 so that the output characteristic of the element 10 is as shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 10(B), the curve in solid line represents the peak voltage V_P (which attenuates at a rate determined by the time constant R₆xC,) by the values of a modified voltage Vp' given by
Since Vp is based on the multiplication of the output voltage V_s by the constant M, the employment of the modified form Vp' allows the curve to partly overlap the curve (in broken line) representing the output voltage V_s and accordingly facilitates to present understandable explanation.
While the engine is fed with a slightly rich mixture (λ<1 ) the output voltage V_s of the element 10 remains at the maximally high level in Fig. 3, so that the voltage Vp' temporarily stored in the peak-voltage holding circuit 60 agrees with V_s. In this state, the current Is supplied to the element 10 is of a relatively low intensity I_SA corresponding to the point A in Figs. 10(A) and 10(B). During an abrupt shift of the rich mixture to a slightly lean mixture (λ>1) the output voltage V_s exhibits a sharp drop as shown in Fig. 10(B), but the peak voltage Vp' stored in the circuit 60 undergoes a gradual lowering to reach a value corresponding to point B in the charts when the output voltage V_s reaches the predetermined voltage V_o. At this stage, therefore, the current Is increases from I_SA toward I_SB. When the output voltage V_s becomes below the voltage V_o the comparator 46 puts out the suppression signal, with the result that the intensity of the current to the element 10 abruptly drops from I_SB (corresponding to points b and B where V_s=V_o) to the very small value I_m. When the lean mixture is again changed to a slightly rich mixture (λ<1) there occurs a sharp rise of the output voltage V_s, but at this stage the attenuating voltage Vp' is still higher than the output voltage V_s. The very small current I_m is maintained until the output voltage V_s rises to the level of the voltage V_o at the point d. As the output voltage V_S exceeds the voltage V_o, the current regulation circuit 44 begins to utilize the output of the peak-voltage holding circuit 60 to result in a sudden increase of the current intensity from I_m to I_SD. Thereafter the current intensity increases gradually to I_SE corresponding to a point E where the output voltage V_s becomes equal to the attenuating voltage Vp'. As the output voltage V_S further rises accompanied by a corresponding rise of the voltage Vp' toward points F and A, the current intensity decreases gradually from I_SE to I_SF and further to the initial value I_SA.
Thus, the use of the voltage Vp provided by the peak-voltage holding circuit 60 prevents the current I_S from increasing beyond a permissible value such as I_SE during transition of the output voltage V_s from the high level to the low level.
In the foregoing description of the illustrated embodiments the output characteristic of the oxygen-sensitive element 10 was assumed to be as shown in Fig. 3. However, these embodiments are similarly effective also when the element 10 exhibits the reverse output characteristic to produce a high level output in a combustion gas produced from a lean air-fuel mixture.
The value of the predetermined voltage V_o needs not to be exactly agree with the mean value of the high and low levels of the output voltage V_s of the element 10. Furthermore, it is permissible and sometimes even preferable to make this voltage V_o variable. Because of an inevitable fact that the internal resistance R of the solid electrolyte 18 increases as the temperature of the element 10 lowers, the rise of the output voltage V_s caused by lowering of the temperature of the element 10 is further enhanced by an increase in the voltage value given by Rxl_s. Therefore, if the voltage V_o is kept constant sometimes it will be possible that even the low level of the output voltage V_s of the element 10 exhibiting an output characteristic of the type shown in Fig. 3 becomes very close to or above the predetermined voltage V_o. When the present invention is applied to an automotive engine, it is desirable to adjust the value of the voltage V_o according to operating conditions of the engine. For example, the voltage V_o would be made relatively high during idling of the engine and relatively low during running of the car, and/or the voltage V_o would be made relatively high during operation of the engine under low-load conditions and relatively low under high-load conditions.
In the above described embodiments, the control circuit 26 works such that the current I_S undergoes a linear increase or decrease so long as the output voltage V_s lowers or rises within the range from V_o to a higher voltage determined by V_c/M. However, such a control characteristic is exemplary and is not limitative. The control circuit 26 may alternatively be designed so as to vary the intensity of the current I_S either stepwise or according to a quadric function.

Claims

1. A method for sensing oxygen in a gas atmosphere, wherein a control current (Is), which is a DC current, is forced to flow through an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (18) between reference and measurement electrolyte layers (16, 20) of an oxygen-sensitive element (10) in which said reference electrode layer (16) lays on a surface of said solid electrolyte layer (18) and is substantially entirely covered with a shield layer (12) and said measurement electrode layer (20) lays on a surface of said solid electrolyte layer (18) and is spaced from said reference electrode layer (16) so as to contact a combustion gas subject to sensing, said reference and measurement electrode layers (16, 20) and at least one of said solid electrolyte layer (18) and said shield layer (12) are microscopically porous and gas-permeable to cause migration of oxygen ions through said solid electrolyte layer (18) from selected one of said reference and measurement electrode layers (16, 20) toward the other to thereby establish a reference oxygen partial pressure at the interface between electrode layer (16) and said solid electrolyte layer (18) characterized by the following steps:

(a) comparing a reference voltage (V_o) with an output voltage (V_s) developed between said reference and measurement electrode layers of said element;

(b) multiplying said output voltage (V_s) by a constant coefficient (M); and

(c) regulating said control current (Is) by utilizing the results of said comparing and said multiplying steps such that said control current (I_S) is decreased when said output voltage (V_S) increases, or said control current is increased when said output voltage (V_s) decreases while the result of said comparing step indicates that said output voltage (V_s) is higher than said reference voltage (V_o), and maintaining said control current (I_S) substantially constant while the result of said comparing step indicates that said output voltage (V_s) is lower than said reference voltage (V_o).

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said control current (I_S) is regulated within such a range that, when said oxygen sensitive element (10) is disposed in a combustion gas discharged from a combustor which is fed with an air-fuel mixture, said output voltage (V_s) remains at a maximally high level so long as the air/fuel ratio of said air-fuel mixture remains on one side of a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio but shifts to a minimally low level when the air/fuel ratio is on the other side of the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.

3. A method according to claim 2, further characterized by the step of temporarily storing a maximal value of voltage (M .V_s) produced by said multiplying step and gradually discharging the stored voltage (Vp), wherein said control current (I_S) is increased in dependence on the present magnitude of said voltage (Vp) while the result of said comparing step indicates that said output voltage (V_s) is higher than said reference voltage (V_o).

4. An apparatus for sensing oxygen in a gas atmosphere comprising:

(1) an oxygen-sensitive element (10) having an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (18), a reference electrode layer (16) laid on a surface of said solid electrolyte layer and substantially entirely covered with a shield layer (12) and a measurement electrode layer (20) laid on a surface of said solid electrolyte layer and spaced from said reference electrode layer so as to contact a gas subject to sensing, said reference and measurement electrode layers and at least one of said solid electrolyte layer and said shield layer being microscopically porous and gas-permeable and

(2) a control circuit (26) electrically connected to said oxygen-sensitive element to force a control current (I_S), which is a DC current, to flow through said solid electrolyte layer between said reference and measurement electrode layers to cause migration of oxgyen ions through said solid electrolyte layer from selected one of said reference and measurement electrode layers toward the other to thereby establish a reference oxygen partial pressure at the interface between said reference electrode layer and said solid electrolyte layer, characterised by comparator means (40), multiplier means (42) and regulation means (44) for respectively performing the comparing, multiplying and regulating steps of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the regulation means (44) comprises a transistor (50) connected to a DC power source (V_c) and said oxygen-sensitive element (10) such that a collector current (I_c) of said transistor (50) is supplied to said element (10) while said transistor (50) is in conducting state, a resistance (R₄) connected to said power source (V_c) and said element (10) in parallel with said transistor (50), and an operational amplifier (54) having an input terminal connected to the output terminal of said multiplier means (42) for performing said multiplying step and an output terminal connected to the base of said transistor (50) and that the output terminal of said comparator means (40) for performing said comparing step being connected to a junction between said operational amplifier (54) and the base of said transistor (50).

5. An apparatus according to claim 4, characterized by a peak-voltage holding means (60) including a grounded capacitor (66), a resistance (R₆) grounded in parallel with said capacitor (66) and a second operational amplifier (62) having an input terminal connected to the output terminal of said multiplier means (42) and an output terminal connected to said capacitor (66), wherein said first operational amplifier (54) having an input terminal connected to a junction between said output terminal of said second operational amplifier (62) and said capacitor.