EP0034977B1 - Industrial process for making jewellery, especially rings, rather of precious metal, provided with set stones, device for performing said process of obtaining jewellery - Google Patents
Industrial process for making jewellery, especially rings, rather of precious metal, provided with set stones, device for performing said process of obtaining jewellery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0034977B1 EP0034977B1 EP81400235A EP81400235A EP0034977B1 EP 0034977 B1 EP0034977 B1 EP 0034977B1 EP 81400235 A EP81400235 A EP 81400235A EP 81400235 A EP81400235 A EP 81400235A EP 0034977 B1 EP0034977 B1 EP 0034977B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stone
- groove
- stones
- jewellery
- precious metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A44—HABERDASHERY; JEWELLERY
- A44C—PERSONAL ADORNMENTS, e.g. JEWELLERY; COINS
- A44C17/00—Gems or the like
- A44C17/04—Setting gems in jewellery; Setting-tools
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/23—Gem and jewel setting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49588—Jewelry or locket making
- Y10T29/4959—Human adornment device making
- Y10T29/49593—Finger ring making
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an industrial process for manufacturing jewelry, in particular rings, preferably made of precious metal, comprising gemstones; it also relates to the equipment usable for the production of this jewelry and the jewelry thus obtained.
- a ring is suitably calibrated of said metal, then holes in this ring are drilled in a cylindrical shape, the stone to be placed in the opening thus formed crimping, then crimping is carried out by bringing the metal surrounding the stone above the edge thereof, by hammering for example.
- rings can be produced as described above by using claws which, after placing the stone in a suitably arranged seat, will be folded over the stone.
- the base has the shape of a ring and the surface on which the stones will be placed will be called the external surface.
- the drilling according to the invention can be carried out by any known means. Made from the outer surface of the ring, this drilling is carried out so that the hole obtained has two diameters: a relatively large dimeter near the outer surface of the ring and a smaller diameter near the surface inside of the ring. This arrangement of the hole is made so that, on the one hand, the dimensions of the larger diameter hole correspond (taking account of the pre-setting groove) to the dimensions of the stones to be crimped but, on the other hand, the part "inner" of the ring still has enough metal to present the desired mechanical strength.
- This drilling of a cylindrical hole with two diameters is carried out without difficulty using a "drill" said to have two diameters.
- the pre-tightening groove can also be produced by any known means, in particular by a reamer whose axis of the tool is offset from the axis of the hole into which it has entered.
- the shape of the throat is not critical; however, this shape can advantageously be, in section, triangular; in fact, the shape of the groove is designed to adapt as exactly as possible to the shape of the stone to be set.
- the position of the groove inside the hole is important, given that the stone must be crimped by "snapping" into said groove.
- the snap-fastening of the stone implies, during the positioning of said stone, a slight elastic deformation of the part of the metal forming the "outside" edge of the groove. It is therefore advisable that the groove is positioned so that this elastic deformation is possible.
- At least one groove is produced on the outer surface of the ring, for example by milling which, cooperating with the presetting groove located in the immediate vicinity of this surface, gives rise to groffs which can facilitate the snapping of the stone.
- these grooves are not essential since, thanks to a suitable choice of the position and the shape of the presetting groove, it is possible to obtain "edges" which are sufficiently elastic to allow, without grooves, of the stones.
- the groove (s) can (can) be made along the entire circumference of the ring and passing through the median plane of the holes; these grooves can also be arranged perpendicular to the lateral faces of the ring according to the diameter of each hole or at equal distance between these holes. It is easy to see that by choosing the positioning and the width of the grooves appropriately, cuts of very different shapes and "deformability" are produced.
- the essential advantage of the industrial process according to the invention is that the various operations can be automated in themselves and in their succession. Since the operations are automatable in themselves, this implies that the diameters of the bore and the groove can be exactly adjusted to the dimensions of the stones to be crimped; this precision allows in particular the setting of contiguous stones.
- the angle of the groove is also adaptable to the stone and to the setting process; finally, it is possible to choose suitably, still depending in particular on the stone, the distance from the groove to the outer surface of the ring.
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé industriel de fabrication de bijoux, notamment de bagues, de préférence en métal précieux, comportant des pierres serties; elle concerne également l'appareillage utilisable pour la réalisation de ces bijoux et les bijoux ainsi obtenus.The present invention relates to an industrial process for manufacturing jewelry, in particular rings, preferably made of precious metal, comprising gemstones; it also relates to the equipment usable for the production of this jewelry and the jewelry thus obtained.
Pour fabriquer des bagues, par exemple en métal précieux, comportant des pierres serties, on réalise en général un anneau convenablement calibré dudit métal, puis on perce dans cet anneau des trous de forme cylindrique, on place dans l'ouverture ainsi ménagée la pierre à sertir, puis on réalise le sertissage en amenant le métal entourant la pierre au-dessus du bord de celle-ci, par martelage par exemple.To make rings, for example of precious metal, comprising crimped stones, a ring is suitably calibrated of said metal, then holes in this ring are drilled in a cylindrical shape, the stone to be placed in the opening thus formed crimping, then crimping is carried out by bringing the metal surrounding the stone above the edge thereof, by hammering for example.
Il est connu qu'il peut y avoir intérêt à modifier la section des trous réalisés dans l'anneau (sur la face intérieure de celui-ci) pour rendre cette section carrée; cette opération est généralement réalisée manuellement, à l'aide d'une lime par exemple.It is known that it may be advantageous to modify the section of the holes made in the ring (on the inner face of the latter) to make this section square; this operation is generally carried out manually, using a file for example.
Il est également connu que l'on peut réaliser des bagues telles que décrites ci-dessus en employant des griffes qui, après mise en place de la pierre dans une assise convenablement aménagée, seront rabattues au-dessus de la pierre.It is also known that rings can be produced as described above by using claws which, after placing the stone in a suitably arranged seat, will be folded over the stone.
Ces divers procédés en sont restés essentiellement au stage artisanal et il y a intérêt à réaliser, notamment pour des bagues du type des alliances, une industrialisation de l'opération de sertissage. C'est là l'objet de la présente invention.These various processes have remained essentially at the artisanal stage and it is advantageous to carry out, in particular for rings of the alliance type, an industrialization of the crimping operation. This is the object of the present invention.
La présente invention concerne donc un procédé industriel de fabrication de bijoux, notamment de bagues, par sertissage dans une base, de préférence en métal précieux, de pierres, notamment de diamants, procédé dans lequel on réalise les opérations suivantes;
- - perçage dans ladite base d'un trou cylindrique de dimensions convenables,
- - réalisation sur le pourtour de ce trou, et à partir de la surface sur laquelle apparaîtront les pierres serties, d'une gorge de section triangulaire partant de ladite surface,
- - et mise en place de la pierre dans ladite gorge caractérisé en ce que la gorge réalisée présente les caractéristiques suivantes:
- - une ouverture, sur la surface de laquelle les pierres serties apparaîtront, de diamètre légèrement inférieur au diamètre de la pierre à sertir,
- - un angle de fond de la gorge sensiblement la même que l'angle de taille de la pierre à sertir,
- - une lèvre extérieure suffisamment fine pour que la pierre vienne s'encliqueter dans ladite gorge en provoquant une déformation élastique de ladite lèvre extérieure.
- - drilling in said base of a cylindrical hole of suitable dimensions,
- - realization on the periphery of this hole, and from the surface on which the set stones will appear, of a groove of triangular section starting from said surface,
- - And placing the stone in said groove, characterized in that the groove produced has the following characteristics:
- - an opening, on the surface of which the set stones will appear, with a diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the stone to be set,
- - a bottom angle of the groove substantially the same as the cutting angle of the stone to be crimped,
- - An outer lip sufficiently fine for the stone to snap into said groove causing an elastic deformation of said outer lip.
On précise ci-après ces diverses opérations en prenant plus particulièrement l'exemple des bagues, auquel cas la base a la forme d'un anneau et la surface sur laquelle les pierres seront disposées sera dite surface extérieure. Le perçage selon l'invention peut être réalisé par tout moyen connu. Réalisé à partir de la surface extérieure de l'anneau, ce perçage est effectué de façon que le trou obtenu présente deux diamètres: un dimètre relativement important au voisinage de la surface extérieure de l'anneau et un diamètre plus faible au voisinage de la surface intérieure de l'anneau. Cette disposition du trou est réalisée de façon que, d'une part, les dimensions du trou de plus fort diamètre correspondent (en tenant compte de la gorge de présertissage) aux dimensions des pierres à sertir mais que, d'autre part, la partie "intérieure" de l'anneau comporte encore suffisamment de métal pour présenter la résistance mécanique souhaitée.These various operations are specified below, taking more particularly the example of the rings, in which case the base has the shape of a ring and the surface on which the stones will be placed will be called the external surface. The drilling according to the invention can be carried out by any known means. Made from the outer surface of the ring, this drilling is carried out so that the hole obtained has two diameters: a relatively large dimeter near the outer surface of the ring and a smaller diameter near the surface inside of the ring. This arrangement of the hole is made so that, on the one hand, the dimensions of the larger diameter hole correspond (taking account of the pre-setting groove) to the dimensions of the stones to be crimped but, on the other hand, the part "inner" of the ring still has enough metal to present the desired mechanical strength.
Ce perçage d'un trou cylindrique à deux diamètres s'effectue sans difficulté à l'aide d'un "foret" dit à deux diamètres.This drilling of a cylindrical hole with two diameters is carried out without difficulty using a "drill" said to have two diameters.
La réalisation de la gorge de présertissage peut également être effectuée par tout moyen connu, notamment par un alésoir dont l'axe de l'outil se décentre par rapport à l'axe du trou dans lequel il est entré.The pre-tightening groove can also be produced by any known means, in particular by a reamer whose axis of the tool is offset from the axis of the hole into which it has entered.
La forme de la gorge n'est pas déterminante; cependant, cette forme peut être avantageusement, en coupe, triangulaire; de fait, la forme de la gorge est prévue pour s'adapter aussi exactement que possible à la forme de la pierre qui sera sertie.The shape of the throat is not critical; however, this shape can advantageously be, in section, triangular; in fact, the shape of the groove is designed to adapt as exactly as possible to the shape of the stone to be set.
La position de la gorge à l'intérieur du trou est importante compte tenu de ce que la pierre doit être sertie par "encliquetage" dans ladite gorge. L'encliquetage de la pierre implique, lors de la mise en place de ladite pierre, une légère déformation élastique de la partie du métal formant le bord "extérieur" de la gorge. Il convient donc que la gorge soit positionnée de telle sorte que cette déformation élastique soit possible.The position of the groove inside the hole is important, given that the stone must be crimped by "snapping" into said groove. The snap-fastening of the stone implies, during the positioning of said stone, a slight elastic deformation of the part of the metal forming the "outside" edge of the groove. It is therefore advisable that the groove is positioned so that this elastic deformation is possible.
Selon une des réalisations préférées de l'invention, on réalise, à la surface extérieure de l'anneau, par exemple par fraisage, au moins une rainure qui, coopérant avec la gorge de présertissage située au voisinage immédiat de cette surface, donne naissance à des groffes qui peuvent faciliter l'encliquetage de la pierre. Cependant, comme indiqué ci-dessus, ces rainures ne sont pas indispensables puisque, grâce à un choix convenable de la position et de la forme de la gorge de présertissage, on peut obtenir des "bords" suffisamment élastiques pour, sans rainures, permettre l'encliquetage des pierres. Ainsi lorsque des rainures sont réalisées à la surface extérieure de l'anneau et découpent, du fait de l'existence d'une gorge, des plots ressemblant à des griffes, on n'utilise pas selon l'invention, lors de l'encliquetage de la pierre, une élasticité dudit plot (comme par exemple dans le brevet US n° 3 261 072) ni une déformation ultérieure permanente desdits plots (comme cela se rencontre lorsque les pierres sont serties par le dispositif connu dit à griffes) mais la seule déformation de la lèvre extérieure de la gorge.According to one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, at least one groove is produced on the outer surface of the ring, for example by milling which, cooperating with the presetting groove located in the immediate vicinity of this surface, gives rise to groffs which can facilitate the snapping of the stone. However, as indicated above, these grooves are not essential since, thanks to a suitable choice of the position and the shape of the presetting groove, it is possible to obtain "edges" which are sufficiently elastic to allow, without grooves, of the stones. Thus when grooves are made on the outer surface of the ring and cut, due to the existence of a groove, studs resembling claws, it is not used according to the invention, during the latching of stone, an elasticity of said stud (as for example in US patent n ° 3,261,072) nor a subsequent permanent deformation of said studs (as is encountered when the stones are crimped by the known device called claws) but the only deformation of the outer lip of the throat.
La (ou les) rainure(s) peut (peuvent) être faite(s) selon toute la circonférence de l'anneau et en passant par le plan médian des trous; on peut également disposer ces rainures perpendiculairement aux faces latérales de l'anneau selon le diamètre de chaque trou ou à égale distance entre ces trous. On conçoit aisément qu'en choisissant convenablement le positionnement et la largeur des rainures on réalise des découpes de formes et de "déformabilite" très diverses.The groove (s) can (can) be made along the entire circumference of the ring and passing through the median plane of the holes; these grooves can also be arranged perpendicular to the lateral faces of the ring according to the diameter of each hole or at equal distance between these holes. It is easy to see that by choosing the positioning and the width of the grooves appropriately, cuts of very different shapes and "deformability" are produced.
Dans une réalisation complémentaire selon l'invention, on a pu modifier la forme de l'ouverture, du côté de la face interne de l'anneau, dudit trou cylindrique radial. Il est connu en effet en bijouterie qu'il peut être souhaitable que la forme de cette ouverture soit carrée, rectangulaire ou en losange. Pour modifier ladite ouverture, on a réalisé un poinçon dont l'axe est incliné de façon convenable par rapport à l'axe du trou cylindrique, qui travaille par mortaisage et qui est animé d'un mouvement déterminé.In a complementary embodiment according to the invention, it was possible to modify the shape of the opening, on the side of the internal face of the ring, of said radial cylindrical hole. It is in fact known in jewelry that it may be desirable for the shape of this opening to be square, rectangular or diamond-shaped. To modify said opening, a punch has been produced, the axis of which is suitably inclined relative to the axis of the cylindrical hole, which works by slotting and which is driven by a determined movement.
L'intérêt essentiel du procédé industriel selon l'invention est que les diverses opérations sont automatisables en elles-mêmes et dans leur succession. Les opérations étant automatisables en elles-mêmes, cela implique que les diamètres du perçage et de la gorge peuvent être exactement ajustés aux dimensions de pierres à sertir; cette précision permet notamment le sertissage de pierres jointives. De plus, l'angle de la gorge est également adaptable à la pierre et au procédé de sertissage; enfin, il est possible de choisir convenablement, toujours en fonction notamment de la pierre, la distance de la gorge à la surface extérieure de l'anneau.The essential advantage of the industrial process according to the invention is that the various operations can be automated in themselves and in their succession. Since the operations are automatable in themselves, this implies that the diameters of the bore and the groove can be exactly adjusted to the dimensions of the stones to be crimped; this precision allows in particular the setting of contiguous stones. In addition, the angle of the groove is also adaptable to the stone and to the setting process; finally, it is possible to choose suitably, still depending in particular on the stone, the distance from the groove to the outer surface of the ring.
Claims (1)
- Industrial process for manufacturing jewelry such as rings set with stones, said stones being set in a base of preferably precious metal, which process consists in:- drilling into the said base, a cylindrical hole of suitable dimensions,- providing on the periphery of said hole and at a certain distance of the surface on which the stones will appear, a pre-setting groove whose dimensions are adapted to those of the stone and- fitting the stone in the pre-setting groove by clipping, characterized in that the groove has the following characteristics:- an opening, on the surface of which the set stones appear, with a diameter slightly lower than that of the stone to be set,- a base angle of the groove substantially the same as the cut angle of the stone to be set,- a sufficiently fine external lip so that the stone can clip in said groove by provoking an elastical deformation of said external groove.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT81400235T ATE9644T1 (en) | 1980-02-25 | 1981-02-17 | INDUSTRIAL PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF JEWELRY, ESPECIALLY RINGS WITH SET STONES, PREFERABLY OF PRECIOUS METAL, DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THIS PROCESS AND THE OBTAINED JEWELRY. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8004057A FR2476459A1 (en) | 1980-02-25 | 1980-02-25 | INDUSTRIAL PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING JEWELRY, IN PARTICULAR RINGS, PREFERABLY IN PRECIOUS METAL, COMPRISING STAINED STONES |
| FR8004057 | 1980-02-25 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0034977A1 EP0034977A1 (en) | 1981-09-02 |
| EP0034977B1 true EP0034977B1 (en) | 1984-10-03 |
Family
ID=9238917
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81400235A Expired EP0034977B1 (en) | 1980-02-25 | 1981-02-17 | Industrial process for making jewellery, especially rings, rather of precious metal, provided with set stones, device for performing said process of obtaining jewellery |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4457056A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0034977B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS56132902A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE9644T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1192730A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3166391D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES8204590A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2476459A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2545241B1 (en) * | 1983-04-26 | 1988-12-30 | Diamant Applic | PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR PREPARING THE SETTING OF PRECIOUS STONES IN A FRAME OF ANY SHAPE |
| FR2579085B1 (en) * | 1985-03-21 | 1987-07-03 | Diamant Applic | METHODS OF MAKING JEWELRY HAVING ONE OR MORE ROWS OF STONES AND JEWELRY OBTAINED THEREBY |
| ES2328780B2 (en) | 2008-11-25 | 2010-06-01 | Rafael Gomez Sanchez, S.A. | PROCEDURE FOR JEWELRY AND JEWELRY SETTING OBTAINED WITH SUCH PROCEDURE. |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2749597A (en) * | 1953-02-02 | 1956-06-12 | Fus Walter | Method of mounting stones in jewelry |
| FR1506317A (en) * | 1966-04-28 | 1967-12-22 | Process for setting precious stones, device for implementing this process and products resulting from the application of the process | |
| FR96389E (en) * | 1968-12-30 | 1972-06-16 | Diamants & Joaillerie Henri Fa | Process for serial setting of precious stones. |
| DE2130319A1 (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1973-01-04 | Richard Kloetzel | JEWELED BARREL MILL |
| FR2386281A1 (en) * | 1977-04-06 | 1978-11-03 | Bowy Pmba | Jewellery mfr. using ring - drills bores in ring between transverse grooves to form setting pins and seat |
| FR2411586A1 (en) * | 1977-12-13 | 1979-07-13 | Garnier Robert | Mounting for synthetic stones - consists of metal base with hooked arms fitting into slots cut into sides of stone |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1499818A (en) * | 1922-09-27 | 1924-07-01 | Franconetti August | Gem-seat-grooving tool |
| US1642102A (en) * | 1924-07-18 | 1927-09-13 | Colomb Henri | Jewel setting for watches and method of making same |
| FR627461A (en) * | 1926-05-11 | 1927-10-05 | Universal milling tool for jewelers | |
| US2718051A (en) * | 1946-03-30 | 1955-09-20 | Eversharp Inc | Method of making ball type writing instruments |
| US2436120A (en) * | 1946-05-22 | 1948-02-17 | Pfeffer David | Interchangeable jewel mounting |
| GB841565A (en) * | 1956-07-23 | 1960-07-20 | Shallwin Novelties Ltd | Improvements in or relating to articles of jewellery and of personal adornment |
| US3261072A (en) * | 1963-12-04 | 1966-07-19 | Stanley Joseph | Jewel setting |
| FR1505450A (en) * | 1966-10-04 | 1967-12-15 | Process for the serial setting of precious stones, device for carrying out this process and resulting products | |
| JPS4725664U (en) * | 1971-04-15 | 1972-11-22 | ||
| JPS50123589U (en) * | 1974-03-26 | 1975-10-09 | ||
| JPS50125884U (en) * | 1974-03-29 | 1975-10-15 | ||
| JPS5589313U (en) * | 1978-12-14 | 1980-06-20 |
-
1980
- 1980-02-25 FR FR8004057A patent/FR2476459A1/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-02-17 DE DE8181400235T patent/DE3166391D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-02-17 EP EP81400235A patent/EP0034977B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-02-17 AT AT81400235T patent/ATE9644T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-02-19 ES ES499859A patent/ES8204590A1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-02-24 CA CA000371596A patent/CA1192730A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-02-25 JP JP2555781A patent/JPS56132902A/en active Granted
-
1983
- 1983-06-09 US US06/501,747 patent/US4457056A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2749597A (en) * | 1953-02-02 | 1956-06-12 | Fus Walter | Method of mounting stones in jewelry |
| FR1506317A (en) * | 1966-04-28 | 1967-12-22 | Process for setting precious stones, device for implementing this process and products resulting from the application of the process | |
| FR96389E (en) * | 1968-12-30 | 1972-06-16 | Diamants & Joaillerie Henri Fa | Process for serial setting of precious stones. |
| DE2130319A1 (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1973-01-04 | Richard Kloetzel | JEWELED BARREL MILL |
| FR2386281A1 (en) * | 1977-04-06 | 1978-11-03 | Bowy Pmba | Jewellery mfr. using ring - drills bores in ring between transverse grooves to form setting pins and seat |
| FR2411586A1 (en) * | 1977-12-13 | 1979-07-13 | Garnier Robert | Mounting for synthetic stones - consists of metal base with hooked arms fitting into slots cut into sides of stone |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3166391D1 (en) | 1984-11-08 |
| JPS56132902A (en) | 1981-10-17 |
| JPH0446561B2 (en) | 1992-07-30 |
| CA1192730A (en) | 1985-09-03 |
| FR2476459B1 (en) | 1982-10-15 |
| US4457056A (en) | 1984-07-03 |
| ES499859A0 (en) | 1982-05-16 |
| FR2476459A1 (en) | 1981-08-28 |
| EP0034977A1 (en) | 1981-09-02 |
| ES8204590A1 (en) | 1982-05-16 |
| ATE9644T1 (en) | 1984-10-15 |
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