EP0034730A1 - Transducer disk for piezo-electric transducers - Google Patents

Transducer disk for piezo-electric transducers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0034730A1
EP0034730A1 EP81100734A EP81100734A EP0034730A1 EP 0034730 A1 EP0034730 A1 EP 0034730A1 EP 81100734 A EP81100734 A EP 81100734A EP 81100734 A EP81100734 A EP 81100734A EP 0034730 A1 EP0034730 A1 EP 0034730A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
thickness
piezo
adhesive
piezoceramic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP81100734A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0034730B1 (en
Inventor
Erwin Dipl.-Ing. Martin
Konrad Dr. Walliser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to AT81100734T priority Critical patent/ATE10694T1/en
Publication of EP0034730A1 publication Critical patent/EP0034730A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0034730B1 publication Critical patent/EP0034730B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only 
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R2499/00—Aspects covered by H04R or H04S not otherwise provided for in their subgroups
    • H04R2499/10—General applications
    • H04R2499/11—Transducers incorporated or for use in hand-held devices, e.g. mobile phones, PDA's, camera's

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a transducer plate for piezoelectric transducers in telephony with a carrier plate and a piezoceramic layer connected on one side by adhesive and provided with electrodes on both sides.
  • the frequency response of the telephone converter must be within a prescribed tolerance scheme.
  • the resonance frequency of the fourth partial oscillation identified by a node circle is also placed at the upper edge of the transmission range.
  • Special resonators then have the task of dampening the resonance peaks to a predetermined level. It is known to dampen the fundamental resonance by means of absorption resonators arranged in the transducer.
  • the piezoceramic layer of the transducer plate is connected to the transducer plate by an adhesive.
  • the adhesive layer is designed as an extremely thin layer, so that the adhesive hardens quickly and has no disturbing influence on the frequency response of the transducer. It has been found that such an adhesive layer brought with it problems in terms of strength as well as problems in terms of usability in machines.
  • the layer caused by the adhesive has a thickness such that it dampens the resonance peaks, in particular the fourth partial vibration.
  • the adhesive layer is therefore more strongly developed. It is now possible to use adhesives which can be used much more easily than adhesives which are intended to achieve a practically negligible thin layer.
  • the spectrum of available adhesives has thus been expanded considerably, so that, among other things, the adhesive strength between the piezoceramic and the carrier plate has been increased considerably, even under extreme environmental conditions.
  • such an embodiment of the adhesive layer forms an extremely expedient solution, since this vibration affects others damping agents can largely be dispensed with if the thickness of the adhesive layer is matched precisely to this.
  • the layer has a thickness which is approximately 20 ... 50%, in particular 35% of the thickness of the piezoceramic layer with a diameter of 200 ... 350 ⁇ m and approximately 10 ... 30%, in particular 25% of the thickness of the Carrier plate having a diameter of 40 ... 45 mm.
  • the adhesive layer is applied on one side over the entire surface of the carrier plate.
  • the piezoceramic layer covers only part of the carrier plate. With such a solution, piezoceramic material can also be saved.
  • the converter plate shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 consists of a carrier plate 1 made of an aluminum alloy.
  • An adhesive layer 2, which consists of a copolymer or the like, is applied to the entire surface of one side of the carrier plate.
  • the piezoceramic 3 connects to this layer, each with on both sides an electrically conductive, electrodes 4, 5 forming layer covering the piezoceramic is coated.
  • the contact is made by means of wires or ribbons, the ribbon 6 being shown in FIG. 2, which is held clamped between the piezoceramic 3 and the adhesive layer 2.

Abstract

A transducer plate for piezo-electrical transducers has a piezo-electrical layer or member applied thereon. Unwanted oscillations, in particular the fourth partial oscillation, are attenuated by providing a thickness of the adhesive layer chosen for attenuation properties, and which is thicker than prior art adhesive layers.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Wandlerplatte für piezoelektrische Wandler der Fernsprechtechnik mit einer Trägerplatte und einer durch Klebemittel verbundenen einseitig darauf aufgebrachten beidseitig mit Elektroden versehenen piezokeramischen Schicht.The invention relates to a transducer plate for piezoelectric transducers in telephony with a carrier plate and a piezoceramic layer connected on one side by adhesive and provided with electrodes on both sides.

Innerhalb des Fernsprechübertragungsbereichs von ca. 200 bis 4000 Hz muß der Frequenzgang des Fernsprechwandlers in einem vorgeschriebenen Toleranzschema liegen. Um dieser Bedingung zu genügen, ist es bekannt, die Grundresonanz der Biegeschwingung innerhalb des Fernsprechübertragungsbereiches zu legen, wodurch die Empfindlichkeit des Wandlers auf das notwendige Maß erhöht wird. Zur Verbreiterung des Übertragungsbereiches sowie zur Anhebung der Empfindlichkeit legt man weiterhin die Resonanzfrequenz der durch einen Knotenkreis gekennzeichneten vierten Teilschwingung an den oberen Rand des Übertragungsbereiches. Spezielle Resonatoren haben dann die Aufgabe, die Resonanzüberhöhungen auf ein vorgegebenes Maß abzudämpfen. So ist es bekannt, die Grundresonanz durch im Wandler angeordnete Absorptionsresonatoren zu dämpfen. Zur Dämpfung der vierten Teilschwingung eignen sich diese Resonatoren jedoch nicht, da die dazu erforderlichen kleinen Durchbrüche z.B. im Wandlerboden nur schwer herstellbar bzw. dann leicht verschmutzen können, so daß ein Betrieb mit gleichbleibendem Frequenzgang nicht gewährleistet werden kann. Aus diesem Grund hat man die Wandlerplatte in speziellen Lagerkörpern (DE-PS 1 961 217) gelagert. Weiterhin hat man die piezokeramische Schicht so bemessen, daß der Knotenkreis der vierten Teilschwingung sich innerhalb der Piezoschicht ausbildet.Within the telephone transmission range of approx. 200 to 4000 Hz, the frequency response of the telephone converter must be within a prescribed tolerance scheme. In order to meet this condition, it is known to place the fundamental resonance of the bending vibration within the telephone transmission range, whereby the sensitivity of the transducer is increased to the necessary extent. In order to broaden the transmission range and to increase the sensitivity, the resonance frequency of the fourth partial oscillation identified by a node circle is also placed at the upper edge of the transmission range. Special resonators then have the task of dampening the resonance peaks to a predetermined level. It is known to dampen the fundamental resonance by means of absorption resonators arranged in the transducer. However, these resonators are not suitable for damping the fourth partial oscillation, since the small breakthroughs required for this purpose, for example in the transducer bottom, are difficult to produce or can easily become dirty, so that operation with a constant frequency response cannot be guaranteed. For this reason, the converter plate has been stored in special bearing bodies (DE-PS 1 961 217). Furthermore, the piezoceramic layer has been dimensioned such that the node circle of the fourth partial oscillation forms within the piezo layer.

Wie eingangs bereits erwähnt, ist die piezokeramische Schicht der Wandlerplatte mit der Wandlerplatte durch eine Klebung miteinander verbunden. Die Klebeschicht ist als äußerst dünne Schicht ausgebildet, so daß der Kleber schnell aushärtet und keinen störenden Einiluß auf den Frequenzgang des Wandlers nahm. Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß eine derartige Klebeschicht Probleme hinsichtlich der Festigkeit sowie Probleme hinsichtlich der Einsetzbarkeit in Automaten mit sich brachte.As already mentioned at the beginning, the piezoceramic layer of the transducer plate is connected to the transducer plate by an adhesive. The adhesive layer is designed as an extremely thin layer, so that the adhesive hardens quickly and has no disturbing influence on the frequency response of the transducer. It has been found that such an adhesive layer brought with it problems in terms of strength as well as problems in terms of usability in machines.

Es ist Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Dämpfung insbesondere der vierten Teilschwingung aufzuzeigen, durch die gleichzeitig die Nachteile der bisher verwendeten Klebeschicht vermieden werden.It is the object of the invention to show a further possibility for damping, in particular the fourth partial vibration, by means of which the disadvantages of the adhesive layer previously used are avoided.

Diese Aufgabe wird gemäß.der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, daß die durch das Klebemittel hervorgerufene-Schicht eine derartige Stärke aufweist, daß sie die Resonanzüberhöhungen insbesondere der vierten Teilschwingung dämpfend beeinflußt.This object is achieved in accordance with the invention in that the layer caused by the adhesive has a thickness such that it dampens the resonance peaks, in particular the fourth partial vibration.

Die Klebeschicht wird demnach im Gegensatz zu der bisherigen Ausbildung stärker ausgebildet. Damit können nunmehr Klebemittel Verwendung finden, die wesentlich unproblematischer einsetzbar sind als Klebemittel, durch die eine praktisch vernachlässigbar dünne Schicht erzielt werden soll. Das Spektrum der verfügbaren Klebemittel ist damit um ein Erhebliches erweitert worden, so daß unter anderem die Haftfestigkeit zwischen Piezokeramik und Trägerplatte selbst unter extremen Umweltbedingungen erheblich vergrößert werden konnte. Zur Dämpfung der vierten Teilschwingung bildet eine derartige Ausbildung der Klebeschicht eine äußerst zweckmäßige Lösung, da auf weitere diese Schwingung dämpfende Mittel weitgehend verzichtet werden kann, wenn man die Stärke der Klebeschicht exakt daraufhin abstimmt.In contrast to the previous training, the adhesive layer is therefore more strongly developed. It is now possible to use adhesives which can be used much more easily than adhesives which are intended to achieve a practically negligible thin layer. The spectrum of available adhesives has thus been expanded considerably, so that, among other things, the adhesive strength between the piezoceramic and the carrier plate has been increased considerably, even under extreme environmental conditions. In order to dampen the fourth partial vibration, such an embodiment of the adhesive layer forms an extremely expedient solution, since this vibration affects others damping agents can largely be dispensed with if the thickness of the adhesive layer is matched precisely to this.

Es hat sich als besonders zweckmäßig erwiesen; wenn die Schicht eine Stärke aufweist, die in etwa 20...50%, insbesondere 35% der Stärke der einen Durchmesser von 200...350 µm betragenden piezokeramischen Schicht und etwa 10...30%, insbesondere 25% der Stärke der einen Durchmesser von 40...45 mm aufweisende Trägerplatte beträgt.It has proven particularly useful; if the layer has a thickness which is approximately 20 ... 50%, in particular 35% of the thickness of the piezoceramic layer with a diameter of 200 ... 350 µm and approximately 10 ... 30%, in particular 25% of the thickness of the Carrier plate having a diameter of 40 ... 45 mm.

Es kann vorteilhaft sein, wenn die Klebeschicht einseitig über der gesamten Oberfläche der Trägerplatte aufgebracht ist.It can be advantageous if the adhesive layer is applied on one side over the entire surface of the carrier plate.

Es kann weiterhin zweckmäßig sein, wenn die piezokeramische Schicht lediglich einen Teil der Trägerplatte bedeckt. Mit einer derartigen Lösung kann darüberhinaus piezokeramisches Material eingespart werden.It can also be expedient if the piezoceramic layer covers only part of the carrier plate. With such a solution, piezoceramic material can also be saved.

Im folgenden sei die Erfindung anhand von zwei Figuren näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to two figures.

Es zeigen

  • Fig. 1 eine Wandlerplatte im Schnitt und
  • Fig. 2 die Wandlerplatte nach Fig. 1 in Draufsicht.
Show it
  • Fig. 1 is a converter plate in section and
  • Fig. 2, the converter plate of FIG. 1 in plan view.

Die in Figur 1 und 2 gezeigte Wandlerplatte besteht aus einer Trägerplatte 1 aus einer Aluminium-Legierung. Auf einer Seite der Trägerplatte ist ganzflächig eine Klebeschicht 2 aufgebracht, die aus einem Copolymer oder dergleichen besteht. An diese Schicht schließt sich die Piezokeramik 3 an, die beidseitig mit je einer die Piezokeramik überdeckende elektrisch leitfähigen, Elektroden 4, 5 bildenden Schicht überzogen ist. Die Kontaktierung erfolgt über Drähtchen oder Bändchen, wobei in Fig. 2 das Bändchen 6 dargestellt ist, das zwischen Piezokeramik 3 und Klebeschicht 2 geklemmt gehalten ist.The converter plate shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 consists of a carrier plate 1 made of an aluminum alloy. An adhesive layer 2, which consists of a copolymer or the like, is applied to the entire surface of one side of the carrier plate. The piezoceramic 3 connects to this layer, each with on both sides an electrically conductive, electrodes 4, 5 forming layer covering the piezoceramic is coated. The contact is made by means of wires or ribbons, the ribbon 6 being shown in FIG. 2, which is held clamped between the piezoceramic 3 and the adhesive layer 2.

Claims (4)

1. Wandlerplatte für piezoelektrische Wandler der Fernsprechtechnik mit einer Trägerplatte und einer durch Klebemittel verbundenen einseitig darauf aufgebrachten beidseitig mit Elektroden versehenen piezokeramischen Schicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet , daß die durch das Klebemittel hervorgerufene Schicht (2) eine derartige Stärke aufweist, daß sie die Resonanzüberhöhungen insbesondere der vierten Teilschwingung dämpfend beeinflußt.1. transducer plate for piezoelectric transducers of telephony with a carrier plate and a piezoceramic layer connected on one side by adhesive connected to it, provided with electrodes, characterized in that the layer caused by the adhesive (2) has such a thickness that it increases the resonance peaks, in particular fourth partial vibration is dampened. 2. Wandlerplatte nach Anspruch.1, dadurch gekennzeichnet , daß die Schicht (2) eine Stärke aufweist, die in etwa 20...50%, insbesondere 35% der Stärke der einen Durchmesser von 200...350 µm betragenden piezokeramischen Schicht und etwa 10...30%, insbesondere 25% der Stärke der einen Durchmesser von 40...45 mm aufweisenden Trägerplatte beträgt.2. A converter plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the layer (2) has a thickness which is approximately 20 ... 50%, in particular 35% of the thickness of the piezoceramic layer and a diameter of 200 ... 350 µm about 10 ... 30%, in particular 25% of the thickness of the carrier plate having a diameter of 40 ... 45 mm. 3. Wandlerplatte nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet , daß die Klebeschicht einseitig über der gesamten Oberfläche der Trägerplatte aufgebracht ist.3. converter plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesive layer is applied on one side over the entire surface of the carrier plate. 4. Wandlerplatte nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet , daß die piezokeramische Schicht lediglich einen Teil der Trägerplatte bedeckt.4. converter plate according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the piezoceramic layer covers only part of the carrier plate.
EP81100734A 1980-02-15 1981-02-02 Transducer disk for piezo-electric transducers Expired EP0034730B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81100734T ATE10694T1 (en) 1980-02-15 1981-02-02 TRANSDUCER PLATE FOR PIEZOELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3005708A DE3005708C2 (en) 1980-02-15 1980-02-15 Transducer plate for piezoelectric transducers
DE3005708 1980-02-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0034730A1 true EP0034730A1 (en) 1981-09-02
EP0034730B1 EP0034730B1 (en) 1984-12-05

Family

ID=6094723

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP81100734A Expired EP0034730B1 (en) 1980-02-15 1981-02-02 Transducer disk for piezo-electric transducers

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4368401A (en)
EP (1) EP0034730B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS60839B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE10694T1 (en)
AU (1) AU548536B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8100889A (en)
DE (1) DE3005708C2 (en)
FI (1) FI810453L (en)
ZA (1) ZA81972B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0104457A2 (en) * 1982-08-30 1984-04-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Piezoelectric transducer
GB2272056A (en) * 1992-11-03 1994-05-04 Marconi Gec Ltd Solid-state resonator device

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JPS57113697A (en) * 1981-01-05 1982-07-15 Murata Mfg Co Ltd Piezoelectric type speaker
US4805157A (en) * 1983-12-02 1989-02-14 Raytheon Company Multi-layered polymer hydrophone array
DE3518819A1 (en) * 1985-05-24 1986-11-27 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Electro-acoustic transducer
EP0209053A3 (en) * 1985-07-18 1987-09-02 Wolfgang Prof. Dr. Eisenmenger Method and apparatus for the non-contacting disintegration of concretions in a living body
DE3702378A1 (en) * 1987-01-27 1988-08-04 Siemens Ag PIEZOELECTRIC CONVERTER FOR HEALTHY HEARTS
DE3736896A1 (en) * 1987-10-30 1989-05-11 Siemens Ag Electroacoustic transducer
DE8805953U1 (en) * 1988-05-05 1988-07-07 Hoentzsch Gmbh, 7050 Waiblingen, De
JPH05111097A (en) * 1991-10-15 1993-04-30 Murata Mfg Co Ltd Piezoelectric sound generating body
US5828768A (en) * 1994-05-11 1998-10-27 Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc. Multimedia personal computer with active noise reduction and piezo speakers
US5638456A (en) * 1994-07-06 1997-06-10 Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc. Piezo speaker and installation method for laptop personal computer and other multimedia applications
KR19990037725A (en) 1995-09-02 1999-05-25 헨리 에이지마 Display means combined with loudspeakers
US5901231A (en) 1995-09-25 1999-05-04 Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc. Piezo speaker for improved passenger cabin audio systems
US5873154A (en) * 1996-10-17 1999-02-23 Nokia Mobile Phones Limited Method for fabricating a resonator having an acoustic mirror
US6181797B1 (en) 1999-01-09 2001-01-30 Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc. Piezo speaker for improved passenger cabin audio systems
US6603241B1 (en) * 2000-05-23 2003-08-05 Agere Systems, Inc. Acoustic mirror materials for acoustic devices
JP2004015767A (en) * 2002-06-12 2004-01-15 Murata Mfg Co Ltd Piezoelectric sounding body and piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer using piezoelectric sounding body
US20060013417A1 (en) * 2004-07-16 2006-01-19 Intier Automotive Inc. Acoustical panel assembly

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DE1948932A1 (en) * 1968-09-30 1970-04-09 Philips Nv Converter for converting acoustic vibrations into electrical vibrations and vice versa in the form of a vibrating plate with at least one layer of piezoelectric material
US3728562A (en) * 1971-10-18 1973-04-17 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electroacoustic transducer having transducing element supporting means
DE2318027A1 (en) * 1972-04-10 1973-11-08 Motorola Inc ACOUSTIC CONVERTER WITH A PIEZOELECTRIC DRIVER
US3846650A (en) * 1970-10-08 1974-11-05 Dynamics Corp Massa Div Electroacoustic transducer of the vibratile diaphragm type with controlled uniformity of performance characteristics and method for controlling uniformity
US4047060A (en) * 1971-09-07 1977-09-06 Motorola, Inc. Acoustic transducer with elastomeric coupling
EP0007036A1 (en) * 1978-07-17 1980-01-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electroacoustic transducer

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BE759888A (en) * 1969-12-05 1971-06-04 Siemens Ag ELECTRO-ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER, ESPECIALLY MICROPHONE FOR TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
US3708702A (en) * 1970-12-02 1973-01-02 Siemens Ag Electroacoustic transducer
US3733590A (en) * 1971-04-15 1973-05-15 A Kaufman Optimum electrode configuration ceramic memories with ceramic motor element and mechanical damping
US3863250A (en) * 1973-01-30 1975-01-28 Jr Arthur Mccluskey Glass breakage detector
US4310730A (en) * 1979-07-25 1982-01-12 Aaroe Kenneth T Shielded piezoelectric acoustic pickup for mounting on musical instrument sounding boards

Patent Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1948932A1 (en) * 1968-09-30 1970-04-09 Philips Nv Converter for converting acoustic vibrations into electrical vibrations and vice versa in the form of a vibrating plate with at least one layer of piezoelectric material
US3846650A (en) * 1970-10-08 1974-11-05 Dynamics Corp Massa Div Electroacoustic transducer of the vibratile diaphragm type with controlled uniformity of performance characteristics and method for controlling uniformity
US4047060A (en) * 1971-09-07 1977-09-06 Motorola, Inc. Acoustic transducer with elastomeric coupling
US3728562A (en) * 1971-10-18 1973-04-17 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electroacoustic transducer having transducing element supporting means
DE2318027A1 (en) * 1972-04-10 1973-11-08 Motorola Inc ACOUSTIC CONVERTER WITH A PIEZOELECTRIC DRIVER
FR2179883A1 (en) * 1972-04-10 1973-11-23 Motorola Inc
EP0007036A1 (en) * 1978-07-17 1980-01-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electroacoustic transducer

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0104457A2 (en) * 1982-08-30 1984-04-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Piezoelectric transducer
EP0104457A3 (en) * 1982-08-30 1986-01-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Piezoelectric transducer
GB2272056A (en) * 1992-11-03 1994-05-04 Marconi Gec Ltd Solid-state resonator device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS60839B2 (en) 1985-01-10
FI810453L (en) 1981-08-16
US4368401A (en) 1983-01-11
JPS56131300A (en) 1981-10-14
AU6727181A (en) 1981-08-20
DE3005708C2 (en) 1984-08-30
ZA81972B (en) 1982-03-31
DE3005708A1 (en) 1981-08-20
BR8100889A (en) 1981-08-25
ATE10694T1 (en) 1984-12-15
AU548536B2 (en) 1985-12-19
EP0034730B1 (en) 1984-12-05

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