EP0033817A1 - Electromagnetic relay with two synchronized armatures - Google Patents

Electromagnetic relay with two synchronized armatures Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0033817A1
EP0033817A1 EP80401791A EP80401791A EP0033817A1 EP 0033817 A1 EP0033817 A1 EP 0033817A1 EP 80401791 A EP80401791 A EP 80401791A EP 80401791 A EP80401791 A EP 80401791A EP 0033817 A1 EP0033817 A1 EP 0033817A1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
armatures
branch
coil
magnetic
relay
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EP80401791A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0033817B1 (en
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Raymond Bernier
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Priority to AT80401791T priority Critical patent/ATE2810T1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
    • H01H50/18—Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature
    • H01H50/24—Parts rotatable or rockable outside coil
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/02—Bases; Casings; Covers
    • H01H50/04—Mounting complete relay or separate parts of relay on a base or inside a case
    • H01H50/041—Details concerning assembly of relays
    • H01H50/043—Details particular to miniaturised relays

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electromagnetic relay with two armatures, of the type comprising a coil provided with an axial core forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke parallel to the coil and with these two armatures each cooperating with one end of the core for actuating movable contacts. separate.
  • the present invention aims to achieve a relay in which the synchronization of the movement of the armatures presents no risk of defect.
  • the electromagnetic relay comprises, in a housing, a coil provided with an axial core forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke parallel to the coil and with two movable magnetic armatures each cooperating with one end of the core, each of these armatures actuating at least one movable contact cooperating with at least one fixed contact. It is characterized in that each armature is produced substantially along an L, a first branch of which is constituted by a magnetic pallet transverse to the coil, and the second branch of which extends along the cylinder head, and in that means for cooperation are provided at the respective ends of the two second branches, lest any movement of one armature be communicated to the other.
  • each frame has, at the end of its second branch, fingers meshing in fingers complementary to the second branch of the other frame.
  • the aforementioned meshing has a predetermined clearance allowing the movement of the frames.
  • the frames are joined by the free ends of their second branches to form a single part, this part being produced, at least in the junction zone, by a flexible material.
  • the material must be flexible enough to stretch slightly during the rotary movement of the two frames, as well as to flex under the effect of the combined rocking movements of these frames.
  • the frames include a plastic part overmolded on two magnetic pallets.
  • This embodiment makes it possible to obtain a sharp angle which precisely defines the axis of rotation without depending on a bending radius of curvature.
  • the relay comprises, in a plastic casing 1, a coil 2 provided with an axial core 3 forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke 4 external to the coil 2.
  • the core 3 opens at each end of the coil by pole shoes 5 intended to cooperate with armatures 6 arranged symmetrically.
  • These frames are L-shaped and have a first branch constituted by a magnetic pallet 7, transverse to the coil and overmolded in a second branch 8 of non-magnetic material extending along the yoke.
  • the mounting of the frames allows them to oscillate around a point 9 located in the hollow of the L and at the end of the cylinder head 4.
  • the second branch 8 of the frame comprises, on its outer part, bosses 11 for cooperating with two movable contacts 12 each consisting of a flexible blade 13 carrying at its end a contact piece 14.
  • the relay therefore comprises two pairs of movable contacts 12 each cooperating with a pair of fixed contacts 15.
  • These fixed contacts like the fixed supports 16 of the flexible blades 13, are formed by folds of conductive bars, such as 17 embedded in the within the walls of the housing 1 (Fig. 2) and extending to the part bottom of the relay to form connections 18 which also include the connections of the coil 2.
  • Each frame 6 comprises, at the end of its second branch 8, two fingers 19a, 19b substantially extending this second branch and located at different levels.
  • the finger 19a is located at an upper level and the finger 19b at a lower level.
  • the two armatures 6 being identical and arranged head to tail in the relay, the finger 19a of one will be opposite the finger 19b of the other, and vice versa.
  • the projecting lower part of the fingers is housed in a cavity 21 formed in the cylinder head 4.
  • the invention thus makes it possible to have four reversing contacts with synchronized operation.
  • the frames 106 are joined by the ends of their second branches 108 so as to form a single piece. More specifically, these are the plastic parts of the frames which are thus joined together, the overmolded pallets 107 remaining distinct.
  • the second branches 108 are thinned towards the junction point 109 which is in the form of a very thin plastic veil, presenting practically no resistance to bending.
  • the plastic used can stretch slightly where it is thinner to provide the equivalent of longitudinal play.
  • the object of the invention is achieved, namely to obtain an almost perfect synchronism 1 of the movement of the reinforcements.
  • each pallet 7 can carry movable contacts 5 arranged parallel to the plate 7.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Relay Circuits (AREA)
  • Control Of Multiple Motors (AREA)

Abstract

Relais électromagnétique comprenant, dans un boîtier (1), une bobine (2) munie d'un noyau axial (3) formant un circuit magnétique avec une culasse (4) et deux armatures (6). Les deux armatures sont en L. Une première branche est constituée par une palette magnétique (7). Une seconde branche (8) sert à actionner des contacts mobiles (12). Les extrémités des secondes branches (8) coopèrent entre elles par des doigts (19a, 19b) pour assurer un fonctionnement synchrone des armatures. Application aux relais électriques à deux armatures à fonctionnement synchrone.Electromagnetic relay comprising, in a housing (1), a coil (2) provided with an axial core (3) forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke (4) and two armatures (6). The two frames are L-shaped. A first branch is constituted by a magnetic pallet (7). A second branch (8) is used to actuate movable contacts (12). The ends of the second branches (8) cooperate with one another by fingers (19a, 19b) to ensure synchronous operation of the armatures. Application to electrical relays with two armatures with synchronous operation.

Description

La présente invention concerne un relais électromagnétique à deux armatures, du genre comprenant une bobine munie d'un noyau axial formant un circuit magnétique avec une culasse parallèle à la bobine et avec ces deux armatures coopérant chacune avec une extrémité du noyau pour actionner des contacts mobiles distincts.The present invention relates to an electromagnetic relay with two armatures, of the type comprising a coil provided with an axial core forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke parallel to the coil and with these two armatures each cooperating with one end of the core for actuating movable contacts. separate.

Les relais connus de ce genre ont pour but d'actionner simultanément deux contacts au moyen d'une commande unique de la bobine. Dans la pratique, toutefois, cette simultanéité risque d'être affectée par toute dissymétrie constructive du relais, d'ordre mécanique, électrique ou magnétique, surtout si la bobine a une forme allongée et si la tension d'excitation de la bobine s'établit progressivement.The purpose of known relays of this kind is to actuate two contacts simultaneously by means of a single control of the coil. In practice, however, this simultaneity risks being affected by any constructive asymmetry of the relay, of a mechanical, electrical or magnetic nature, especially if the coil has an elongated shape and if the excitation voltage of the coil is established. gradually.

On a tenté d'améliorer la synchronisation du mouvement des armatures en disposant un système de biellettes articulées entre les dites armatures, mais un tel système est onéreux et peu fiable.Attempts have been made to improve the synchronization of the movement of the reinforcements by providing a system of articulated links between the said reinforcements, but such a system is expensive and unreliable.

La présente invention vise à réaliser un relais dans lequel la synchronisation du mouvement des armatures ne présente aucun risque de défaut.The present invention aims to achieve a relay in which the synchronization of the movement of the armatures presents no risk of defect.

Suivant l'invention, le relais électromagnétique comprend, dans un boîtier, une bobine munie d'un noyau axial formant un circuit magnétique avec une culasse parallèle à la bobine et avec deux armatures magnétiques mobiles coopérant chacune avec une extrémité du noyau, chacune de ces armatures actionnant au moins un contact mobile coopérant avec au moins un contact fixe. Il est caractérisé en ce que chaque armature est réalisée sensiblement suivant un L dont une première branche est constituée par une palette magnétique transversale à la bobine, et dont la seconde branche s'étend le long de la culasse, et en ce que des moyens de coopération sont prévus aux extrémités respectives des deux secondes branches,peur que tout mouvement d'une armature soit communiqué à l'autre.According to the invention, the electromagnetic relay comprises, in a housing, a coil provided with an axial core forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke parallel to the coil and with two movable magnetic armatures each cooperating with one end of the core, each of these armatures actuating at least one movable contact cooperating with at least one fixed contact. It is characterized in that each armature is produced substantially along an L, a first branch of which is constituted by a magnetic pallet transverse to the coil, and the second branch of which extends along the cylinder head, and in that means for cooperation are provided at the respective ends of the two second branches, lest any movement of one armature be communicated to the other.

Grâce à cette liaison mécanique entre les armatures, des que l'une d'elles commence à se déplacer sous l'effet de sa force d'attraction magnétique ou de rappel, elle transmet à l'autre une partie de cette force qui s'ajoute à la force propre agissant sur cette dernière. On réalise donc ainsi une simultanéité quasi parfaite d'actionnement des contacts.Thanks to this mechanical connection between the reinforcements, as soon as one of them begins to move under the effect of its magnetic attraction or return force, it transmits to the other part of this force which s adds to the own force acting on it. An almost perfect simultaneous actuation of the contacts is therefore thus achieved.

Suivant une première variante de réalisation de l'invention, chaque armature présente, à l'extrémité de sa seconde branche, des doigts s'engrenant dans des doigts complémentaires de la seconde branche de l'autre armature.According to a first alternative embodiment of the invention, each frame has, at the end of its second branch, fingers meshing in fingers complementary to the second branch of the other frame.

Ces doigts réalisent, par leur engrènement, un excellent moyen de coopération mécanique entre les armatures.These fingers achieve, by their engagement, an excellent means of mechanical cooperation between the reinforcements.

De préférence, l'engrènement précité présente un jeu prédéterminé permettant le débattement des armatures.Preferably, the aforementioned meshing has a predetermined clearance allowing the movement of the frames.

Suivant une seconde variante de réalisation de l'invention, les armatures sont réunies par les extrémités libres de leurs secondes branches pour former une pièce unique, cette pièce étant réalisée, au moins dans la zone de jonction, par un matériau souple.According to a second alternative embodiment of the invention, the frames are joined by the free ends of their second branches to form a single part, this part being produced, at least in the junction zone, by a flexible material.

Le matériau doit être suffisamment souple pour s'étirer légèrement au cours du mouvement rotatif des deux armatures, aussi bien que pour fléchir sous l'effet des mouvements basculants conjugués de ces armatures.The material must be flexible enough to stretch slightly during the rotary movement of the two frames, as well as to flex under the effect of the combined rocking movements of these frames.

Suivant une réalisation préférée de l'invention, les armatures comprennent une partie en matière plastique surmoulée sur deux palettes magnétiques.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the frames include a plastic part overmolded on two magnetic pallets.

Cette réalisation permet d'obtenir un angle vif qui définit avec précision l'axe de rotation sans dépendre d'un rayon de courbure de cambrage.This embodiment makes it possible to obtain a sharp angle which precisely defines the axis of rotation without depending on a bending radius of curvature.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention ressortiront encore de la description détaillée qui va suivre.Other features and advantages of the invention will emerge from the detailed description which follows.

Aux dessins annexés, donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs :

  • La Figure 1 est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un relais conforme à l'invention, suivant I-I de la Fig.2, dans une première variante de réalisation,
  • La Figure 2 est une vue en coupe transversale suivant II-II de la Figure 1,
  • La Figure 3 est une vue en perspective d'une armature du relais des Figures 1 et 2,
  • La Figure 4 est une vue latérale des armatures dans une seconde variante de réalisation.
In the appended drawings, given by way of nonlimiting examples:
  • FIG. 1 is a view in longitudinal section of a relay according to the invention, along II of FIG. 2, in a first alternative embodiment,
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view along II-II of Figure 1,
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an armature of the relay in FIGS. 1 and 2,
  • Figure 4 is a side view of the frames in a second alternative embodiment.

En référence aux Figures 1 à 3, le relais conforme à l'invention comprend, dans un boîtier 1 en matière plastique, une bobine 2 munie d'un noyau axial 3 formant un circuit magnétique avec une culasse 4 extérieure à la bobine 2. Le noyau 3 débouche à chaque extrémité de la bobine par des épanouissements polaires 5 destinés à coopérer avec des armatures 6 disposées symétriquement. Ces armatures sont en L et présentent une première branche constituée par une palette magnétique 7, transversale à la bobine et surmoulée dans une seconde branche 8 en matériau non magnétique s'étendant le long de la culasse.Referring to Figures 1 to 3, the relay according to the invention comprises, in a plastic casing 1, a coil 2 provided with an axial core 3 forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke 4 external to the coil 2. The core 3 opens at each end of the coil by pole shoes 5 intended to cooperate with armatures 6 arranged symmetrically. These frames are L-shaped and have a first branch constituted by a magnetic pallet 7, transverse to the coil and overmolded in a second branch 8 of non-magnetic material extending along the yoke.

Le montage des armatures leur permet d'osciller autour d'un point 9 situé au creux du L et à l'extrémité de la culasse 4.The mounting of the frames allows them to oscillate around a point 9 located in the hollow of the L and at the end of the cylinder head 4.

La seconde branche 8 de l'armature comporte, sur sa partie extérieure,des bossages 11 pour coopérer avec deux contacts mobiles 12 constitués chacun d'une lame souple 13 portant à son extrémité une pièce de contact 14.The second branch 8 of the frame comprises, on its outer part, bosses 11 for cooperating with two movable contacts 12 each consisting of a flexible blade 13 carrying at its end a contact piece 14.

Le relais comporte donc deux paires de contacts mobiles 12 coopérant chacun avec une paire de contacts fixes 15. Ces contacts fixes, de même que les supports fixes 16 des lames souples 13, sont constitués par des replis de barres conductrices, telles que 17 noyées au sein des parois du boîtier 1 (Fig.2) et sortant à la partie inférieure du relais pour constituer des connexions 18 qui comprennent également les connexions de la bobine 2.The relay therefore comprises two pairs of movable contacts 12 each cooperating with a pair of fixed contacts 15. These fixed contacts, like the fixed supports 16 of the flexible blades 13, are formed by folds of conductive bars, such as 17 embedded in the within the walls of the housing 1 (Fig. 2) and extending to the part bottom of the relay to form connections 18 which also include the connections of the coil 2.

Chaque armature 6 comporte, à l'extrémité de sa seconde branche 8, deux doigts 19a, 19b prolongeant sensiblement cette seconde branche et situés à des niveaux différents. Le doigt 19a est situé à un niveau supérieur et le doigt 19b à un niveau inférieur.Each frame 6 comprises, at the end of its second branch 8, two fingers 19a, 19b substantially extending this second branch and located at different levels. The finger 19a is located at an upper level and the finger 19b at a lower level.

Les deux armatures 6 étant identiques et disposées tête-bêche dans le relais, le doigt 19a de l'une va se trouver vis-à-vis du doigt 19b de l'autre, et inversement.The two armatures 6 being identical and arranged head to tail in the relay, the finger 19a of one will be opposite the finger 19b of the other, and vice versa.

Lorsque les armatures sont montées, la partie inférieure en saillie des doigts vient se loger dans une cavité 21 pratiquée dans la culasse 4.When the reinforcements are mounted, the projecting lower part of the fingers is housed in a cavity 21 formed in the cylinder head 4.

Les niveaux de ces doigts, par rapport à l'arma- .ture qui les porte, sont déterminés pour qu'ils puissent venir engréner les uns dans les autres avec un léger jeu transversal permettant le débattement angulaire des armatures dans le fonctionnement du relais.The levels of these fingers, relative to the armature which carries them, are determined so that they can mesh with one another with a slight transverse play allowing the angular movement of the armatures in the operation of the relay.

De même, leur longueur est déterminée, en rapport avec la longueur des secondes branches 8 des armatures, pour ménager un léger jeu longitudinal permettant également ce débattement.Likewise, their length is determined, in relation to the length of the second branches 8 of the frames, to provide a slight longitudinal clearance also allowing this movement.

En fonctionnement, lors d'une mise sous tension ou hors tension de la bobine, si une armature 6 a tendance à démarrer avant l'autre et à avoir un mouvement plus accéléré, on voit que la présence des doigts 19 provoque le freinage de l'armature dont le mouvement est trop rapide et l'accélération de l'armature dont le mouvement est trop lent de façon à synchroniser les deux mouvements. On évite ainsi des chevauchements entre les contacts Travail et Repos.In operation, when the coil is switched on or off, if one armature 6 tends to start before the other and to have a more accelerated movement, it can be seen that the presence of the fingers 19 causes the braking of the 'armature whose movement is too fast and the acceleration of the armature whose movement is too slow so as to synchronize the two movements. This avoids overlaps between the Work and Rest contacts.

L'invention permet ainsi de disposer de quatre contacts inverseurs à fonctionnement synchronisé.The invention thus makes it possible to have four reversing contacts with synchronized operation.

On va maintenant décrire; en référence à la Figure 4, une autre forme de réalisation de l'invention.We will now describe; with reference to Figure 4, another embodiment of the invention.

Dans cette réalisation, les armatures 106 sont réunies par les extrémités de leurs secondes branches 108 de manière à former un tout monobloc. Plus précisément, ce sont les parties en matière plastique des armatures qui sont ainsi réunies, les palettes 107 surmoulées demeurant distinctes.In this embodiment, the frames 106 are joined by the ends of their second branches 108 so as to form a single piece. More specifically, these are the plastic parts of the frames which are thus joined together, the overmolded pallets 107 remaining distinct.

Les secondes branches 108 vont en s'amincissant vers le point de jonction 109 qui se présente sous la forme d'un voile plastique très mince, ne présentant pratiquement aucune résistance à la flexion. En outre, la matière plastique utilisée peut s'étirer légèrement à l'endroit de moindre épaisseur pour procurer l'équivalent d'un jeu longitudinal.The second branches 108 are thinned towards the junction point 109 which is in the form of a very thin plastic veil, presenting practically no resistance to bending. In addition, the plastic used can stretch slightly where it is thinner to provide the equivalent of longitudinal play.

La fabrication de cette réalisation est plus simple, mais elle nécessite l'utilisation d'une matière plastique présentant les qualités de souplesse nécessaire.The manufacture of this embodiment is simpler, but it requires the use of a plastic material having the qualities of flexibility necessary.

Dans tous les cas, le but de l'invention est atteint, à savoir obtenir un synchronisme quasi parfait 1 du mouvement des armatures.In all cases, the object of the invention is achieved, namely to obtain an almost perfect synchronism 1 of the movement of the reinforcements.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée aux exemples décrits mais couvre encore toute variante technologique à la portée de l'homme de l'art. Ainsi, par exemple, chaque palette 7 peut porter des contacts 5 mobiles 12 disposés parallèlement à la plaquette 7.Of course, the invention is not limited to the examples described but still covers any technological variant within the reach of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, for example, each pallet 7 can carry movable contacts 5 arranged parallel to the plate 7.

Claims (5)

1. Relais électromagnétique comprenant, dans un boîtier (1), une bobine (2) munie d'un noyau axial (3) formant un circuit magnétique avec une culasse (4) parallèle à la bobine (2) et avec deux armatures magnétiques mobiles (6) coopérant chacune avec une extrémité du noyau (3), chacune de ces armatures (6) actionnant au moins un contact mobile (12) coopérant avec au moins un contact fixe (15), caractérisé en ce que chaque armature (6) est réalisée sensiblement suivant un L dont une première branche est constituée par une palette magnétique (7) transversale à la bobine et dont la seconde branche (8) s'étend le long de la culasse (4), et en ce que des moyens de coopération (19a, 19b) sont prévus aux extrémités respectives des deux secondes branches (8) pour que tout mouvement d'une armature (6) soit communiqué à l'autre.1. Electromagnetic relay comprising, in a housing (1), a coil (2) provided with an axial core (3) forming a magnetic circuit with a yoke (4) parallel to the coil (2) and with two movable magnetic plates (6) each cooperating with one end of the core (3), each of these armatures (6) actuating at least one movable contact (12) cooperating with at least one fixed contact (15), characterized in that each armature (6) is produced substantially along an L, a first branch of which is constituted by a magnetic pallet (7) transverse to the coil and the second branch (8) of which extends along the yoke (4), and in that means for cooperation (19a, 19b) are provided at the respective ends of the two second branches (8) so that any movement of one frame (6) is communicated to the other. 2. Relais conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que chaque armature (6) présente, à l'extrémité de sa seconde branche (8), des doigts (19a, 19b) s'engrenant dans des doigts complémentaires de la seconde branche (8) de l'autre armature (6).2. Relay according to claim 1, characterized in that each armature (6) has, at the end of its second branch (8), fingers (19a, 19b) meshing in complementary fingers of the second branch (8) of the other frame (6). 3. Relais conforme à la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'engrènement précité présente un jeu prédéterminé permettant le débattement des armatures (6).3. Relay according to claim 2, characterized in that the aforementioned meshing has a predetermined clearance allowing the movement of the armatures (6). 4. Relais conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les armatures (106) sont réunies par les extrémités libres de leurs secondes branches (108) pour former une pièce unique, cette pièce étant réalisée, au moins dans la zone de jonction (109), par un matériau souple.4. Relay according to claim 1, characterized in that the armatures (106) are joined by the free ends of their second branches (108) to form a single part, this part being produced, at least in the junction zone ( 109), by a flexible material. 5. Relais conforme à l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les armatures (6, 106) comprennent une partie (8,108) en matière plastique surmoulée sur deux palettes magnétiques (7,107).5. Relay according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the armatures (6, 106) comprise a part (8,108) made of plastic overmolded on two magnetic pallets (7,107).
EP80401791A 1980-02-12 1980-12-12 Electromagnetic relay with two synchronized armatures Expired EP0033817B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80401791T ATE2810T1 (en) 1980-02-12 1980-12-12 ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY WITH TWO SYNCHRONIZED ARMATURES.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8003054 1980-02-12
FR8003054A FR2475794A1 (en) 1980-02-12 1980-02-12 ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY WITH TWO SYNCHRONIZED FRAMES

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EP0033817A1 true EP0033817A1 (en) 1981-08-19
EP0033817B1 EP0033817B1 (en) 1983-03-16

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US (1) US4328476A (en)
EP (1) EP0033817B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS56118236A (en)
AT (1) ATE2810T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1145797A (en)
DE (1) DE3062374D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2475794A1 (en)

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FR2517464A1 (en) * 1981-11-27 1983-06-03 Bernier Raymond Electromagnetic relay requiring less space for contacts - has two pivoting L=shaped armatures and contact assembly above core

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2517464A1 (en) * 1981-11-27 1983-06-03 Bernier Raymond Electromagnetic relay requiring less space for contacts - has two pivoting L=shaped armatures and contact assembly above core

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1145797A (en) 1983-05-03
US4328476A (en) 1982-05-04
ATE2810T1 (en) 1983-04-15
FR2475794A1 (en) 1981-08-14
EP0033817B1 (en) 1983-03-16
JPS56118236A (en) 1981-09-17
FR2475794B1 (en) 1982-03-26
DE3062374D1 (en) 1983-04-21

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