EP0030642A2 - Plaque pour impression lithographique et procédé pour sa fabrication - Google Patents

Plaque pour impression lithographique et procédé pour sa fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0030642A2
EP0030642A2 EP80107228A EP80107228A EP0030642A2 EP 0030642 A2 EP0030642 A2 EP 0030642A2 EP 80107228 A EP80107228 A EP 80107228A EP 80107228 A EP80107228 A EP 80107228A EP 0030642 A2 EP0030642 A2 EP 0030642A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
film
printing plate
aluminum
dielectric film
conducting film
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP80107228A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0030642A3 (fr
Inventor
Ari Aviram
John Gregory Cahill
Peter Swift Hauge
Keith Samuel Pennington
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Business Machines Corp
Original Assignee
International Business Machines Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by International Business Machines Corp filed Critical International Business Machines Corp
Publication of EP0030642A2 publication Critical patent/EP0030642A2/fr
Publication of EP0030642A3 publication Critical patent/EP0030642A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
    • B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
    • B41N3/03—Chemical or electrical pretreatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41C—PROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR REPRODUCTION OF PRINTING SURFACES
    • B41C1/00—Forme preparation
    • B41C1/10—Forme preparation for lithographic printing; Master sheets for transferring a lithographic image to the forme
    • B41C1/1008—Forme preparation for lithographic printing; Master sheets for transferring a lithographic image to the forme by removal or destruction of lithographic material on the lithographic support, e.g. by laser or spark ablation; by the use of materials rendered soluble or insoluble by heat exposure, e.g. by heat produced from a light to heat transforming system; by on-the-press exposure or on-the-press development, e.g. by the fountain of photolithographic materials
    • B41C1/1033—Forme preparation for lithographic printing; Master sheets for transferring a lithographic image to the forme by removal or destruction of lithographic material on the lithographic support, e.g. by laser or spark ablation; by the use of materials rendered soluble or insoluble by heat exposure, e.g. by heat produced from a light to heat transforming system; by on-the-press exposure or on-the-press development, e.g. by the fountain of photolithographic materials by laser or spark ablation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to lithographic printing plates and, more particularly, to a printing plate having a protective dielectric film that improves the wear characteristics of the plate and that enhances the electroerosion of an adjacent conducting layer of the plate.
  • Lithographic printing plates are employed to print a particular image in ink on sheets of a recording medium, for example paper.
  • the lithographic printing process is dependent upon the immiscibility of grease and water and, more particularly, upon the tendency of one substance to retain a greasy, image-forming material and a complementary substance to retain an aqueous dampening fluid.
  • a lithographic printing plate or offset master typically includes an imaging area comprised of oleophilic or hydrophobic material and a non-image area comprised of oleophobic or hydrophilic material.
  • a greasy material is applied to the hydrophobic image area of the plate and the entire surface of the plate is then moistened with an aqueous solution.
  • the image area will tend to repel the water and the non-image area will tend to retain the water and, thus, upon a subsequent application of greasy ink, the image portion retains the ink whereas the moistened non-image area repels it.
  • the ink on the image area may then be transferred to the surface of a material on which the image is reproduced, for example paper or cloth, through an intermediary offset or blanket cylinder.
  • the printing plate may be used in the above-described printing process to print many sheets of paper or cloth before chemical or physical wear of the imaging or non-imaging area of the plate results in an unacceptable degradation in the clarity of the printed image.
  • the printing plate includes an aluminum base plate to which is anodized a layer of aluminum oxide.
  • the layer of aluminum oxide covers the entire surface of the aluminum plate and thereby provides a hydrophilic surface that is resistant to abrasion, wear and erosion.
  • a layer of photoresist is applied over the aluminum oxide and is etched by a wet chemical development process to provide a hydrophobic printing surface.
  • the lithographic printing plate of Chu has an increased resistance to wear and corrosion at its hydrophilic non-image surface, the plate is still subject to wear at its photoresist, hydrophobic printing surface. Also, the printing plate of Chu must be constructed by the relatively complicated, time-consuming and expensive process of photographic exposure and wet chemical development.
  • a relatively simple and cost-efficient electroerosion process has been developed to form image and non-image areas on printing plates from digitally coded information, thereby avoiding the time consuming photographic process of Chu.
  • a printing plate is provided with a nonconducting hydrophobic substrate, for example a polyester material sold under the trademark MYLAR that is covered, for example by an 800 angstrom film of a hydrophilic material such as aluminum.
  • An image is formed in the plate by electrically eroding a plurality of holes in the aluminum film and thereby exposing the surface of the MYLAR substrate at each hole.
  • the image that is to be printed is, of course,-formed by the pattern of the holes in the aluminum.
  • a hole is formed in the aluminum layer by moving an erosion electrode adjacent to a point on the surface of the aluminum layer and applying a voltage pulse to the electrode so that a spot on the aluminum is rapidly heated and a corresponding portion of the aluminum is evaporated or otherwise removed from the substrate. Thereafter, the erosion electrode is moved to the next printing position and the electrical erosion process is repeated.
  • a line of erosion electrodes is scanned across the aluminum surface of a printing plate and particular electrodes in the line of electrodes are energized to form holes in accordance with digitally coded image information. See for example U.S. patent 3,483,027 Reitzerfeld.
  • a disadvantage of known electroerosion printing processes is that the metallized plastic printing plates have a relatively short print lifetime. The lifetime is limited both by the relative softness and low resistance to abrasion and corrosion of aluminum, or other common lithographic metals suited to the electroerosion process, and by the small thickness of these metals that can be eroded electrically. Accordingly, typical lithographic plates having an aluminum film of less than 800 angstroms may be expected to produce a few hundred prints before physical wear of the aluminum surface causes non-printing regions of the plate to ink and to print.
  • the print life of lithographic plates may be increased somewhat by using a thicker metal film.
  • a thicker film more electrical power must be applied to the printing electrodes to form a hole that extends to the substrate.
  • the aluminum film of prior art plates has not exceeded 1000 angstroms, due both to limitations in the amount of power that may be applied by a printing electrode, and the fact that the high thermal conductivity of the metal films results in spot welding of the electrode to the substrate.
  • a further disadvantage of electroerosion systems is that the surface of the metal film of a plate is often burnished or scratched by the printing electrodes as the electrodes move over the surface of the plate.
  • the burnishing or scratching is particularly damaging if the printing electrodes are pressed against the surface of the metal with excessive force. If the metal is scratched, the normally non-printing metal surface of the plate will produce an objectionable gray or lined background for a printed image.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide such a printing plate that is resistant to burnishing or scratching and to chemical or physical wear and that has a correspondingly extended print lifetime.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a lithoaraohic printing plate that has increased durability and that is suitable for energy-efficient imaging by an electroerosion process.
  • the lithographic printing plate includes a substrate of nonconductive hydrophobic material, for example a polyester such as is sold under the trademark MYLAR and a first film of conducting hydrophilic material, for example aluminum.
  • a substrate of nonconductive hydrophobic material for example a polyester such as is sold under the trademark MYLAR
  • a first film of conducting hydrophilic material for example aluminum.
  • a second film of hydrophilic, dielectric material for example aluminum oxide (A1 2 0 3 ) is provided to protect the aluminum film from scratching or burnishing and to extend the print life of the printing plate.
  • the dielectric also enhances the erosion of spots of aluminum in response to voltage pulses.
  • the lithographic printing plate of the invention is made by depositing a layer of aluminum over the hydrophobic substrate by appropriate means, such as electron beam evaporation, sputtering or resistance evaporation.
  • the protective layer of aluminum oxide may be applied by known thin film techniques, such as electron beam evaporation, sputtering or anodizing.
  • the drawing illustrates a perspective view in partial section, not to scale, of a lithographic printing plate in accordance with the invention and associated electroerosion imaging apparatus.
  • the drawing illustrates a perspective view in partial section of a lithographic printing plate 1 in accordance with the invention and an associated electroerosion printing apparatus.
  • the printing plate has been drawn out of scale in order to facilitate an understanding of the invention.
  • the lithographic printing plate of the invention has a nonconducting, hydrophobic substrate 2 made of, for example, a polyethylene terephthalate such as is'sold under the trademark MYLAR or a polyimide such as is sold under the trademark KAPTON.
  • a first film 3 of conducting hydrophilic material made of, for example, aluminum is formed on the substrate 2 by electron beam evaporation. Electron beam evaporation techniques are well-known to the art and, therefore, it will be understood by those skilled in the art how such techniques may be employed to deposit a layer of aluminum on the substrate.
  • the aluminum film 3 is evaporated on the substrate 2 to a depth of approximately 2000 angstroms, a thickness substantially in excess of the typical thickness of 1000 angstroms or less for corresponding conductive films of prior art lithographic printing plates.
  • the aluminum film may have a thickness at least within the range of 1000 to 3000 angstroms, without departing from the invention.
  • a second film 5 of relatively hard, hydrophilic dielectric material for example aluminum oxide (A1 2 0 3 ) is disposed over the aluminum film 3.
  • the aluminum oxide film may be applied by sputtering, electron beam evaporation or anodizing techniques that are well-known to the art. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, approximately 500 angstroms of aluminum oxide is deposited over the film 3 of aluminum by electron beam evaporation. Since the aluminum oxide is a relatively hard material and, in particular, is much harder than the aluminum, the plate constructed in accordance with the invention has a substantially increased durability and toughness and is, therefore, more resistant to physical or chemical wear.
  • a printing image is formed in the lithographic printing plate 1 by moving a plurality of electrodes 7 over the plate and energizing particular electrodes to form corresponding holes 8 in the aluminum and the aluminum oxide so that the underlying surface of the polyester substrate is exposed at each hole.
  • a broad area electrode 9 is placed in conductive contact with the aluminum film 3 of the printing plate, for example by pressing the electrode 9 against an area of the printing plate at which the aluminum oxide has been removed and the aluminum has been exposed.
  • a control apparatus 11 then operates a scanning mechanism to scan the erosion electrodes 7 across the aluminum oxide surface of the printing plate and to energize particular erosion electrodes 7 with voltage pulses, for example of from 10-100 volts and 1 msec to 1 ⁇ sec duration, in accordance with a digital image pattern that is stored in the control apparatus.
  • the control apparatus is not a part of the present invention and, therefore, is not disclosed in detail.
  • electroerosion scanners are known to the art and are commercially available.
  • the control apparatus 11 When the control apparatus 11 energizes a particular erosion electrode 7 with a voltage pulse, the energy of the electrical pulse is passed to an area of the aluminum oxide film that is immediately adjacent to the electrode.
  • the voltage pulse is sufficiently large to break down the aluminum oxide and to cause a heating current I to flow from the printing electrode 7 to the broad area electrode 9, through the aluminum film.
  • the concentrated current in the area of the aluminum film adjacent to the point of application of the voltage pulse causes a hole to be evaporated in the aluminum.
  • an erosion pulse of 50 volts and 200 microseconds duration was sufficient to erode a hole extending to the MYLAR substrate in a printing plate having a 2000 angstrom film of aluminum and associated 500 angstrom film of aluminum oxide, in accordance with the invention.
  • a pulse of the same magnitude was applied to a prior art printing plate having only a MYLAR substrate and an aluminum film, only approximately 800 angstroms of aluminum was eroded.
  • the greater penetration for the printing plate of the invention is due to the.fact that the dielectric layer of aluminum oxide acts as a capacitor that initially stores energy as a voltage pulse is applied and that releases the stored energy when the dielectric film breaks down.
  • the release of the stored energy apparently adds to the heat that is normally produced by the erosion current I and, therefore, more aluminum is evaporated.
  • a capacitive breakdown scheme has been employed in the U..S. Patent to Reis, "Electrosensitive Recording", No. 3,299,433, issued January 17, 1967 i to heat a surface recording medium that changes color in response to applied heat.
  • the capacitive breakdown that is disclosed in the Reis patent is not directed to an electroerosion process wherein a hole is formed in a dielectric film and an underlying aluminum film.
  • a prior art nrinting plate having a polyester substrate, such as MYLAR and an 800 angstrom aluminum layer is subject to scratching and burnishing on the exposed aluminum film when the erosion electrodes 7 contact the plate with pressures required by the electroerosion process while scanning the plate.
  • the contact pressure of the erosion electrodes must be closely monitored in prior art electroerosion systems in order to avoid such undesirable burnishing or scratching.
  • a printing plate constructed in accordance with the invention having a 2000 angstrom aluminum film and an associated 500 angstrom aluminum oxide film, is resistant to scratching and burnishing, with only moderate attention being given to the contact pressure of the erosion electrodes.
  • the above prior art printing plate was able to print no more than 500 copies before significant image degradation occurred due to wearing of the imaging surfaces of the plate, while the above plate constructed in accordance with the invention was used to print 10,000 copies, with, apparently, no signs of wear.
  • the lithographic printing plate of the invention is less difficult to produce than prior art printing plates, since less care need be taken in the imaging process.
  • the hard layer of aluminum oxide on the printing plate provides an extended operational lifetime that is many times greater than has heretofore been achieved.
  • the dielectric film increases the energy efficiency of the erosion process and, therefore, substantially thicker layers of metal may be eroded, thereby extending the print lifetime of the printing plate even further.
  • tungsten may be used in place of aluminun and hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) or Schott glass may be used in place of the aluminum oxide.
  • An improved lithographic printing plate may also be made in accordance with the invention by depositing an aluminum film over a polyester substrate in the above-described manner and then depositing a chrome film over. the aluminum film and an aluminum oxide (A1 203 ) film or chrome oxide (Cr 2 0 3 ) film over the chrome film.
  • A1 203 aluminum oxide
  • Cr 2 0 3 chrome oxide
  • the combined chrome and aluminum films behave in much the same fashion as the aluminum film of the embodiment of the drawing.
  • the dielectric film of the invention may be used in conjunction with an aluminum layer of typical thickness, for example 800 angstroms, and the voltage and/or duration of the erosion pulses of the. erosion electrodes may then be reduced, to conserve energy in the process of making the printing plate.
  • the cited examples of erosion electrode voltage and pulse duration and of the thickness of the aluminum and aluminum oxide films are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • Other magnitudes of electrode pulses and thicknesses of conducting and dielectric film may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Manufacture Or Reproduction Of Printing Formes (AREA)
EP80107228A 1979-12-17 1980-11-20 Plaque pour impression lithographique et procédé pour sa fabrication Withdrawn EP0030642A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10396579A 1979-12-17 1979-12-17
US103965 1979-12-17

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0030642A2 true EP0030642A2 (fr) 1981-06-24
EP0030642A3 EP0030642A3 (fr) 1982-05-26

Family

ID=22297957

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80107228A Withdrawn EP0030642A3 (fr) 1979-12-17 1980-11-20 Plaque pour impression lithographique et procédé pour sa fabrication

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0030642A3 (fr)
JP (1) JPS5693590A (fr)
CA (1) CA1144418A (fr)
IT (1) IT1149864B (fr)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0088139A1 (fr) * 1982-03-09 1983-09-14 Ibm Deutschland Gmbh Plaque d'impression lithographique et procédé de production de cette plaque
EP0101266A2 (fr) * 1982-08-09 1984-02-22 Milliken Research Corporation Procédé et appareil pour l'impression
WO1984002308A1 (fr) * 1982-12-15 1984-06-21 Roneo Alcatel Ltd Ameliorations dans le domaine des materiaux electro-sensibles
EP0164461A1 (fr) * 1984-06-06 1985-12-18 Roneo Alcatel Limited Matériel électrosensible
US4614570A (en) * 1984-05-08 1986-09-30 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Single-stage electrochemical image-forming process for reproduction layers
GB2200323A (en) * 1986-12-16 1988-08-03 Tetra Pak Ab Offset printing
US4834844A (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-05-30 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Process for the selective additive correction of voids in copying layers
US4840709A (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-06-20 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Single-stage electrochemical image-forming process for reproduction layers
EP0628409A1 (fr) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-14 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Procédé pour l'enregistrement par la chaleur et procédé pour la fabrication de plaques d'impression utilisant ce procédé
EP0761471A2 (fr) * 1995-08-28 1997-03-12 Aluminum Company Of America Traitement à l'arc de surfaces métalliques
EP0825021A2 (fr) * 1996-08-20 1998-02-25 Presstek, Inc. Structures à couches minces pour l'enregistrement de l'image à base de couches métalliques-anorganiques et comportant des structures optiques d'interférence
EP0849029A1 (fr) * 1996-12-18 1998-06-24 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Utilisation de stop-off, pour souder par diffusion dans un processus de formage superplastique
WO1998050231A1 (fr) * 1997-05-05 1998-11-12 Presstek, Inc. Procede et appareil d'imagerie lithographique par transfert thermique sans ablation

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE849609C (de) * 1950-11-06 1952-09-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert Bandfoermiger Aufzeichnungstraeger fuer registrierende Messinstrumente
DE2111274A1 (de) * 1971-03-09 1972-10-12 Bosch Gmbh Robert Aufzeichnungstraeger mit einem metallischen Belag fuer Registriergeraete und Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines an Sauerstoff gebundenen Aluminiumanteils im Belag
FR2163199A5 (fr) * 1972-02-01 1973-07-20 Bosch
FR2254440A1 (fr) * 1973-12-13 1975-07-11 Vickers Ltd
US4082902A (en) * 1973-09-18 1978-04-04 Kabushiki Kaisha Ricoh Spark-recording type printing method and spark-recording material for use thereof

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5550794B2 (fr) * 1973-09-26 1980-12-19
JPS5059112A (fr) * 1973-09-26 1975-05-22
JPS518574A (en) * 1974-07-10 1976-01-23 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Insatsuhaisenbanno seizohoho

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE849609C (de) * 1950-11-06 1952-09-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert Bandfoermiger Aufzeichnungstraeger fuer registrierende Messinstrumente
DE2111274A1 (de) * 1971-03-09 1972-10-12 Bosch Gmbh Robert Aufzeichnungstraeger mit einem metallischen Belag fuer Registriergeraete und Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines an Sauerstoff gebundenen Aluminiumanteils im Belag
FR2163199A5 (fr) * 1972-02-01 1973-07-20 Bosch
US4082902A (en) * 1973-09-18 1978-04-04 Kabushiki Kaisha Ricoh Spark-recording type printing method and spark-recording material for use thereof
FR2254440A1 (fr) * 1973-12-13 1975-07-11 Vickers Ltd

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0088139A1 (fr) * 1982-03-09 1983-09-14 Ibm Deutschland Gmbh Plaque d'impression lithographique et procédé de production de cette plaque
EP0101266A2 (fr) * 1982-08-09 1984-02-22 Milliken Research Corporation Procédé et appareil pour l'impression
EP0101266A3 (fr) * 1982-08-09 1985-04-03 Milliken Research Corporation Procédé et appareil pour l'impression
WO1984002308A1 (fr) * 1982-12-15 1984-06-21 Roneo Alcatel Ltd Ameliorations dans le domaine des materiaux electro-sensibles
US4614570A (en) * 1984-05-08 1986-09-30 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Single-stage electrochemical image-forming process for reproduction layers
EP0164461A1 (fr) * 1984-06-06 1985-12-18 Roneo Alcatel Limited Matériel électrosensible
GB2200323A (en) * 1986-12-16 1988-08-03 Tetra Pak Ab Offset printing
GB2200323B (en) * 1986-12-16 1991-05-01 Tetra Pak Ab Offset printing
US4834844A (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-05-30 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Process for the selective additive correction of voids in copying layers
US4840709A (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-06-20 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Single-stage electrochemical image-forming process for reproduction layers
EP0628409A1 (fr) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-14 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Procédé pour l'enregistrement par la chaleur et procédé pour la fabrication de plaques d'impression utilisant ce procédé
EP0761471A2 (fr) * 1995-08-28 1997-03-12 Aluminum Company Of America Traitement à l'arc de surfaces métalliques
EP0761471A3 (fr) * 1995-08-28 1997-08-27 Aluminum Co Of America Traitement à l'arc de surfaces métalliques
EP0825021A2 (fr) * 1996-08-20 1998-02-25 Presstek, Inc. Structures à couches minces pour l'enregistrement de l'image à base de couches métalliques-anorganiques et comportant des structures optiques d'interférence
EP0825021A3 (fr) * 1996-08-20 1998-10-07 Presstek, Inc. Structures à couches minces pour l'enregistrement de l'image à base de couches métalliques-anorganiques et comportant des structures optiques d'interférence
US6045964A (en) * 1996-08-20 2000-04-04 Presstek, Inc. Method for lithographic printing with thin-film imaging recording constructions incorporating metallic inorganic layers
EP1099547A2 (fr) * 1996-08-20 2001-05-16 Presstek, Inc. Structures à couches minces pour l'enregistrement de l'image à base de couches métalliques inorganiques et comportant des structures optiques d'interférence
EP1099547A3 (fr) * 1996-08-20 2001-12-19 Presstek, Inc. Structures à couches minces pour l'enregistrement de l'image à base de couches métalliques inorganiques et comportant des structures optiques d'interférence
EP0849029A1 (fr) * 1996-12-18 1998-06-24 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Utilisation de stop-off, pour souder par diffusion dans un processus de formage superplastique
WO1998050231A1 (fr) * 1997-05-05 1998-11-12 Presstek, Inc. Procede et appareil d'imagerie lithographique par transfert thermique sans ablation
US6107001A (en) * 1997-05-05 2000-08-22 Presstek, Inc. Method and apparatus for non-ablative, heat-activated lithographic imaging

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1149864B (it) 1986-12-10
JPS6151558B2 (fr) 1986-11-10
IT8026395A0 (it) 1980-12-03
EP0030642A3 (fr) 1982-05-26
JPS5693590A (en) 1981-07-29
CA1144418A (fr) 1983-04-12

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Inventor name: AVIRAM, ARI