EP0025461B1 - Element for transferring traction forces and use of same as a suspension means for free conductor cables - Google Patents

Element for transferring traction forces and use of same as a suspension means for free conductor cables Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0025461B1
EP0025461B1 EP79104839A EP79104839A EP0025461B1 EP 0025461 B1 EP0025461 B1 EP 0025461B1 EP 79104839 A EP79104839 A EP 79104839A EP 79104839 A EP79104839 A EP 79104839A EP 0025461 B1 EP0025461 B1 EP 0025461B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fibres
element according
fibers
fiber bundle
clamping sleeve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP79104839A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0025461A1 (en
Inventor
Othmar Voser
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Kupferdraht-Isolierwerk AG Wildegg
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Kupferdraht-Isolierwerk AG Wildegg
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Priority to AT79104839T priority Critical patent/ATE4734T1/en
Publication of EP0025461A1 publication Critical patent/EP0025461A1/en
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Publication of EP0025461B1 publication Critical patent/EP0025461B1/en
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07BROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/16Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics
    • D07B1/162Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics characterised by a plastic or rubber enveloping sheathing
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/01Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07BROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/02Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
    • D07B1/025Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics comprising high modulus, or high tenacity, polymer filaments or fibres, e.g. liquid-crystal polymers
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07BROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B5/00Making ropes or cables from special materials or of particular form
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
    • H01B7/18Protection against damage caused by wear, mechanical force or pressure; Sheaths; Armouring
    • H01B7/182Protection against damage caused by wear, mechanical force or pressure; Sheaths; Armouring comprising synthetic filaments
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07BROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/2046Polyamides, e.g. nylons
    • D07B2205/205Aramides
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2927Rod, strand, filament or fiber including structurally defined particulate matter
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/294Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/294Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
    • Y10T428/2942Plural coatings
    • Y10T428/2947Synthetic resin or polymer in plural coatings, each of different type
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/2964Artificial fiber or filament
    • Y10T428/2967Synthetic resin or polymer
    • Y10T428/2969Polyamide, polyimide or polyester
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/2971Impregnation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2973Particular cross section
    • Y10T428/2976Longitudinally varying
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2973Particular cross section
    • Y10T428/2978Surface characteristic

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an element for transmitting tensile forces with a plurality of synthetic fibers having a smooth fiber surface of over 200 kg / mm 2 tensile strength and an elastic modulus of over 3000 kg / mm 2 and an elongation at break of less than 10%, which reduce the due to their smooth fiber surface, the risk of slipping at points of attack is impregnated with force-transmitting means transmitting the tensile forces at least in the area of these points of attack with a material connecting the fibers.
  • An element of this type is known, for example, from the information booklet "Keviar 49, Technical Information, Bulletin No. K-1, June 1974" of the Du Pont de Nemours Company, page 3, panel II and section B. It is a kind of rope, but the fibers forming the element are not stranded, but are arranged in parallel like strands and impregnated with an epoxy resin and the epoxy resin has been cured after the impregnation by heat treatment at approx. 180 ° C.
  • This known element which was only produced for experimental purposes - namely to measure the achievable tensile strength of such elements - is relatively stiff and is not suitable in this form as a "pull rope" because it breaks relatively easily at bending points.
  • the reason for this is that, like most other curable synthetic resins, epoxy resins break in the cured state even at relatively low bending stresses such as glass, and the notch effect that occurs at such break points then leads to the successive tearing of the fibers bridging the break point from the outside of the element leads to the inside.
  • the clamping sleeve would have to exert a pressure of several tons per square centimeter on the element or the fiber bundle with a length corresponding to the tenfold diameter of the fiber bundle, so that the tensile strength of the element can be fully utilized when the element is subjected to tensile loads can.
  • Such high pressures cannot be achieved with clamping sleeves, because even a sleeve made of duralumin with an extremely high wall thickness corresponding to half the inside diameter of the sleeve would already have reached its tensile strength limit at an internal pressure of five tons per square centimeter, i.e.
  • the tensile strength of an element with unimpregnated fibers is not determined by the tensile strength of the fibers, but by the maximum pressure that can be exerted on the fiber bundle by the force transmission means acting on the outside of the element and is generally far below the tensile strength of the fibers, often even only a fifth to a tenth of the same. This, however, negates the advantage of the high tensile strength that these synthetic fibers offer, because traction ropes with only one fifth or tenth of the tensile strength of these synthetic fibers can also be made from other materials, and with less technical effort and without the low coefficient of friction of the synthetic fibers caused difficulties.
  • the invention was therefore based on the object of creating an element of the type mentioned which can be used as a traction rope and which offers satisfactory solutions both to the problem of power transmission and to the problem of flexibility and thus opens up the possibility of producing a traction rope from the synthetic fibers mentioned which the tensile strength of the synthetic fibers can be fully utilized and which therefore allows the transmission of much higher tensile forces than a steel cable of the same effective cross-section.
  • this is achieved in the case of an element of the type mentioned at the outset in that the material with which the fibers are impregnated has a powder which disintegrates into a powder in the stress region when the pressure and / or bending stress exceeds the fracture limit of the material for the stress in question Material is.
  • this material completely excludes the occurrence of notch effects in places where the material breaks due to bending stresses of the element, because the material does not break like glass at such places , but especially in the pressure areas of the bend breaks into powder and thus the leverage ceases, which in the event of a break, as with glass, leads to the successive tearing of the fibers bridging the break point from the outside of the element to the inside.
  • the disintegration of the material into powder in areas of very high pressure stress is also of crucial importance for the power transmission in the end areas of the element, because as shown above using the example of a clamping sleeve as a power transmission means, an extraordinarily high pressure must be exerted on the fiber bundle in the power transmission areas are exercised so that said material disintegrates into powder in the power transmission areas. From a microscopic point of view, this powder consists of small crystals, mostly single crystals, which are dimensionally stable even at the highest pressures.
  • Said material in the present element is preferably a resin which disintegrates into powder when subjected to pressure and / or bending stress beyond its breaking limit.
  • Resins with this special property have hitherto only been found among the resins which consist entirely or at least predominantly of natural resin, but this does not exclude that a targeted development could possibly also lead to a synthetic resin which also has this special property.
  • such a disintegration into powder under the action of pressure must presuppose that a large number of subsequently growing single crystals are formed at the same time as the resin is being formed, which in turn requires the presence of crystal nuclei, while synthetic resins generally result from polymerization and thus a completely different one Have an educational smell.
  • rosin primarily has the property of disintegrating into powder under the action of pressure, to a particularly pronounced extent.
  • the material with which the synthetic fibers are impregnated consists of rosin.
  • the synthetic fibers suitably consist of plastic, preferably of an organic polymer.
  • the plastic from which the synthetic fibers are made, as described in the above information can be an aromatic polyamide, the fibers preferably having a tensile strength of at least 250 kg / mm 2 , an elastic modulus of at least 10,000 kg / mm 2 and have an elongation at break below 3%.
  • the synthetic fibers are preferably parallel to one another in a strand-like manner the arranged.
  • This has the advantage that undesirable expansion of the element is largely excluded and z. B. with horizontally tensioned elements, the resulting sag in temperature changes can be limited to a minimum.
  • this type of arrangement is also the most favorable for limit loads on the element that are close to the tensile strength limit of the synthetic fibers and, for a given diameter of the element or the fiber bundle, results in the highest effective cross-section or the highest number of fibers and thus the highest load capacity, and finally results in
  • This arrangement of the fibers in the present element in clamping elements such as clamping sleeves etc. also has the highest coefficient of static friction.
  • the relatively low elongation at break of the synthetic fibers is too low for the specific application of the element, then it is more advantageous if the synthetic fibers are stranded to increase the elasticity of the element.
  • two points at different distances from the fiber ends are expediently connected to one another by means of a clamping element in at least one of its two end regions, forming a loop, preferably around a round or thimble-shaped eyelet, and the impregnation of the fibers extends at least beyond that of away from the fiber ends.
  • the fibers of the present element are preferably impregnated with said material along their entire length.
  • the clamping members provided to form the loops at the ends of the present element expediently comprise at least one clamping sleeve, the edges of which are rounded at the exit points of the fibers.
  • the rounding of the sleeve edges at the exit points of the fibers has the advantage that the sleeve edges cannot cut into the fiber bundle. Because inside the sleeve, the cross section of the fiber bundle is somewhat smaller due to the high pressure of the sleeve on the fiber bundle than outside the sleeve, where the fiber bundle is not under pressure, and therefore the outer fibers of the fiber bundle at the point of exit of the fibers from the sleeve bent outwards around the sleeve edge.
  • the pressure of the clamping sleeve on the fiber bundle cannot be made high enough to be able to exclude with certainty that the end of the fiber bundle slips out of the clamping sleeve before the tensile strength of the fibers is reached, then the slipping out of the fiber bundle end can occur if a certain limit value is exceeded pulling force from the clamping sleeve onto the end of the fiber bundle can be reduced in that the end loop of the present element formed by means of the clamping sleeve is placed around a round eye with several turns.
  • the round eyelet can advantageously be combined with a thimble in such a way that the loop parts located between the clamping sleeve and the round eyelet are also guided through the thimble combined with the round eyelet.
  • the present element can advantageously be provided with a protective sheath, preferably made of polyurethane, for protecting against the effects of weather and other external influences.
  • a protective sheath preferably made of polyurethane, for protecting against the effects of weather and other external influences.
  • a protective sheath is of considerable advantage because in this case it additionally holds the fiber bundle together.
  • the fiber bundle is soaked over its entire length with the material in question, this material also holds it together, but at the bending points of the element, the cohesion of the fiber bundle is naturally lost due to the said material in that this material there in particular with frequent bending stress such as with a swinging rope it breaks down into powder.
  • the protective sheath then also holds the fiber bundle together at such points and, in addition, counteracts too strong bends of the element from the outset.
  • the protective sheath can also contribute to increasing the maximum tensile force that can be transmitted to the fiber bundle at a clamping point.
  • the material of the protective jacket is resistant enough to be able to withstand the forces transmitted from the crystals to the inner wall of the jacket even under the highest tensile loads on the element, which can be achieved easily by selecting the appropriate material for the protective jacket.
  • the invention further relates to a use of the present element as a support member for an overhead line cable, the element and the cable being surrounded by a common protective element connecting the element and the cable, which preferably has two mutually closed channels for the fibers of the element on the one hand and the Wires of the cable on the other hand.
  • the present element has decisive advantages over the steel cables previously used for the same purpose, because it has a higher tensile strength and less elongation than a steel cable of the same diameter, and because of the lower elongation, its sag is less than that of a steel cable and the risk of breakage at the rope suspensions due to the use of the present element both when using steel cables due to corrosion in the area of the clamping sleeves holding the end loops together and when using unimpregnated ropes from the synthetic fibers mentioned as a result of the fiber bundle ends slipping out of the clamping sleeves holding the end loops together is completely fixed.
  • synthetic fibers 3 made of aromatic polyamide, which are arranged parallel to one another in a strand-like manner, have a tensile strength of 300 kg / mm 2 , an elastic modulus of 13 400 kg / mm 2 , and an elongation at break of 2.6% and a specific weight of 1.45 g / cm 3 impregnated with rosin and surrounded by a protective jacket 4 made of polyurethane, which also encloses the wires 5 of the overhead line cable 1 and thus connects the cable 1 and the element 2 to one another.
  • a protective jacket 4 made of polyurethane
  • the protective jacket 4 forms two channels 6 and 7, which are closed off from one another, for the fibers 3 of the element 2 on the one hand and the wires 5 of the cable 1 on the other hand .
  • the part 8 of the protective jacket 4 forming the channel 6 and surrounding the synthetic fibers 3 is connected in one piece to the part 9 of the protective jacket 4 forming the channel 7 and surrounding the wires 5 by the bridge-like part 10 of the protective jacket 4.
  • this connecting bridge 10 between the element 2 and the cable 1 is cut open over a length which is at least sufficient to form loops, at the end 11 of the cut expediently a clamp or other cable and element not shown in FIG.
  • the fiber bundle consisting of the fibers 3 has 106 500 denier, which corresponds to an effective fiber cross section of 8.15 mm 2 .
  • the diameter of the fiber bundle formed by the fibers 3 is approximately 3.4 mm when the fibers are completely compressed.
  • the effective fiber cross section of 8.15 mm 2 and the tensile strength of the fibers of 300 kg / mm 2 result in a load limit or breaking limit of 2445 kg for the fiber bundle, however, multiple loads of element 2 with a tensile force of 2500 kg had neither Breakage of the element 2 or of the fiber bundle formed by the fibers 3 still results in the end 14 of the element 2 slipping out of the clamping sleeve 13.
  • the clamping sleeve 13 has a length of 75 mm and an outer diameter after the assembly press of about 8 mm and was pressed together with a force of 30 tons.
  • the part 8 of the protective jacket 4 surrounding the fibers 3 has a wall thickness of approx. 1 mm, which, however, has been reduced by at least half within the clamping sleeve 13.
  • the impregnation of the fiber bundle formed from the fibers 3 with rosin was achieved in that the fiber bundle was drawn through a bath of rosin dissolved in ether before the sheathing and then dried or cured at elevated temperature.
  • Precautions were taken to ensure that all the fibers of the fiber bundle were wetted by the rosin solution along their entire length in the bath and that excess solution of fibers was stripped off, for example by pulling the fiber bundle out of the bath through a calibration nozzle.
  • Alcohol was sometimes also used as a solvent for the rosin, but in this case the drying or hardening process takes a little longer than when using ether. It is also possible to pull the fiber bundle through a rosin melt, since the fibers can easily withstand temperatures above the rosin melting point, but in this case the uniform wetting of all fibers of the fiber bundle and also the stripping of the superfluous melt creates certain difficulties.
  • the fiber bundle slips out of the clamping sleeve as soon as the specific load on the element exceeds the specific load capacity given by the curve "natural resin impregnation" for the relevant clamping sleeve length.
  • the specific load on the element is the ratio of the tensile force acting on the loop held together by the clamping sleeve to the effective fiber cross section of the fiber bundle corresponding to the sum of the cross sections of all fibers of the fiber bundle.
  • the diagram shown in FIG. 3 applies to a pressure of the clamping sleeve on the fiber bundle of 18 kg / mm 2 which remains constant for all clamping sleeve lengths.
  • the values read from the curves increase in the ratio of the higher pressure value to 18 kg / mm 2 . If the pressure of the clamping sleeve on the fiber bundle is lower than 18 kg / mm 2 , the values that can be read from the curves decrease correspondingly in the ratio of the lower pressure value to 18 kg / mm 2 .
  • the average coefficients of friction between the clamping sleeve and the fiber bundle result from the diagram shown in FIG. 3 for 0.435 for natural resin impregnation, 0.28 for synthetic resin impregnation and 0.15 for unimpregnated fiber bundles.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Devices For Conveying Motion By Means Of Endless Flexible Members (AREA)
  • Control Of El Displays (AREA)
  • Thin Film Transistor (AREA)

Abstract

Modern synthetic fibers, e.g. made of aromatic polyamides of high tensile strength have not achieved their potential for use as heavy-duty cables because of their smooth surface which gives rise to considerable difficulties in the transfer of high tensile forces, since they slip out of the clamping sleeves, and other force-transfer means based upon static friction, before reaching their ultimate tensile strength. This problem was solved in the invention by applying to the force-transmitting region thereof an impregnating material which breaks down into powder in the area to which the stress is applied, when the compressive or flexural stress exceeds the ultimate stress limit of the impregnating material. Particularly suitable for this purpose are natural resins, more particularly colophonium.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Element zur Übertragung von Zugkräften mit einer Vielzahl von eine glatte Faseroberfläche aufweisenden Kunstfasern von über 200 kg/mm2 Zugfestigkeit und einem über 3000 kg/mm2 liegenden Elastizitätsmodul sowie einer unter 10% liegenden Bruchdehnung, welche zur Verminderung der durch ihre glatte Faseroberfläche bedingten Rutschgefahr an Angriffsstellen von die Zugkräfte übertragenden Kraftübertragungsmitteln zumindest im Bereich dieser Angriffsstellen mit einem die Fasern verbindenden Material getränkt sind.The invention relates to an element for transmitting tensile forces with a plurality of synthetic fibers having a smooth fiber surface of over 200 kg / mm 2 tensile strength and an elastic modulus of over 3000 kg / mm 2 and an elongation at break of less than 10%, which reduce the due to their smooth fiber surface, the risk of slipping at points of attack is impregnated with force-transmitting means transmitting the tensile forces at least in the area of these points of attack with a material connecting the fibers.

Ein Element dieser Art ist beispielsweise aus der Informationsschrift «Keviar 49, Technische Information, Bulletin Nr. K-1, Juni 1974» der Du Pont de Nemours Company, Seite 3, Tafel II und Abschnitt B, bekannt. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Art Seil, wobei die das Element bildenden Fasern jedoch nicht verseilt, sondern strangartig parallel zueinander angeordnet und mit einem Epoxidharz getränkt sind und das Epoxidharz nach der Tränkung durch Temperaturbehandlung bei ca. 180°C ausgehärtet wurde.An element of this type is known, for example, from the information booklet "Keviar 49, Technical Information, Bulletin No. K-1, June 1974" of the Du Pont de Nemours Company, page 3, panel II and section B. It is a kind of rope, but the fibers forming the element are not stranded, but are arranged in parallel like strands and impregnated with an epoxy resin and the epoxy resin has been cured after the impregnation by heat treatment at approx. 180 ° C.

Dieses bekannte Element, das nur zu Versuchszwecken - nämlich zur Messung der erreichbaren Zugfestigkeit solcher Elemente - hergestellt wurde, ist aber verhältnismässig steif und eignet sich in dieser Form nicht als «Zugseil», weil es an Biegungsstellen verhältnismässig leicht bricht. Der Grund dafür liegt darin, dass Epoxidharze ebenso wie die meisten anderen aushärtbaren Kunstharze im ausgehärteten Zustand schon bei relativ geringen Biegebeanspruchungen wie Glas brechen und die an solchen Bruchstellen auftretende Kerbwirkung dann innert kurzem zum sukzessiven Zerreissen der die Bruchstelle überbrückenden Fasern von der Aussenseite des Elementes her nach innen zu führt.This known element, which was only produced for experimental purposes - namely to measure the achievable tensile strength of such elements - is relatively stiff and is not suitable in this form as a "pull rope" because it breaks relatively easily at bending points. The reason for this is that, like most other curable synthetic resins, epoxy resins break in the cured state even at relatively low bending stresses such as glass, and the notch effect that occurs at such break points then leads to the successive tearing of the fibers bridging the break point from the outside of the element leads to the inside.

Bei diesem bekannten Element war somit nur das Problem der Kraftübertragung auf das Element, nicht aber das Problem der für eine Verwendung des Elementes als «Zugseil» erforderlichen Flexibilität des Elementes gelöst.With this known element, only the problem of power transmission to the element was solved, but not the problem of the flexibility of the element required for using the element as a “pull rope”.

Die alleinige Lösung des Problems der Flexibilität ohne gleichzeitige Lösung des Problems der Kraftübertragung anderseits bereitet auch keine Schwierigkeiten, weil zur alleinigen Lösung des Flexibilitätsproblems nur die besagte Tränkung der Fasern des Elementes mit dem dieselben verbindenden und den Reibungskoeffizienten an der Aussenfläche des Faserverbundes erhöhenden Material weggelassen werden müsste.Solving the problem of flexibility alone, without simultaneously solving the problem of power transmission, on the other hand, does not pose any difficulties, because for solving the flexibility problem only the said impregnation of the fibers of the element with the material connecting them and increasing the coefficient of friction on the outer surface of the fiber composite is omitted should.

Wenn man aber die Tränkung weglässt, dann wird die Kraftübertragung auf das Element zu einem ausserordentlich schwierigen Problem, weil dann die Kraftübertragung auf die einzelnen Fasern des Elementes durch Haftreibung der Fasern aneinander sowie Haftreibung der das Faserbündel umschliessenden Mittel an den äusseren Fasern des Faserbündels erfolgen müsste und zur Erzielung von der hohen Zugfestigkeit der Fasern entsprechenden Reibungskräften wegen der glatten Faseroberfläche bzw. wegen des geringen Reibungskoeffizienten derselben ein ausserordentlich hoher Druck der an der Aussenseite des Elementes angreifenden Kraftübertragungsmittel auf das Faserbündel erforderlich wäre. Wenn man beispielsweise am Ende eines solchen ungetränkten Elementes mittels einer Klemmhülse eine z. B. um eine Seilkausche gelegte Schlaufe bilden wollte, dann müsste die Klemmhülse bei einer dem zehnfachen Durchmesser des Faserbündels entsprechenden Länge einen Druck von mehreren Tonnen pro Quadratzentimeter auf das Element bzw. das Faserbündel ausüben, damit bei Zugbelastungen des Elementes die Zugfestigkeit desselben voll ausgenützt werden kann. Solche hohen Drücke lassen sich aber mit Klemmhülsen nicht erreichen, denn selbst eine Hülse aus Duraluminium mit einer extrem hohen, dem halben Innendurchmesser der Hülse entsprechenden Wandstärke wäre bei einem Innendruck von fünf Tonnen pro Quadratzentimeter bereits an ihrer Zugfestigkeitsgrenze angelangt, d.h. sie würde bei Überschreitung dieses Innendruckes aufplatzen, und es dürfte natürlich klar sein, dass man beim Zusammenpressen einer Klemmhülse keinen Klemmdruck erreichen kann, der nach Beendigung des Zusammenpressens die Klemmhülse aufsprengt, sondern dass der maximal erreichbare Klemmdruck weit unter dem zum Aufsprengen der Klemmhülse erforderlichen Innendruck liegt. Da sich somit der erforderliche Druck auf das Faserbündel von mehreren Tonnen pro Quadratzentimeter mit der Klemmhülse nicht erreichen lässt, rutscht das Faserbündel bei Zugbelastung des Elementes aus der Klemmhülse heraus, bevor die Zugfestigkeit der Fasern erreicht ist, d.h. die Zugfestigkeit eines Elementes mit ungetränkten Fasern wird nicht durch die Zugfestigkeit der Fasern, sondern durch den maximal von den an der Aussenseite des Elementes angreifenden Kraftübertragungsmitteln auf das Faserbündel ausübbaren Druck bestimmt und liegt in der Regel weit unter der Zugfestigkeit der Fasern, häufig sogar nur bei einem Fünftel bis einem Zehntel derselben. Damit ist aber der Vorteil der hohen Zugfestigkeit, den diese Kunstfasern bieten, zunichte gemacht, denn Zugseile mit nur einem Fünftel oder Zehntel der Zugfestigkeit dieser Kunstfasern lassen sich auch aus anderen Materialien herstellen, und zwar mit geringerem technischem Aufwand und ohne die durch den niedrigen Reibungskoeffizienten der Kunstfasern verursachten Schwierigkeiten.However, if the impregnation is omitted, then the transmission of force to the element becomes an extraordinarily difficult problem, because the transmission of force to the individual fibers of the element would then have to take place through static friction of the fibers against one another and static friction of the means enclosing the fiber bundle on the outer fibers of the fiber bundle and in order to achieve the high tensile strength of the fibers corresponding frictional forces because of the smooth fiber surface or because of the low coefficient of friction thereof, an extraordinarily high pressure of the force transmission means acting on the outside of the element on the fiber bundle would be required. If, for example, at the end of such an impregnated element, a z. B. wanted to form a loop around a rope thimble, the clamping sleeve would have to exert a pressure of several tons per square centimeter on the element or the fiber bundle with a length corresponding to the tenfold diameter of the fiber bundle, so that the tensile strength of the element can be fully utilized when the element is subjected to tensile loads can. Such high pressures cannot be achieved with clamping sleeves, because even a sleeve made of duralumin with an extremely high wall thickness corresponding to half the inside diameter of the sleeve would already have reached its tensile strength limit at an internal pressure of five tons per square centimeter, i.e. it would burst open if this internal pressure was exceeded, and it should of course be clear that when a clamping sleeve is pressed together, one cannot achieve a clamping pressure that bursts open the clamping sleeve after the compression is completed, but that the maximum achievable clamping pressure is far below the internal pressure required to burst open the clamping sleeve lies. Since the required pressure on the fiber bundle of several tons per square centimeter cannot be achieved with the clamping sleeve, the fiber bundle slips out of the clamping sleeve when the element is under tensile stress before the tensile strength of the fibers is reached, i.e. the tensile strength of an element with unimpregnated fibers is not determined by the tensile strength of the fibers, but by the maximum pressure that can be exerted on the fiber bundle by the force transmission means acting on the outside of the element and is generally far below the tensile strength of the fibers, often even only a fifth to a tenth of the same. This, however, negates the advantage of the high tensile strength that these synthetic fibers offer, because traction ropes with only one fifth or tenth of the tensile strength of these synthetic fibers can also be made from other materials, and with less technical effort and without the low coefficient of friction of the synthetic fibers caused difficulties.

Trotz intensiver Bemühungen der auf diesem Gebiet tätigen Fachleute in den letzten Jahren ist es jedoch bisher noch nicht gelungen, ein als Zugseil verwendbares Element der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, bei dem sowohl das Problem der Kraftübertragung auf das Element als auch das Problem der erforderlichen Flexibilität des Elementes befriedigend gelöst wären. Das obengenannte bekannte Element löst zwar das Kraftübertragungsproblem, schliesst aber eine Lösung des Flexibilitätsproblems aus. Die aus der gleichen Informationsschrift wie dieses Element bekannten Seile aus den genannten Kunstfasern (siehe S. 12, Abb. 17) anderseits lösen das Flexibilitätsproblem, schliessen aber- da sie keine Tränkung aufweisen - aus den oben erläuterten Gründen eine befriedigende Lösung des Kraftübertragungsproblems aus. Eine Synthese beider Lösungen, z. B. in Form einer Tränkung der Kunstfasern mit einem anderen Material als bei dem bekannten Element, ist bisher noch nicht gefunden worden.Despite intensive efforts of the experts working in this field in recent years, however, it has not yet been possible to create an element of the type mentioned at the outset which can be used as a traction rope, in which both the problem of power transmission to the element and the problem of the required flexibility of the element would be solved satisfactorily. The known element mentioned above solves that Power transmission problem, but excludes a solution to the flexibility problem. The ropes made from the synthetic fibers mentioned in the same information document as this element (see p. 12, Fig. 17), on the other hand, solve the flexibility problem, but - since they are not soaked - rule out a satisfactory solution to the power transmission problem for the reasons explained above. A synthesis of both solutions, e.g. B. in the form of an impregnation of the synthetic fibers with a different material than in the known element has not yet been found.

Der Erfindung lag daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein als Zugseil verwendbares Element der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, das sowohl für das Problem der Kraftübertragung als auch für das Flexibilitätsproblem befriedigende Lösungen bietet und damit die Möglichkeit eröffnet, aus den genannten Kunstfasern ein Zugseil herzustellen, bei dem die Zugfestigkeit der Kunstfasern voll ausgenützt werden kann und das daher die Übertragung wesentlich höherer Zugkräfte als ein Stahlseil von gleichem effektivem Querschnitt gestattet.The invention was therefore based on the object of creating an element of the type mentioned which can be used as a traction rope and which offers satisfactory solutions both to the problem of power transmission and to the problem of flexibility and thus opens up the possibility of producing a traction rope from the synthetic fibers mentioned which the tensile strength of the synthetic fibers can be fully utilized and which therefore allows the transmission of much higher tensile forces than a steel cable of the same effective cross-section.

Erfindungsgemäss wird das bei einem Element der eingangs genannten Art dadurch erreicht, dass das Material, mit dem die Fasern getränkt sind, ein bei einer Druck- und/oder Biegebeanspruchung, die die Bruchgrenze des Materials für die betreffende Beanspruchung überschreitet, im Beanspruchungsbereich in Pulver zerfallendes Material ist.According to the invention, this is achieved in the case of an element of the type mentioned at the outset in that the material with which the fibers are impregnated has a powder which disintegrates into a powder in the stress region when the pressure and / or bending stress exceeds the fracture limit of the material for the stress in question Material is.

Die Verwendung eines solchen Materials zur Tränkung der Fasern hat zwei entscheidende Vorteile: Zunächst einmal schliesst dieses Material das Auftreten von Kerbwirkungen an Stellen, an denen das Material infolge von Biegebeanspruchungen des Elementes bricht, vollständig aus, weil das Material an solchen Stellen nicht wie Glas bricht, sondern besonders in den Druckbereichen der Biegungsstelle zu Pulver zerfällt und damit die Hebelwirkung wegfällt, die bei einem Bruch wie bei Glas zum sukzessiven Zerreissen der die Bruchstelle überbrückenden Fasern von der Aussenseite des Elementes her nach innen zu führt. Zum zweiten ist der Zerfall des Materials zu Pulver in Bereichen sehr hoher Druckbeanspruchung aber auch für die Kraftübertragung in den Endbereichen des Elementes von entscheidender Bedeutung, denn wie oben am Beispiel einer Klemmhülse als Kraftübertragungsmittel gezeigt, muss in den Kraftübertragungsbereichen ein ausserordentlich hoher Druck auf das Faserbündel ausgeübt werden, so dass das besagte Material in den Kraftübertragungsbereichen zu Pulver zerfällt. Dieses Pulver besteht, mikroskopisch betrachtet, aus kleinen Kristallen, grösstenteils Einkristallen, die auch bei höchsten Drücken formbeständig sind. Da das Faserbündel gleichmässig mit dem besagten Material getränkt ist, füllen die in den Kraftübertragungsbereichen durch den Zerfall des Materials zu Pulver entstandenen Kristalle die Zwischenräume zwischen den einzelnen Fasern des Faserbündels nahezu vollständig aus und übertragen daher den von aussen auf das Faserbündel einwirkenden Druck auf jede einzelne Faser, wobei sie infolge ihrer auch bei höchsten Drücken noch vorhandenen Formbeständigkeit mit ihren Kristallkanten gegen die einzelnen Fasern gedrückt werden. Dadurch wird jedoch der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen den einzelnen Fasern und, da das gleiche natürlich auch für die äusseren Fasern des Faserbündels gilt, auch der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen der Aussenseite des Faserbündels und den dasselbe umschliessenden Mitteln ganz beträchtlich erhöht, und zwar auf wesentlich höhere Werte, als sie bei mit druckbeständigem Material getränkten Fasern erreichbar wären. Das liegt hauptsächlich daran, dass druckbeständige Materialien sowohl an den einzelnen Fasern wie auch an der Aussenseite des Faserbündels im wesentlichen glatte Oberflächen bilden, während die mit ihren Kristallkanten gegen die einzelnen Fasern gedrückten Kristalle sich bei einer Zugbelastung der Fasern sozusagen ineinander verkeilen und damit praktisch um so stärker gegen die zwischen ihnen liegenden Fasern drücken, je grösser die Zugbelastung wird.The use of such a material for impregnating the fibers has two decisive advantages: First of all, this material completely excludes the occurrence of notch effects in places where the material breaks due to bending stresses of the element, because the material does not break like glass at such places , but especially in the pressure areas of the bend breaks into powder and thus the leverage ceases, which in the event of a break, as with glass, leads to the successive tearing of the fibers bridging the break point from the outside of the element to the inside. Secondly, the disintegration of the material into powder in areas of very high pressure stress is also of crucial importance for the power transmission in the end areas of the element, because as shown above using the example of a clamping sleeve as a power transmission means, an extraordinarily high pressure must be exerted on the fiber bundle in the power transmission areas are exercised so that said material disintegrates into powder in the power transmission areas. From a microscopic point of view, this powder consists of small crystals, mostly single crystals, which are dimensionally stable even at the highest pressures. Since the fiber bundle is impregnated uniformly with said material, the crystals formed in the force transmission areas by the disintegration of the material into powder almost completely fill the spaces between the individual fibers of the fiber bundle and therefore transfer the pressure acting on the fiber bundle from the outside to each one Fiber, whereby they are pressed with their crystal edges against the individual fibers due to their dimensional stability, which is still present even at the highest pressures. However, this significantly increases the coefficient of friction between the individual fibers and, since the same naturally also applies to the outer fibers of the fiber bundle, the coefficient of friction between the outside of the fiber bundle and the means enclosing the same, to much higher values than they do in the case of fibers impregnated with pressure-resistant material. This is mainly due to the fact that pressure-resistant materials form essentially smooth surfaces both on the individual fibers and on the outside of the fiber bundle, while the crystals pressed against the individual fibers with their crystal edges wedge into one another when the fibers are subjected to tensile stress, and thus practically around The more the tensile load increases, the more you press against the fibers between them.

Vorzugsweise ist das besagte Material bei dem vorliegenden Element ein bei Druck- und/oder Biegebeanspruchung über seine Bruchgrenze hinaus in Pulver zerfallendes Harz. Harze mit dieser besonderen Eigenschaft sind bisher nur unter den vollständig oder zumindest zum überwiegenden Teil aus natürlichem Harz bestehenden Harzen zu finden, was jedoch nicht ausschliesst, dass eine gezielte Entwicklung unter Umständen auch zu einem Kunstharz führen könnte, das ebenfalls diese besondere Eigenschaft aufweist. Allerdings dürfte ein solcher Zerfall in Pulver unter Druckeinwirkung zur Voraussetzung haben, dass bei der Bildung des Harzes gleichzeitig eine Vielzahl von anschliessend zusammenwachsenden Einkristallen entstehen, was wiederum das Vorhandensein von Kristallkeimen bedingt, während Kunstharze in der Regel ja durch Polymerisation entstehen und somit einen ganz anderen Bildungsrriechanismus haben.Said material in the present element is preferably a resin which disintegrates into powder when subjected to pressure and / or bending stress beyond its breaking limit. Resins with this special property have hitherto only been found among the resins which consist entirely or at least predominantly of natural resin, but this does not exclude that a targeted development could possibly also lead to a synthetic resin which also has this special property. However, such a disintegration into powder under the action of pressure must presuppose that a large number of subsequently growing single crystals are formed at the same time as the resin is being formed, which in turn requires the presence of crystal nuclei, while synthetic resins generally result from polymerization and thus a completely different one Have an educational smell.

Unter den natürlichen Harzen besitzt in erster Linie Kolophonium die Eigenschaft, unter Druckeinwirkung zu Pulver zu zerfallen, in besonders ausgeprägtem Masse.Among the natural resins, rosin primarily has the property of disintegrating into powder under the action of pressure, to a particularly pronounced extent.

Bei der bevorzugten Ausbildungsform des vorliegenden Elementes besteht daher das Material, mit dem die Kunstfasern getränkt sind, aus Kolophonium.In the preferred embodiment of the present element, the material with which the synthetic fibers are impregnated consists of rosin.

Die Kunstfasern bestehen bei dem vorliegenden Element zweckmässig aus Kunststoff, vorzugsweise aus einem organischen Polymeren. Mit besonderem Vorteil kann der Kunststoff, aus dem die Kunstfasern bestehen, wie in der obengenannten Informationsschrift beschrieben, ein aromatisches Polyamid sein, wobei die Fasern vorzugsweise eine Zugfestigkeit von mindestens 250 kg/ mm2, einen Elastizitätsmodul von mindestens 10 000 kg/mm2 und eine Bruchdehnung unter 3% haben.In the present element, the synthetic fibers suitably consist of plastic, preferably of an organic polymer. With particular advantage, the plastic from which the synthetic fibers are made, as described in the above information, can be an aromatic polyamide, the fibers preferably having a tensile strength of at least 250 kg / mm 2 , an elastic modulus of at least 10,000 kg / mm 2 and have an elongation at break below 3%.

Die Kunstfasern sind bei dem vorliegenden Element vorzugsweise strangartig parallel zueinander angeordnet. Das hat den Vorteil, dass unerwünschte Dehnungen des Elementes weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden und z. B. bei horizontal gespannten Elementen die sich bei Temperaturänderungen ergebende Durchhängung auf ein Minimum beschränkt werden kann. Ausserdem ist diese Art der Anordnung auch für nahe der Zugfestigkeitsgrenze der Kunstfasern liegende Grenzbelastungen des Elementes am günstigsten und ergibt bei vorgegebenem Durchmesser des Elementes bzw. des Faserbündels den höchsten effektiven Querschnitt bzw. die höchste Faseranzahl und damit die höchste Belastbarkeit, und schliesslich ergibt sich bei dieser Anordnung der Fasern jedenfalls beim vorliegenden Element in Klemmorganen wie Klemmhülsen usw. auch der höchste Haftreibungskoeffizient. Wenn jedoch die relativ geringe Bruchdehnung der Kunstfasern für den speziellen Anwendungsfall des Elementes zu gering ist, dann ist es vorteilhafter, wenn die Kunstfasern zur Erhöhung der Dehnbarkeit des Elementes verseilt sind.In the present element, the synthetic fibers are preferably parallel to one another in a strand-like manner the arranged. This has the advantage that undesirable expansion of the element is largely excluded and z. B. with horizontally tensioned elements, the resulting sag in temperature changes can be limited to a minimum. In addition, this type of arrangement is also the most favorable for limit loads on the element that are close to the tensile strength limit of the synthetic fibers and, for a given diameter of the element or the fiber bundle, results in the highest effective cross-section or the highest number of fibers and thus the highest load capacity, and finally results in This arrangement of the fibers in the present element in clamping elements such as clamping sleeves etc. also has the highest coefficient of static friction. However, if the relatively low elongation at break of the synthetic fibers is too low for the specific application of the element, then it is more advantageous if the synthetic fibers are stranded to increase the elasticity of the element.

Zur Kraftübertragung sind bei dem vorliegenden Element zweckmässig in mindestens einem seiner beiden Endbereiche zwei von den Faserenden verschieden weit entfernte Stellen unter Bildung einer vorzugsweise um eine runde oder kauschenförmige Öse gelegten Schlaufe mittels eines Klemmorgans miteinander verbunden, und die Tränkung der Fasern reicht mindestens über die von den Faserenden weiter entfernte Stelle hinaus. Vorzugsweise sind jedoch die Fasern des vorliegenden Elementes auf ihrer gesamten Länge mit dem besagten Material getränkt.For power transmission in the present element, two points at different distances from the fiber ends are expediently connected to one another by means of a clamping element in at least one of its two end regions, forming a loop, preferably around a round or thimble-shaped eyelet, and the impregnation of the fibers extends at least beyond that of away from the fiber ends. However, the fibers of the present element are preferably impregnated with said material along their entire length.

Die zur Bildung der Schlaufen an den Enden des vorliegenden Elementes vorgesehenen Klemmorgane umfassen zweckmässig mindestens eine Klemmhülse, deren Ränder an den Austrittsstellen der Fasern abgerundet sind. Die Abrundung der Hülsenränder an den Austrittsstellen der Fasern hat den Vorteil, dass die Hülsenränder nicht In das Faserbündel einschneiden können. Denn innerhalb der Hülse ist der Querschnitt des Faserbündels infolge des hohen Druckes der Hülse auf das Faserbündel um einiges geringer als ausserhalb der Hülse, wo das Faserbündel nicht unter Druck steht, und daher werden die äusseren Fasern des Faserbündels an der Austrittsstelle der Fasern aus der Hülse um den Hülsenrand nach aussen gebogen. Da die Fasern nun bei Zugbelastung des Elements gespannt sind, kann ein scharfkantiger Hülsenrand an der Austrittsstelle der Fasern aus der Hülse ohne weiteres in die äusseren Fasern einschneiden, was dann zunächst zum Bruch dieser äusseren Fasern und bei sehr starker Zugbelastung des Elementes wegen der mit dem Bruch der äusseren Fasern verbundenen Verminderung des tragenden Querschnitts des Faserbündels in der Folge zum Bruch des gesamten Faserbündels an dieser Stelle führen kann. Der Bruch der äusseren Fasern an solchen Einschnittsstellen scharfkantiger Hülsenränder wird in der Praxis noch dadurch beschleunigt, dass ein im Freien gespanntes Seil durch den Wind ja in Schwingungen versetzt wird und ein Knotenpunkt dieser Schwingungen in der Regel an einer Übergangsstelle von einem auf zwei Seile und damit an einer mittels einer Klemmhülse gebildeten Endschlaufe an der Austrittsstelle des Seiles aus der Klemmhülse liegt und das Seil in einem solchen Knotenpunkt der Seilschwingungen ständig hin und her gebogen wird.The clamping members provided to form the loops at the ends of the present element expediently comprise at least one clamping sleeve, the edges of which are rounded at the exit points of the fibers. The rounding of the sleeve edges at the exit points of the fibers has the advantage that the sleeve edges cannot cut into the fiber bundle. Because inside the sleeve, the cross section of the fiber bundle is somewhat smaller due to the high pressure of the sleeve on the fiber bundle than outside the sleeve, where the fiber bundle is not under pressure, and therefore the outer fibers of the fiber bundle at the point of exit of the fibers from the sleeve bent outwards around the sleeve edge. Since the fibers are now tensioned when the element is subjected to tensile stress, a sharp-edged sleeve edge can easily cut into the outer fibers at the point of exit of the fibers from the sleeve, which then leads to the breakage of these outer fibers and when the element is subjected to very strong tensile loads because of the Breakage of the outer fibers associated reduction in the load-bearing cross-section of the fiber bundle can consequently lead to breakage of the entire fiber bundle at this point. The breakage of the outer fibers at such incision points of sharp-edged sleeve edges is accelerated in practice by the fact that a rope stretched outdoors is caused to vibrate by the wind and a node of these vibrations usually at a transition point from one to two ropes and thus lies on an end loop formed by means of a clamping sleeve at the point of exit of the rope from the clamping sleeve and the rope is continuously bent back and forth in such a node of the rope vibrations.

Wenn im übrigen der Druck der Klemmhülse auf das Faserbündel nicht hoch genug gemacht werden kann, um mit Sicherheit ein Herausrutschen des Faserbündelendes aus der Klemmhülse vor Erreichen der Zugfestigkeit der Fasern ausschliessen zu können, dann kann die bei Überschreitung eines bestimmten Grenzwertes ein solches Herausrutschen des Faserbündelendes aus der Klemmhülse bewirkende Zugkraft auf das Faserbündelende dadurch vermindert werden, dass die mittels der Klemmhülse gebildete Endschlaufe des vorliegenden Elementes mit mehreren Windungen um eine Rundöse gelegt wird. Dadurch kann ein nicht unbeachtlicher Teil der insgesamt auf das Element wirkenden Zugkraft direkt auf die Rundöse übertragen werden, so dass die an der Klemmhülse wirksame Zugkraft entsprechend reduziert wird. Die Rundöse kann dabei vorteilhaft derart mit einer Seilkausche kombiniert sein, dass auch die zwischen Klemmhülse und Rundöse gelegenen Schlaufenteile durch die mit der Rundöse kombinierte Seilkausche geführt sind.If, moreover, the pressure of the clamping sleeve on the fiber bundle cannot be made high enough to be able to exclude with certainty that the end of the fiber bundle slips out of the clamping sleeve before the tensile strength of the fibers is reached, then the slipping out of the fiber bundle end can occur if a certain limit value is exceeded pulling force from the clamping sleeve onto the end of the fiber bundle can be reduced in that the end loop of the present element formed by means of the clamping sleeve is placed around a round eye with several turns. As a result, a not inconsiderable part of the total tensile force acting on the element can be transmitted directly to the round eye, so that the tensile force effective on the clamping sleeve is correspondingly reduced. The round eyelet can advantageously be combined with a thimble in such a way that the loop parts located between the clamping sleeve and the round eyelet are also guided through the thimble combined with the round eyelet.

Vorteilhaft kann das vorliegende Element zum Schutz gegen Witterungseinflüsse und andere äussere Einwirkungen mit einem die Fasern umschliessenden Schutzmantel, vorzugsweise aus Polyurethan, versehen sein. Insbesondere bei der Ausbildungsform des vorliegenden Elements mit strangartig parallel zueinander angeordneten Fasern ist ein solcher Schutzmantel von wesentlichem Vorteil, weil er in diesem Fall zusätzlich noch das Faserbündel zusammenhält. Zwar wird natürlich das Faserbündel im Falle, dass es auf seiner gesamten Länge mit dem besagten Material getränkt ist, auch durch dieses Material zusammengehalten, aber an Biegungsstellen des Elementes geht der Zusammenhalt des Faserbündels durch das besagte Material natürlich dadurch verloren, dass dieses Material dort insbesondere bei häufiger Biegungsbelastung wie z.B. bei einem schwingenden Seil zu Pulver zerfällt. Der Schutzmantel hält dann auch an solchen Stellen das Faserbündel noch zusammen und wirkt im übrigen schon von vornherein allzu starken Biegungen des Elementes entgegen. Bei dem vorliegenden Element kann der Schutzmantel ausserdem zur Erhöhung der maximal an einer Klemmstelle auf das Faserbündel übertragbaren Zugkraft beitragen. Denn wenn eine Klemmhülse nicht unmittelbar auf das Faserbündel, sondern auf einen das Faserbündel umschliessenden Schutzmantel aufgebracht wird, dann ist der für diese maximal übertragbare Zugkraft massgebende Reibungskoeffizient nicht mehr der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen Faserbündel und Klemmhülse, sondern der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen Faserbündel und Schutzmantel, und beim vorliegenden Element ist der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen Faserbündel und Schutzmantel in der Regel höher als der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen dem Faserbündel und einer direkt darauf aufgebrachten Klemmhülse, weil die das Pulver bildenden Kristalle, in die das zur Tränkung der Fasern verwendete Material unter der Einwirkung des hohen Druckes innerhalb einer Klemmhülse zerfällt, bei Zugbelastung des Elementes und dem sich damit ergebenden, oben schon erläuterten Verkeilen der Kristalle ineinander mit ihren Kristallkanten an der Innenwand des Schutzmantels einen besseren Halt als an der metallischen Innenwand der Klemmhülse finden. Voraussetzung ist allerdings, dass das Material des Schutzmantels widerstandsfähig genug ist, um den von den Kristallen auf die Mantelinnenwand übertragenen Kräften auch bei höchsten Zugbelastungen des Elements noch standhalten zu können, was aber durch geeignete Materialauswahl des für den Schutzmantel verwendeten Materials ohne weiteres erreichbar ist.The present element can advantageously be provided with a protective sheath, preferably made of polyurethane, for protecting against the effects of weather and other external influences. In particular in the embodiment of the present element with fibers arranged parallel to one another in a strand-like manner, such a protective sheath is of considerable advantage because in this case it additionally holds the fiber bundle together. Of course, if the fiber bundle is soaked over its entire length with the material in question, this material also holds it together, but at the bending points of the element, the cohesion of the fiber bundle is naturally lost due to the said material in that this material there in particular with frequent bending stress such as with a swinging rope it breaks down into powder. The protective sheath then also holds the fiber bundle together at such points and, in addition, counteracts too strong bends of the element from the outset. In the present element, the protective sheath can also contribute to increasing the maximum tensile force that can be transmitted to the fiber bundle at a clamping point. Because if a clamping sleeve is not applied directly to the fiber bundle, but to a protective sheath that surrounds the fiber bundle, then the coefficient of friction that is decisive for this maximum transferable tensile force is no longer the friction coefficient between the fiber bundle and the clamping sleeve, but rather the friction coefficient between the fiber bundle and protective sheath, and in the present case Element is the coefficient of friction between fibers Bundle and protective sheath usually higher than the coefficient of friction between the fiber bundle and a clamping sleeve directly attached to it, because the crystals forming the powder into which the material used to impregnate the fibers disintegrates under the action of the high pressure inside a clamping sleeve when the tensile load is applied Element and the resulting wedging of the crystals into one another with their crystal edges on the inner wall of the protective jacket, as already explained above, find a better hold than on the metallic inner wall of the clamping sleeve. The prerequisite, however, is that the material of the protective jacket is resistant enough to be able to withstand the forces transmitted from the crystals to the inner wall of the jacket even under the highest tensile loads on the element, which can be achieved easily by selecting the appropriate material for the protective jacket.

Die Erfindung bezieht sich weiter auf eine Verwendung des vorliegenden Elementes als Tragorgan für ein Freileitungskabel, wobei das Element und das Kabel von einem gemeinsamen, Element und Kabel miteinander verbindenden Schutzmantel umschlossen sind, der vorzugsweise zwei gegeneinander abgeschlossene Kanäle für die Fasern des Elements einerseits und die Drähte des Kabels anderseits bildet. In diesem Anwendungsbereich bringt das vorliegende Element entscheidende Vorteile gegenüber den bisher zum gleichen Zweck verwendeten Stahlseilen mit sich, weil es eine höhere Zugfestigkeit und eine geringere Dehnung als ein Stahlseil gleichen Durchmessers hat, infolge der geringeren Dehnung auch seine Durchhängung geringer als bei einem Stahlseil ist und die bisher sowohl bei der Verwendung von Stahlseilen infolge von Korrosion im Bereich der die Endschlaufen zusammenhaltenden Klemmhülsen als auch bei Verwendung von ungetränkten Seilen aus den genannten Kunstfasern infolge Herausrutschens der Faserbündelenden aus den die Endschlaufen zusammenhaltenden Klemmhülsen noch gegebene Bruchgefahr an den Seilaufhängungen durch Verwendung des vorliegenden Elementes vollständig behoben ist.The invention further relates to a use of the present element as a support member for an overhead line cable, the element and the cable being surrounded by a common protective element connecting the element and the cable, which preferably has two mutually closed channels for the fibers of the element on the one hand and the Wires of the cable on the other hand. In this area of application, the present element has decisive advantages over the steel cables previously used for the same purpose, because it has a higher tensile strength and less elongation than a steel cable of the same diameter, and because of the lower elongation, its sag is less than that of a steel cable and the risk of breakage at the rope suspensions due to the use of the present element both when using steel cables due to corrosion in the area of the clamping sleeves holding the end loops together and when using unimpregnated ropes from the synthetic fibers mentioned as a result of the fiber bundle ends slipping out of the clamping sleeves holding the end loops together is completely fixed.

Anhand der nachstehenden Figuren ist die Erfindung im folgenden an Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 ein Endstück eines als Tragorgan für ein Freileitungskabel verwendeten und mit diesem kombinierten Elementes nach der Erfindung mit einer mittels einer Klemmhülse zusammengehaltenen Endschlaufe zum Aufhängen des Freileitungskabels,
  • Fig. 2 einen Querschnitt durch die in Fig. 1 gezeigte Kombination in der Schnittebene I-I,
  • Fig. 3 ein Diagramm der spezifischen Belastbarkeit eines Ausführungsbeispieles des vorliegenden Elementes mit Naturharztränkung der Kunstfasern in Abhängigkeit von dem Verhältnis der Länge der die Endschlaufe zusammenhaltenden Klemmhülse zum Faserbündeldurchmesser mit zum Vergleich eingezeichneten entsprechenden Kurven von einem Element der eingangs genannten Art mit Kunstharztränkung der Fasern und einem solchen Element mit ungetränkten Fasern.
Based on the figures below, the invention is explained in more detail below using exemplary embodiments. Show it:
  • 1 shows an end piece of an element used as a supporting element for an overhead line cable and combined with this element according to the invention with an end loop held together by means of a clamping sleeve for hanging the overhead line cable,
  • 2 shows a cross section through the combination shown in FIG. 1 in the sectional plane II,
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram of the specific resilience of an embodiment of the present element with natural resin impregnation of the synthetic fibers depending on the ratio of the length of the clamping sleeve holding the end loop together to the fiber bundle diameter with corresponding curves drawn for comparison of an element of the type mentioned with synthetic resin impregnation of the fibers and one such element with unimpregnated fibers.

Bei dem in Fig. 1 dargestellten Endstück eines als Tragorgan für ein Freileitungskabel 1 verwendeten Elementes 2 sind strangartig parallel zueinander angeordnete Kunstfasern 3 aus aromatischem Polyamid mit einer Zugfestigkeit von 300 kg/mm2, einem Elastizitätsmodul von 13 400 kg/mm2, einer Bruchdehnung von 2,6% und einem spezifischen Gewicht von 1,45 g/cm3 mit Kolophonium getränkt und von einem Schutzmantel 4 aus Polyurethan umgeben, der auch die Drähte 5 des Freileitungskabels 1 umschliesst und so das Kabel 1 und das Element 2 miteinander verbindet. Wie aus dem in Fig. 2 gezeigten Querschnitt des durch den Schutzmantel 4 mit dem Kabel 1 verbundenen Elementes 2 ersichtlich, bildet der Schutzmantel 4 zwei gegeneinander abgeschlossene Kanäle 6 und 7 für die Fasern 3 des Elements 2 einerseits und die Drähte 5 des Kabels 1 anderseits. Der den Kanal 6 bildende, die Kunstfasern 3 umgebende Teil 8 des Schutzmantels 4 ist dabei mit dem den Kanal 7 bildenden, die Drähte 5 umgebenden Teil 9 des Schutzmantels 4 einstückig durch den brückenartigen Teil 10 des Schutzmantels 4 verbunden. Bei dem in Fig. 1 gezeigten Endstück ist diese Verbindungsbrücke 10 zwischen dem Element 2 und dem Kabel 1 über eine mindestens zur Schlaufenbildung ausreichende Länge aufgeschnitten, wobei am Ende 11 des Schnittes zweckmässig eine in Fig. 1 nicht gezeigte Schelle oder andere, Kabel und Element umschliessende und dadurch fest miteinander verbindende Mittel zur Verhinderung eines weiteren Aufreissens der Brücke 10 über das Ende 11 des Schnittes hinaus vorgesehen sind. Mit dem durch das Aufschneiden der Verbindungsbrücke 10 gebildeten freien Ende des Elementes 2 wird die zum Aufhängen des Freileitungskabels dienende Schlaufe 12 gebildet, die durch die Klemmhülse 13 zusammengehalten wird. Der Abstand zwischen der Klemmhülse 13 und dem Schnittende 11 ist in der Regel wesentlich grösser als in der Zeichnung dargestellt, aber die Länge der Schlaufe 12 passt in ihren Proportionen zu den Durchmessern des Elements 2 und des Kabels 1.In the end piece shown in FIG. 1 of an element 2 used as a supporting element for an overhead line cable 1, synthetic fibers 3 made of aromatic polyamide, which are arranged parallel to one another in a strand-like manner, have a tensile strength of 300 kg / mm 2 , an elastic modulus of 13 400 kg / mm 2 , and an elongation at break of 2.6% and a specific weight of 1.45 g / cm 3 impregnated with rosin and surrounded by a protective jacket 4 made of polyurethane, which also encloses the wires 5 of the overhead line cable 1 and thus connects the cable 1 and the element 2 to one another. As can be seen from the cross section shown in FIG. 2 of the element 2 connected to the cable 1 by the protective jacket 4, the protective jacket 4 forms two channels 6 and 7, which are closed off from one another, for the fibers 3 of the element 2 on the one hand and the wires 5 of the cable 1 on the other hand . The part 8 of the protective jacket 4 forming the channel 6 and surrounding the synthetic fibers 3 is connected in one piece to the part 9 of the protective jacket 4 forming the channel 7 and surrounding the wires 5 by the bridge-like part 10 of the protective jacket 4. In the end piece shown in FIG. 1, this connecting bridge 10 between the element 2 and the cable 1 is cut open over a length which is at least sufficient to form loops, at the end 11 of the cut expediently a clamp or other cable and element not shown in FIG. 1 enclosing and thus firmly connecting means are provided to prevent the bridge 10 from tearing open beyond the end 11 of the cut. With the free end of the element 2 formed by cutting the connecting bridge 10, the loop 12 which is used to hang the overhead line cable is formed and is held together by the clamping sleeve 13. The distance between the clamping sleeve 13 and the cut end 11 is generally much larger than shown in the drawing, but the length of the loop 12 fits in its proportions to the diameters of the element 2 and the cable 1.

Das aus den Fasern 3 bestehende Faserbündel hat 106 500 Denier, was einem effektiven Faserquerschnitt von 8,15 mm2 entspricht. Der Durchmesser des von den Fasern 3 gebildeten Faserbündels beträgt bei vollständig zusammengepressten Fasern ca. 3,4 mm. Aus dem effektiven Faserquerschnitt von 8,15 mm2 und der Zugfestigkeit der Fasern von 300 kg/mm2 ergibt sich für das Faserbündel eine Belastungsgrenze bzw. Bruchgrenze von 2445 kg, jedoch hatten mehrfache Belastungen des Elementes 2 mit einer Zugkraft von 2500 kg weder einen Bruch des Elementes 2 bzw. des von den Fasern 3 gebildeten Faserbündels noch ein Herausrutschen des Endes 14 des Elementes 2 aus der Klemmhülse 13 zur Folge. Die Klemmhülse 13 hat eine Länge von 75 mm und einen Aussendurchmesser nach dem Zusammenpressen von ca. 8 mm und wurde mit einer Kraft von 30 Tonnen zusammengepresst. Der die Fasern 3 umgebende Teil 8 des Schutzmantels 4 hat eine Wandstärke von ca. 1 mm, die aber innerhalb der Klemmhülse 13 mindestens um die Hälfte reduziert wurde. Die Tränkung des aus den Fasern 3 gebildeten Faserbündels mit Kolophonium wurde dadurch erzielt, dass das Faserbündel vor der Ummantelung durch ein Bad von in Äther gelöstem Kolophonium gezogen und anschliessend bei erhöhter Temperatur getrocknet bzw. ausgehärtet wurde. Dabei wurden Vorkehrungen getroffen, dass in dem Bad alle Fasern des Faserbündels auf ihrer gesamten Länge von der Kolophoniumlösung benetzt wurden und dass überflüssige Lösung von Fasern abgestreift wurde, z.B. indem das Faserbündel durch eine Kalibrierdüse aus dem Bad herausgezogen wurde. Als Lösungsmittel für das Kolophonium wurde teilweise auch Alkohol verwendet, jedoch dauert in diesem Fall der Trocknungs- bzw. Aushärtungsprozess etwas länger als bei der Verwendung von Äther. Es ist im übrigen auch möglich, das Faserbündel durch eine Kolophoniumschmelze zu ziehen, da die Fasern Temperaturen oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes von Kolophonium ohne weiteres aushalten, allerdings macht in diesem Fall die gleichmässige Benetzung aller Fasern des Faserbündels und auch das Abstreifen der überflüssigen Schmelze gewisse Schwierigkeiten.The fiber bundle consisting of the fibers 3 has 106 500 denier, which corresponds to an effective fiber cross section of 8.15 mm 2 . The diameter of the fiber bundle formed by the fibers 3 is approximately 3.4 mm when the fibers are completely compressed. The effective fiber cross section of 8.15 mm 2 and the tensile strength of the fibers of 300 kg / mm 2 result in a load limit or breaking limit of 2445 kg for the fiber bundle, however, multiple loads of element 2 with a tensile force of 2500 kg had neither Breakage of the element 2 or of the fiber bundle formed by the fibers 3 still results in the end 14 of the element 2 slipping out of the clamping sleeve 13. The clamping sleeve 13 has a length of 75 mm and an outer diameter after the assembly press of about 8 mm and was pressed together with a force of 30 tons. The part 8 of the protective jacket 4 surrounding the fibers 3 has a wall thickness of approx. 1 mm, which, however, has been reduced by at least half within the clamping sleeve 13. The impregnation of the fiber bundle formed from the fibers 3 with rosin was achieved in that the fiber bundle was drawn through a bath of rosin dissolved in ether before the sheathing and then dried or cured at elevated temperature. Precautions were taken to ensure that all the fibers of the fiber bundle were wetted by the rosin solution along their entire length in the bath and that excess solution of fibers was stripped off, for example by pulling the fiber bundle out of the bath through a calibration nozzle. Alcohol was sometimes also used as a solvent for the rosin, but in this case the drying or hardening process takes a little longer than when using ether. It is also possible to pull the fiber bundle through a rosin melt, since the fibers can easily withstand temperatures above the rosin melting point, but in this case the uniform wetting of all fibers of the fiber bundle and also the stripping of the superfluous melt creates certain difficulties.

Praktische Experimente mit dem in den Fig. 1 und 2 gezeigten Freileitungskabel haben ergeben, dass die Aufhängung des Kabels an dem vorliegenden Element allen auftretenden Anforderungen gerecht wird. Das gilt sowohl für Zugfestigkeit und Witterungsbeständigkeit wie auch für aussergewöhnliche Belastungen wie Schwingungen der Freileitung durch starken Wind, Vereisung der Freileitung usw. Bei diesen Experimenten waren die Schlaufen 12 mit Seilkauschen versehen. Untersuchungen an diesen Freileitungen nach den Experimenten haben gezeigt, dass das Kolophonium im Bereich des Schnittendes 11, in den Bereichen beiderseits der Klemmhülse 13 sowie innerhalb der Klemmhülse 13 und im Bereich des Schlaufenbogens 15 der Schlaufe 12 in Pulver zerfallen war, was auf starke Druck- und Biegebeanspruchungen des Faserbündels in diesen Bereichen schliessen lässt. Jedoch waren auch in diesen Bereichen keine stärkeren Abnutzungserscheinungen wie Faserbrüche usw. festzustellen.Practical experiments with the overhead line cable shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 have shown that the suspension of the cable on the present element meets all the requirements that arise. This applies both to tensile strength and weather resistance as well as to extraordinary loads such as vibrations of the overhead line due to strong wind, icing of the overhead line, etc. In these experiments, the loops 12 were provided with thimbles. Studies on these overhead lines after the experiments have shown that the rosin in the area of the cut end 11, in the areas on both sides of the clamping sleeve 13 and inside the clamping sleeve 13 and in the area of the loop bow 15 of the loop 12 had disintegrated into powder, which was due to strong pressure and bending stresses of the fiber bundle in these areas can be closed. However, there were no major signs of wear, such as fiber breaks, etc., in these areas either.

In Fig. 3 ist zum Vergleich in einem Diagramm noch die spezifische Belastbarkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Verhältnis Klemmhülsenlänge/Faserbündeldurchmesser für das vorliegende Element mit Naturharztränkung der Fasern (Kolophoniumtränkung) sowie für ein Element der eingangs genannten Art mit Kunstharztränkung der Fasern und für ein solches Element mit ungetränkten Fasern dargestellt. Aus diesem Diagramm ist ersichtlich, dass bei Naturharztränkung der Fasern, also beim vorliegenden Element, bei Klemmhülsenlängen von mehr als dem Zehnfachen des Faserbündeldurchmessers die spezifische Belastbarkeit des Elements nur noch von der Zugfestigkeit des Faserbündels abhängt und die Gefahr eines Herausrutschens des Faserbündelendes aus der Klemmhülse nicht mehr besteht. Bei geringeren Klemmhülsenlängen rutscht das Faserbündel aus der Klemmhülse heraus, sobald die spezifische Belastung des Elementes die durch die Kurve «Naturharztränkung» bei der betreffenden Klemmhülsenlänge gegebene spezifische Belastbarkeit überschreitet. Als spezifische Belastung des Elementes ist dabei das Verhältnis der an der durch die Klemmhülse zusammengehaltenen Schlaufe angreifenden Zugkraft zu dem der Summe der Querschnitte sämtlicher Fasern des Faserbündels entsprechenden effektiven Faserquerschnitt des Faserbündels bezeichnet.In Fig. 3, for comparison in a diagram, the specific load capacity depending on the ratio of the sleeve length / fiber bundle diameter for the present element with natural resin impregnation of the fibers (rosin impregnation) and for an element of the type mentioned with synthetic resin impregnation of the fibers and for such an element with shown impregnated fibers. From this diagram it can be seen that with natural resin impregnation of the fibers, i.e. in the present element, with clamping sleeve lengths of more than ten times the fiber bundle diameter, the specific load capacity of the element only depends on the tensile strength of the fiber bundle and the risk of the fiber bundle end slipping out of the clamping sleeve more exists. In the case of shorter clamping sleeve lengths, the fiber bundle slips out of the clamping sleeve as soon as the specific load on the element exceeds the specific load capacity given by the curve "natural resin impregnation" for the relevant clamping sleeve length. The specific load on the element is the ratio of the tensile force acting on the loop held together by the clamping sleeve to the effective fiber cross section of the fiber bundle corresponding to the sum of the cross sections of all fibers of the fiber bundle.

Der Vergleich der Kurve «Naturharztränkung» mit den Kurven «Kunstharztränkung» und «keine Tränkung» zeigt, dass der mittlere Reibungskoeffizient zwischen Klemmhülse und Faserbündel in dem dargestellten Bereich der Klemmhülsenlänge bei Naturharztränkung des Faserbündels etwa dreimal so hoch wie bei ungetränktem Faserbündel und bei Kunstharztränkung des Faserbündels etwa doppelt so hoch wie bei ungetränktem Faserbündel ist. Bei grösseren Klemmhülsenlängen als dem zehnfachen Faserbündeldurchmesser stimmen diese Relationen nicht mehr, weil die Kurven, wie aus dem Diagramm in Fig. 3 ersichtlich, nicht geradlinig, sondern gekrümmt sind und aus bisher noch nicht zweifelsfrei geklärten Gründen bei sehr grossen Klemmhülsenlängen einem Grenzwert zustreben, der nur bei Naturharztränkung des Faserbündels oberhalb der Bruchgrenze der Fasern, bei Kunstharztränkung des Faserbündels und bei ungetränktem Faserbündel jedoch unterhalb der Bruchgrenze der Fasern liegt. Dieser bisher noch nicht genau geklärte Effekt hat jedoch zur Folge, dass bei Kunstharztränkung des Faserbündels und bei ungetränktem Faserbündel eine volle Ausnutzung der Zugfestigkeit des Faserbündels nicht möglich ist, weil das Faserbündel bei steigender Belastung des Elementes noch vor Erreichen der Zugfestigkeit bzw. der Bruchgrenze der Fasern aus der Klemmhülse herausrutscht.A comparison of the curve "natural resin impregnation" with the curves "synthetic resin impregnation" and "no impregnation" shows that the average coefficient of friction between the clamping sleeve and the fiber bundle in the range of the clamping sleeve length shown for natural resin impregnation of the fiber bundle is about three times as high as for unimpregnated fiber bundle and for synthetic resin impregnation Fiber bundle is about twice as high as with an impregnated fiber bundle. With larger sleeve lengths than ten times the fiber bundle diameter, these relations are no longer correct because the curves, as can be seen from the diagram in Fig. 3, are not straight, but curved and, for reasons that have not yet been unequivocally clarified, strive for a limit value for very large sleeve lengths that only when the fiber bundle is impregnated with natural resin is above the fiber breakage limit, but when the fiber bundle is impregnated with synthetic resin and when the fiber bundle is not soaked, it is below the fiber breakage limit. However, this effect, which has not yet been clarified exactly, means that when the fiber bundle is impregnated with synthetic resin and the fiber bundle is not soaked, it is not possible to fully utilize the tensile strength of the fiber bundle because, with increasing load on the element, the fiber bundle still reaches the tensile strength or the breaking limit of the Fibers slip out of the clamping sleeve.

Das in Fig. 3 gezeigte Diagramm gilt für einen bei allen Klemmhülsenlängen gleichbleibenden Druck der Klemmhülse auf das Faserbündel von 18 kg/mm2. Bei höheren Druckwerten, die aber jedenfalls mit Aluminiumklemmhülsen kaum zu erreichen sind, erhöhen sich die aus den Kurven ablesbaren Werte im Verhältnis des höheren Druckwertes zu 18 kg/mm2. Bei niedrigeren Werten des Druckes der Klemmhülse auf das Faserbündel als 18 kg/mm2 verringern sich die aus den Kurven ablesbaren Werte entsprechend im Verhältnis niedrigeren Druckwertes zu 18 kg/mm2.The diagram shown in FIG. 3 applies to a pressure of the clamping sleeve on the fiber bundle of 18 kg / mm 2 which remains constant for all clamping sleeve lengths. At higher pressure values, which can hardly be achieved with aluminum clamping sleeves, the values read from the curves increase in the ratio of the higher pressure value to 18 kg / mm 2 . If the pressure of the clamping sleeve on the fiber bundle is lower than 18 kg / mm 2 , the values that can be read from the curves decrease correspondingly in the ratio of the lower pressure value to 18 kg / mm 2 .

Die mittleren Reibungskoeffizienten zwischen Klemmhülse und Faserbündel ergeben sich aus dem in Fig. 3 gezeigten Diagramm zu 0,435 für Naturharztränkung, 0,28 für Kunstharztränkung und 0,15 für ungetränkte Faserbündel.The average coefficients of friction between the clamping sleeve and the fiber bundle result from the diagram shown in FIG. 3 for 0.435 for natural resin impregnation, 0.28 for synthetic resin impregnation and 0.15 for unimpregnated fiber bundles.

Zu dem Diagramm in Fig. 3 ist ferner noch zu erwähnen, dass bei Verwendung von Klemmhülsen mit abgerundeten Rändern an den Austrittsstellen des Faserbündels im Diagramm für die Klemmhülsenlänge nur die tragende Länge der Klemmhülse einzusetzen ist, dass also die Breiten der Randbereiche mit abgerundeten Rändern von der Klemmhülsenlänge abzuziehen sind. Es ist weiter in bezug auf kunstharzgetränkte Faserbündel darauf hinzuweisen, dass es bei diesen trotz der Tatsache, dass die Kurve für Kunstharztränkung in diesem Diagramm einem unter der Bruchgrenze der Fasern liegenden Grenzwert zustrebt, beim Belastungsversuch zum Zerreissen des Faserbündels vor dem Herausrutschen desselben aus der Klemmhülse kommen kann, und zwar insbesondere am Schlaufenbogen und bei scharfkantigen Klemmhülsen an den Austrittsstellen des Faserbündels aus der Klemmhülse, jedoch liegt in solchen Fällen die spezifische Belastung im Moment des Zerreissens unter der spezifischen Belastbarkeit bzw. der Bruchgrenze der Fasern. Die Gründe hierfür sind die gleichen wie eingangs im Zusammenhang mit der bekannten Epoxidharztränkung erläutert.Regarding the diagram in FIG. 3, it should also be mentioned that when using clamping sleeves with rounded edges at the exit points of the fiber bundle in the diagram for the The length of the clamping sleeve is only to be used, so that the width of the edge areas with rounded edges must be subtracted from the length of the clamping sleeve. It should also be pointed out with regard to resin-impregnated fiber bundles that despite the fact that the curve for resin impregnation in this diagram tends to a limit below the breaking point of the fibers, when the load is attempted to tear the fiber bundle before it slips out of the clamping sleeve can come, in particular on the loop bow and with sharp-edged clamping sleeves at the exit points of the fiber bundle from the clamping sleeve, but in such cases the specific load at the moment of tearing is below the specific load capacity or the breaking limit of the fibers. The reasons for this are the same as explained at the beginning in connection with the known epoxy resin impregnation.

Abschliessend sei noch bemerkt, dass bei den Zugbelastungsversuchen zur Erstellung des in Fig. 3 gezeigten Diagramms Faserbündel mit 21 300 Denier aus strangartig parallel zueinander angeordneten Fasern aus aromatischem Polyamid mit einer Zugfestigkeit von 300 kg/mm2, einem Elastizitätsmodul von 13 400 kg/mm2, einer Bruchdehnung von 2,6% und einem spezifischen Gewicht von 1,45 g/cm3 verwendet wurden, dass der Faserbündeldurchmesser bei zusammengepresstem Faserbündel ca. 1,5 mm und der effektive Faserquerschnitt der Faserbündel ca. 1,65 mm2 war und dass die verwendeten Faserbündel mit je einer mittels einer Klemmhülse zusammengehaltenen Endschlaufe an beiden Enden versehen und nicht ummantelt waren.In conclusion, it should also be noted that in the tensile loading tests for the creation of the diagram shown in FIG. 3, fiber bundles with 21,300 deniers made of fibers of aromatic polyamide arranged parallel to one another with a tensile strength of 300 kg / mm 2 and an elastic modulus of 13,400 kg / mm 2 , an elongation at break of 2.6% and a specific weight of 1.45 g / cm 3 were used so that the fiber bundle diameter when the fiber bundle was compressed was approximately 1.5 mm and the effective fiber cross section of the fiber bundles was approximately 1.65 mm 2 and that the fiber bundles used were each provided with an end loop held together by means of a clamping sleeve at both ends and were not covered.

Claims (13)

1. Element for transferring tensile loads comprising a plurality of artificial fibres having smooth surfaces and a tensile strength in excess of 200 kg/mm2, a modulus of elasticity in excess of 3000 kg/mm2, and an elongation at rupture of less than 10%, said fibres, in order to reduce the risk of slippage, due to their smooth surfaces, in connecting regions of force transfer means transferring said tensile loads, being impregnated, at least over the connecting regions, with a material uniting the fibres, characterized in that the material, with which the fibres are impregnated, is a material breaking, when subjected to compressive and/or bending stress exceeding its ultimate strength for such stress, down to a powder in the stressed area.
2. Element according to claim 1, characterized in that said material breaking, when subjected to compressive and/or bending stress exceeding its ultimate strength for such stress, down to a powder is a resin.
3. Element according to claim 2, characterized in that the resin consists completely, or at least mainly, of natural resin.
4. Element according to claim 3, characterized in that the natural resin is collophonium.
5. Element according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the artificial fibres consist of a synthetic material, preferably of an organic polymer.
6. Element according to claim 5, characterized in that the synthetic material is an aromatic polyamide, and the fibres have a tensile strength of at least 250 kg/mm2, a modulus of elasticity of at least 10 000 kg/mm2, and an elongation at rupture of less than 3%.
7. Element according to one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the artificial fibres are arranged In a skein-like form in parallel to each other.
8. Element according to one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the artificial fibres are stranded.
9. Element according to one of the claims 1 to 8, characterized in that in at least one of its end regions, two sections of the element having different distances from the ends of the fibres are connected together by means of a clamping element so as to form a loop which preferably encircles a circular or thimble-shaped eye, the impregnation of the fibres extending at least beyond that section being most remote from the ends of the fibres.
10. Element according to claim 9, characterized in that the clamping element comprises at least one clamping sleeve, the edges thereof being rounded where the fibres emerge therefrom.
11. Element according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in thatthe loop encircles a circular eye and is wound several turns around said eye.
12. Element according to one of the claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it is provided, for protection against weathering and other external influences, with a protective covering enclosing the fibres and consisting preferably of polyurethane.
13. The use of an element according to one of the claims 1 to 12 as an overhead-cable carrier, characterized in that the element and the cable are enclosed in a common protective covering uniting them, the said covering preferably forming two channels, closed off from each other, one for the fibres of the said element and one for the wires of the said cable.
EP79104839A 1979-09-18 1979-12-03 Element for transferring traction forces and use of same as a suspension means for free conductor cables Expired EP0025461B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT79104839T ATE4734T1 (en) 1979-09-18 1979-12-03 ELEMENT FOR TRANSMISSION OF TENSILE FORCES AND USE OF THE SAME AS SUPPORT ORGAN FOR OVERHEAD CABLES.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH8444/79 1979-09-18
CH844479 1979-09-18

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EP0025461A1 EP0025461A1 (en) 1981-03-25
EP0025461B1 true EP0025461B1 (en) 1983-09-21

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EP79104839A Expired EP0025461B1 (en) 1979-09-18 1979-12-03 Element for transferring traction forces and use of same as a suspension means for free conductor cables

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US (2) US4438293A (en)
EP (1) EP0025461B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE4734T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1134598A (en)
DE (1) DE2966209D1 (en)
FI (1) FI67927C (en)
NO (1) NO802758L (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0025461A1 (en) 1981-03-25
US4438293A (en) 1984-03-20
NO802758L (en) 1981-03-19
FI67927B (en) 1985-02-28
DE2966209D1 (en) 1983-10-27
ATE4734T1 (en) 1983-10-15
FI802909A (en) 1981-03-19
FI67927C (en) 1985-06-10
US4650715A (en) 1987-03-17
CA1134598A (en) 1982-11-02

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