Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
  • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
  • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
  • F24S10/50—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed between plates
  • F24S10/55—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed between plates with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S60/00—Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
  • F24S70/60—Details of absorbing elements characterised by the structure or construction
  • F24S70/65—Combinations of two or more absorbing elements
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
  • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

• the present invention is in the field of the use of solar energy, in particular the direct absorption of radiation received on a flat surface.
• Heating the air in the premises with solar radiation is an old problem, but experience has shown that, despite many efforts, it has not yet been satisfactorily resolved, having regard to the costs of installation and maintenance.
• the solar collector should be able to be mounted very easily on the walls of a building, should be solid and inexpensive, light if possible, should it not be able to clog or become clogged even with dusty air, and nevertheless that it preserves a maximum output for the various lighting conditions (direct, reflected or diffuse), finally that it delivers the heated air to the most favorable places for ventilation and with the minimum of loss pressure.
• the sensor described in this patent comprises, as is common, a flat rectangular housing of which all the walls are thermally insulated, except the wall facing the light which is transparent.
• Said housing contains parallel absorbent plates, in louver or baffle, close to each other and halfway between said transparent wall and the opposite bottom. In this way, an air flow admitted at one end of the housing near the transparent wall can pass between these plates warmed by the sun and come out hot at the other end along the opposite bottom.
• These plates can also be reflective to infrared radiation from the side of this bottom, which reduces the heat losses from this bottom towards the transparent wall, according to a well-known effect.
• this sensor can be integrated into a ventilation circuit which comprises, in a known manner, a heat storage device, for example in a gravel bed traversed by the hot air which leaves the sensor.
• French patent n ° 76 21 264 - 2 358 624 describes a sensor of similar constitution, but with plates constituted by orientable absorbent and reflective lamellae.
• the same general modes of operation and use are repeated in the present invention with improvements which contribute to better performance at a lower price and to better integration with the ventilation of a building.
• the invention solves the problem of using solar heat at a competitive price with that of hydrocarbon combustion energy, currently the most economical means of heating.
• the invention which also uses an ascending passage in the form of a flat housing with a transparent face and a permeable exchange body placed between the opaque bottom and the transparent wall, is characterized in that this exchange body permeable is combined with means which create a slight pressure drop regularly distributed over its surface, which also distributes the air flow over this entire surface.
• Said means can be associated with the exchange body or be an integral part thereof.
• the thermal convection currents of the heated air are avoided in the housing and within the exchange body.
• Such convection currents which can occur in the embodiments mentioned above, heat the transparent wall, which considerably reduces the efficiency of the sensor in question.
• a current of regular air going from the transparent wall towards the bottom, perpendicular on average to the permeable exchange body which thus works optimally.
• the distribution partition is preferably placed along the exchange body opposite the bottom of the housing. In this case, it is preferably made reflective with respect to it, for example by aluminization. However, it could also be transparent and placed along the exchange body on the side of the transparent wall or even within the exchange body.
• the exchange body is porous.
• the solar rays which penetrate at the bottom of the pores or alveoli heat up in all its thickness this body which moreover offers a surface of exchange with the air which is maximum up to 3 or 4 times the surface of direct absorption .
• this air being regularly sucked over the entire surface due to the above-mentioned partition wall, does not tend to emerge from the cells towards the inlet face, it therefore has very little possibility of creating convection currents between the transparent wall and said entry face of the exchange body.
• This body can therefore be formed by a stack of threads or fibers, such as metallic or natural straw, felt, or a stack of layers of fabrics or nonwoven fibers. In all cases, it is necessary that the stack is thick enough to stop all direct sunlight and, of course, that the first layer at least is dark or black in color. Plates of granular material can also be used as the permeable exchange body: sand, vitrified or plastic balls, material which can be retained between screens or sieves, or agglomerated, but always porous and dark in color.
• the exchange body in this case, but also in others, it is advantageous for the exchange body to consist of several plates placed on edge and end to end, retained by thin horizontal spacers.
• Such spacers which can be connected to the distribution partition help to avoid convection currents within the exchange body.
• the lightest, and therefore often preferable, exchange bodies are plates of plastic material with cells communicating with each other, for example crosslinked expanded polyurethane with open cells, of diameter greater than 0.3 mm and generally comprised between 1 and 5 mm and from 5 to 30 mm thick. It must be dark in color, at least on its face exposed to the sun.
• the characteristic dimension of these elements should be relatively large and, preferably, between 1 and 10 mm.
• the exchange body must have a thickness at least triple of said characteristic dimension so as not to be crossed by solar radiation.
• the partition must have perforations of dimensions similar to this characteristic dimension. For example, it is pierced with 5 mm diameter holes in 100 mm steps. To avoid any convection along the exchange body, this partition plated along the exchange body is preferably glued to it. It can therefore support or strengthen it. It can be reduced to a layer of glue or varnish that is perforated or eliminated in places of desired diameter and pitch. Preferably, it is reflective and placed behind the exchange body.
• the invention also includes certain details of the construction of the housing in order to best adapt it to the preceding characteristics, in particular distributed air inlets, possibilities of stacking in height of modular housings, as well as methods for integration. of these on a building facade with natural or artificial ventilation, details and methods which will appear in the description of the embodiments below, given by way of nonlimiting examples.
• Figure 1 is a schematic vertical sectional view of an improved sensor according to the present invention.
• Figure 2 is a shortened vertical sectional view of a sensor made in the form of stackable modules.
• Figure 3 schematically shows a building equipped with modules according to Figure 2.
• Figure 4 is a schematic view in vertical section of another variant of the sensor.
• FIG. 1 shows an example of application of the invention to the sensor described with reference to FIG. 1 of the aforementioned patent n ° 76 21 264 where there is a limited ascending passage 1, on the side intended to be exposed to the sun, by a transparent wall 2.
• the distribution partition is constituted by lamellas 3 mutually parallel and orientable, one of the faces 31 is black or dark in color while the other face 32 is clear or metallized.
• the strips 3 carry extensions 15 which can be simple folds of these strips, at approximately right angles, their sections thus having an L shape. In practice, these strips are much closer to each other. other than the figure to ensure good heat exchange.
• they may have a width of 50 mm and be spaced 5 mm apart, in the heating position which is shown at the top of the figure, where the end of the extensions 15 abuts against the reflective face 32.
• These extensions in this example, therefore have a length of 5 mm, and the angle ⁇ of the lamellae 3 with the plane of the sensor is approximately 12 °.
• the orifices 15, 16 or notches 17 may be approximately 3 mm and distributed 120 mm from each other. The end of each of said extensions abuts against the reflecting face 32, in the heating position (top of the figure).
• the transparent wall 2 can be single-walled, and not double, as is generally practiced in absorption solar collectors to reduce the thermal losses of this wall heated by convection.
• the air heated on the exchange body passes through it immediately, and does not come to heat the transparent wall. This is an important advantage of the invention.
• the single wall is less expensive and absorbs thermal radiation less.
• FIG. 2 represents a preferred embodiment in light stackable modules which can be arranged on the south facade of a building.
• Each module or group of modules can be the same height as a floor, so as to be in harmony with the appearance of all the neighboring windows.
• each module has a height of 2.85 m, for example.
• the housing 20 delimiting an ascending passage 21 of thickness equal for example to 200 mm between the permeable exchange body 23 and the bottom 25, preferably heat-insulating.
• the transparent wall 22 is mounted a little obliquely, presenting what is called a fruit in terms of architecture, so that its lower edge 26 projects outside relative to the upper edge 27 of the module placed below.
• This rim 28 constitutes an air inlet sheltered from the rain for the air to be heated in the housing 20.
• a distribution partition 29 pierced with holes such as 30 uniformly distributed is glued against the rear face of the exchange body
• the transparent plate 22 which can be made of glass of low optical quality, or even of corrugated glass, is fixed by removable glazing beads 33,. with watertight seals 34, on the upper and lateral edges of the housing. At the bottom, it can be mounted in a fixed profile 331.
• Figure 3 is an example of the use of six heights of such boxes 20 on the facade of a seven-storey building, the ground floor not being trimmed in order to avoid damage to the sensor and to clear the display cases. commercial.
• the ascending passages 21 extend each other with sealing to form a pipe whose lower end is closed at 211 and the upper end supplies air. warmed up a controlled mechanical ventilation circuit.
• This circuit includes, connected at 35 to the pipe 21, a storage / heat of this air heated during the day.
• the rejection duct 42 which is adjacent to the "storage tank 36, may include an exchanger, for example formed fins 44 to avoid cooling the air arriving through the conduit 35. These fins can be retracted to be put out of action when the solar heating is sufficient. In summer, the heated air is exhausted through an orifice
• FIG. 4 shows another mode of application of the invention.
• the sensor is fixed to a prefabricated hollow vertical structure 50, 51 which is then filled with gravel 52 and which simultaneously serves as an upward passage of heated air and thermal storage device.
• the wall 50 is pierced with orifices such as 53 distributed and it constitutes by itself the distribution partition according to the invention.
• On it are fixed horizontal spacers such as 54 which support a mesh 55 with fine wires to retain a filling of dark colored sand which constitutes the permeable exchange body.
• the transparent plate 56 is, in this example, articulated at its upper part at 57 to facilitate its maintenance.
• the wall 51 and the side walls have recessed moldings 58 and raised 59 on their edges to guide the stack of such sensors.
• the gravel filling 52 is preferably done after this installation.
• the structure 50, 51, 52 could also constitute the structure of the building, for example produced according to French patent No. 1,515,039 of the Applicant.
• the pressure drop of the heating and ventilation circuit can be quite low, a simple static suction such as a chimney can replace the fan 43 to ensure the circulation of air. It goes without saying that the embodiments described have been given only as examples and that they could be modified, in particular by substitution of technical equivalents, without going beyond the ambit of the present invention.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Building Environments (AREA)
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• Percussion Or Vibration Massage (AREA)
• Massaging Devices (AREA)
• Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)

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• 1978
  • 1978-08-16 FR FR7823854A patent/FR2443030A1/fr active Granted
• 1979
  • 1979-08-10 NO NO792617A patent/NO792617L/no unknown
  • 1979-08-14 WO PCT/FR1979/000072 patent/WO1980000488A1/fr unknown
  • 1979-08-14 JP JP50125279A patent/JPS55500456A/ja active Pending
• 1980
  • 1980-03-25 EP EP79900932A patent/EP0016171A1/de not_active Withdrawn

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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