EP0016058A4 - Reinforced impact modified polycarbonates. - Google Patents

Reinforced impact modified polycarbonates.

Info

Publication number
EP0016058A4
EP0016058A4 EP19790900700 EP79900700A EP0016058A4 EP 0016058 A4 EP0016058 A4 EP 0016058A4 EP 19790900700 EP19790900700 EP 19790900700 EP 79900700 A EP79900700 A EP 79900700A EP 0016058 A4 EP0016058 A4 EP 0016058A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ethylene
copolymers
propylene
parts
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19790900700
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0016058A1 (en
Inventor
Fred Frank Holub
Phillip Steven Wilson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Publication of EP0016058A1 publication Critical patent/EP0016058A1/en
Publication of EP0016058A4 publication Critical patent/EP0016058A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L69/00Compositions of polycarbonates; Compositions of derivatives of polycarbonates

Definitions

  • thermoplastic molding composi ⁇ tions having improved notched Izod impact strength comprising
  • polyolefins such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butadiene copolymers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-butadiene terpolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, propylene-acrylic acid cop
  • bisphenol-A polycarbonates as molding composi ⁇ tions, both with and without reinforcing agents is well known and these materials have been widely employed in the manufacture of various thermoplastic molded articles.
  • the present invention provides for a novel thermoplastic molding composition which comprises Q (a) a bisphenol-A polycarbonate;
  • polystyrene resin has recurring units of the formula
  • each -R- is selected from the group consisting of phenylene, halo-substituted phenylene and alky! substituted phenylene
  • X and Y are each selected from the group consist ⁇ ing of hydrogen, hydrocarbon radicals free from aliphatic unsaturation and of radicals which together with the adjoining
  • the preferred polycarbonate resins may be derived from the reaction of bisphenol-A and phosgene. These polycarbonates have from 10-400 recurring units of the formula:
  • the polycarbonate should have an intrinsic vis ⁇ cosity between 0.2 and 1.0, preferably from 0.30 to 0.65 as measured at 20°C in methylene chloride.
  • a reinforcing amount of the reinforcing agent in the compositions of the present invention from 1-60 parts by weight of the total weight of the resultant molding composition may comprise the reinforcing 5 agent.
  • a preferred range is from 5-40 parts by weight.
  • the preferred reinforcing agents for use in the present invention are of glass, and it is preferred to use fibrous glass filaments, glass beads, or mixtures of these.
  • the pre ⁇ ferred glass filaments for plastics reinforcements are made ° by mechanical pulling, and have filament diameters in the range of from about (0.000112) 0.000284cm to about (0.00075 inch 0.0019cm. However, this is not critical to the present inven ⁇ tion.
  • the glass beads which may be advantageously employed either 5 alone or together with the treated glass fibers described above will have diameters on the order of 0.0003cm (0.0001) to about . 0.025cm (O.OlOinches) and are generally prepared via spraying of the molten glass as fine droplets into liquid baths.
  • the glass fibers may be employed in amounts up to about 0 40 parts by weight of the total composition and the glass beads may be employed in amounts up to about 60 parts by weight of the total composition.
  • the glass fibers and glass beads may be advantageously employed in varying proportions such that the combined quantity of glass fibers and glass beads make up from 5 about 1 to about 60 parts by weight of the total composition.
  • the preferred range of the combined glass fibers and glass beads is from about 5 to about 40 parts by weight of the total mold ⁇ ing composition.
  • polyolefin copolymers such as ethyl ene-propylene ' copolymers
  • olefin terpolymers such as ethylene-propylene- butadiene terpolymers, which may be suitably employed in practicing the present invention are all commercially available products whose preparation is well known.
  • the olef in-acrylic acid copolymers such as ethylene- acryl ic acid copolymers
  • di olef in-acrylic acid terpolymers such as ethyl ene-propylene-acryl ic acid terpolymers and other olefin based thermoplastic elastomers , which may be suitably employed in practicing the present invention are also commercial ⁇ ly available products whose preparation is well known, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • propylene block copolymers al l of which are manufactured and sold by Hercules , Inc. :, US ⁇ LB 342 and USp-R.B 703, both ethylene homopolymers, manu ⁇
  • compositions of the present invention may contain from about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight of combined impact modifying component(s) described above, without taking into account the amount of reinforcing agents to be employed, and will preferentially contain from about 2 to about 6 percent by weight of the combined impact modifying component(s).
  • compositions of the present invention may be prepared by any standard procedure and the particular method employed is not critical.
  • the compositions of the present invention may also include flame retardants such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 3,915,926 which is incorporated herin by reference. Description of the ; 'Preferred Embodiments
  • Example I Control A blend of 91 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 9 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers was prepared, extruded in a twin screw extruder and molded into sample parts of approximately 0.3cm (1/8 inch) thickness. The results of impact and flexural tests on the resultant molded parts are set forth in Table I.
  • Examples II - XXIII A blend of 91 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 9 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers was blended with 4 parts per 100 by weight of various commercially available compositions as impact modifying agents as set forth in Table I. The various resultant blends were extruded and molded -in the • same manner as in Example I. The results of impact and flexur ⁇ al tests on the resultant molded parts are also set forth in Table I.
  • V indicates that at least one sample did not fall when subjected to the machine l imit of 40 ft. -lb. /in.
  • Exa ple XXIV - Control A blend of 60 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, 20 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers and 20 parts by weight of glass beads was prepared, extruded and molded into sample parts in the same manner as in Example I. The results of impact and flexural tests performed on the resultant molded parts are set forth in Table II.
  • Examples XXV - XXX Blends of 60 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, 20 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers and 20 parts by weight of glass beads in admixture with 4 parts per 100 by weight of various compositions as impact modifying agents were prepared, extruded and molded in the same manner as in Example XXIV.
  • the results of impact and flexural tests performed on the resultant molded parts are set forth in Table II.
  • Base 60 Parts by Weight Po1y(BPA Carbonate) 8 , 20 Parts by Weight Chopped Glass Fibers and 20 Parts by Weight Glass Beads -
  • Example XXXI - Control A blend of 70 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 30 parts by weight of glass beads was prepared, extruded and molded into sample parts in the same manner as in Example I. The results of impact and flexural tests performed on the re- sultant molded parts are set forth in Table III.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

Novel thermoplastic molding compositions are disclosed which comprise (a) a bisphenol-A polycarbonate; (b) at least one reinforcing agent selected from the group consisting essentially of glass fibers, glass beads, and mixtures of glass fibers and glass beads in admixture with; (c) a minor amount of at least one component selected from the group comprising polyolefins, olefin based copolymers and olefin based ter- Polymers, such as, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butadiene copolymers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-butadiene terpolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, propylene-acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and ethylene-propylene-acrylic acid terpolymers.

Description

Description
Reinforced Impact Modified Polycarbonates
This invention relates to thermoplastic molding composi¬ tions having improved notched Izod impact strength comprising
(a) a bisphenol-A polycarbonate;
(b) at least one reinforcing agent selected from the group consisting essentially of glass fibers, glass beads, and mix¬ tures of glass fibers and glass beads, in admixture with;
(c) a minor amount of at least one component selected from the group comprising polyolefins, olefin based copolymers and olefin based terpolymers, such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butadiene copolymers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-butadiene terpolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, propylene-acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and ethylene-propylene-acrylic acid terpolymers. Background of the Invention
The use of bisphenol-A polycarbonates as molding composi¬ tions, both with and without reinforcing agents is well known and these materials have been widely employed in the manufacture of various thermoplastic molded articles. In the preparation of such bisphenol-A polycarbonates for use as molding compositions, one may employ a variety of rein¬ forcing agents in various amounts which improve the flexural properties of the molded article in proportion to the amount of such material employed. It has now been found that the incorporation of a relative¬ ly minor amount of at least one component selected from the group comprising polyolefins, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butadiene copolymers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, 5 ethylene-propylene-butadiene terpolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, propylene-acry1ic acid copolymers, ethylene-ethyl aerylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene- propy1ene-acry1ic acid terpolymers and olefin based copolymers and terpolymer elastomers, in admixture with a quantity of at 0 least one reinforcing agent selected from the group consisting essentially of glass fibers, glass beads, and mixtures of glass fibers and glass beads into a bisphenol-A polycarbonate will significantly improve the notched Izod impact strength charac¬ teristics of the resultant polycarbonate molding composition 5 over those which could be realized via the use of glass fiber or glass bead reinforcing agents alone. Description of the Invention
The present invention provides for a novel thermoplastic molding composition which comprises Q (a) a bisphenol-A polycarbonate;
(b) at least one reinforcing agent selected from the group consisting essentially of glass fibers, glass beads, and mix¬ tures of glass fibers and glass beads, in admixture with; -
(c) a minor amount of at least one component selected from the 5 group comprising polyolefins, olefin based copolymers and olefin based terpolymers, such as, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butadiene copolymers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-butadiene terpolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, propylene-acrylic acid copolymers,^ethylene- ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and ethylene-propylene-acrylic acid terpolymers. The polycarbonate resin has recurring units of the formula
wherein each -R- is selected from the group consisting of phenylene, halo-substituted phenylene and alky! substituted phenylene, and X and Y are each selected from the group consist¬ ing of hydrogen, hydrocarbon radicals free from aliphatic unsaturation and of radicals which together with the adjoining
atom form a cycloalkane radical, the total number of carbon.atoms in X and Y being up to 12.
The preferred polycarbonate resins may be derived from the reaction of bisphenol-A and phosgene. These polycarbonates have from 10-400 recurring units of the formula:
- The polycarbonates are described in U.S. Patents Nos.
3,028,365; 3,334,154 and 3,915, 926 all of which are incorporated by reference. The polycarbonate should have an intrinsic vis¬ cosity between 0.2 and 1.0, preferably from 0.30 to 0.65 as measured at 20°C in methylene chloride. Although it is only necessary to use a reinforcing amount of the reinforcing agent in the compositions of the present invention, from 1-60 parts by weight of the total weight of the resultant molding composition may comprise the reinforcing 5 agent. A preferred range is from 5-40 parts by weight.
The preferred reinforcing agents for use in the present invention are of glass, and it is preferred to use fibrous glass filaments, glass beads, or mixtures of these. The pre¬ ferred glass filaments for plastics reinforcements are made ° by mechanical pulling, and have filament diameters in the range of from about (0.000112) 0.000284cm to about (0.00075 inch 0.0019cm. However, this is not critical to the present inven¬ tion.
The glass beads which may be advantageously employed either 5 alone or together with the treated glass fibers described above will have diameters on the order of 0.0003cm (0.0001) to about .0.025cm (O.OlOinches) and are generally prepared via spraying of the molten glass as fine droplets into liquid baths.
The glass fibers may be employed in amounts up to about 0 40 parts by weight of the total composition and the glass beads may be employed in amounts up to about 60 parts by weight of the total composition. The glass fibers and glass beads may be advantageously employed in varying proportions such that the combined quantity of glass fibers and glass beads make up from 5 about 1 to about 60 parts by weight of the total composition. The preferred range of the combined glass fibers and glass beads is from about 5 to about 40 parts by weight of the total mold¬ ing composition. The polyolefin copolymers , such as ethyl ene-propylene ' copolymers , and olefin terpolymers , such as ethylene-propylene- butadiene terpolymers, which may be suitably employed in practicing the present invention are all commercially available products whose preparation is well known.
The olef in-acrylic acid copolymers , such as ethylene- acryl ic acid copolymers , and di olef in-acrylic acid terpolymers , such as ethyl ene-propylene-acryl ic acid terpolymers and other olefin based thermoplastic elastomers , which may be suitably employed in practicing the present invention are also commercial¬ ly available products whose preparation is well known, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
Exemplary of various commercially available products which may be advantageously employed as impact modifying agents in
propylene block copolymers ; al l of which are manufactured and sold by Hercules , Inc. :, US ^LB 342 and USp-R.B 703, both ethylene homopolymers, manu¬
mers manufactured and sold by the Dow Chemical Company; Vynathene-'EY 903, an ethyl ene-vinyl acetate copolymer manu¬ factured and sold by USI Chemicals ;
Dexorr ι004, a propyl ene-acr 1 i c acid copolymer, manufactured and sold by Exxon Chemicals ; Some ^oiT, Some"f®402T and Some"f®.3αi&, .all olefin based - thermoplastic elastomers , manufactured and sold by the Du Pont Company: and
EpoleneS'C-17, an olefin ol igomer, manufactured and sold by Eastman Chemical Products . The compositions of the present invention may contain from about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight of combined impact modifying component(s) described above, without taking into account the amount of reinforcing agents to be employed, and will preferentially contain from about 2 to about 6 percent by weight of the combined impact modifying component(s).
The compositions of the present invention may be prepared by any standard procedure and the particular method employed is not critical. The compositions of the present invention may also include flame retardants such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 3,915,926 which is incorporated herin by reference. Description of the;'Preferred Embodiments
The following examples are set forth to further illustrate the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention thereto.
• Example I - Control A blend of 91 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 9 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers was prepared, extruded in a twin screw extruder and molded into sample parts of approximately 0.3cm (1/8 inch) thickness. The results of impact and flexural tests on the resultant molded parts are set forth in Table I.
Examples II - XXIII A blend of 91 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 9 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers was blended with 4 parts per 100 by weight of various commercially available compositions as impact modifying agents as set forth in Table I. The various resultant blends were extruded and molded -in the • same manner as in Example I. The results of impact and flexur¬ al tests on the resultant molded parts are also set forth in Table I.
"B - Table I - Examples I - XXIII
Base: 91 Parts By Height Poly(BPA Carbonate) and 9 Parts B Weight Chopped Glass Fibers
Example Additive Flexural (xlO ) (PSI)kg/cm Izod Impact ( Ft. -lb./in.)kg-cm/ cm No. (4 phr) Modulus Yield Str. Notched Unnotched
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
Base: 91 Parts By Weight Poly(BPA Carbonate)3 and 9 Parts by Weight Chopped Glass Fibers
Example No.
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
a. IV = 0.48
V indicates that at least one sample did not fall when subjected to the machine l imit of 40 ft. -lb. /in.
Exa ple XXIV - Control A blend of 60 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, 20 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers and 20 parts by weight of glass beads was prepared, extruded and molded into sample parts in the same manner as in Example I. The results of impact and flexural tests performed on the resultant molded parts are set forth in Table II.
Examples XXV - XXX Blends of 60 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, 20 parts by weight of chopped glass fibers and 20 parts by weight of glass beads in admixture with 4 parts per 100 by weight of various compositions as impact modifying agents were prepared, extruded and molded in the same manner as in Example XXIV. The results of impact and flexural tests performed on the resultant molded parts are set forth in Table II.
Table II - Examples XXIV - XXX
Base: 60 Parts by Weight Po1y(BPA Carbonate)8, 20 Parts by Weight Chopped Glass Fibers and 20 Parts by Weight Glass Beads -
Example No.
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
a. IV = 0.48
-π-
Example XXXI - Control A blend of 70 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 30 parts by weight of glass beads was prepared, extruded and molded into sample parts in the same manner as in Example I. The results of impact and flexural tests performed on the re- sultant molded parts are set forth in Table III.
Examples XXXII - XXXVI Blends of 70 parts by weight of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and 30 parts by weight of glass beads in admixture with 4 parts per 100 by weight of various compositions as impact modifying agents as set forth in Table III were prepared, extruded and molded into sample parts in the same manner as in Example XXXI. The results of impact and flexural tests performed on the resultant molded parts are also set forth in Table III.
Table III - Examples XXXI - XXXVI
Base: 70 Parts By We1< nht Poly(BPA Carbonate)9 and 30 Parts By Weight Glass Beads
Example Additive Flexural (xlO" ■3) (PSI)kg/cm2 Izod Impact(Ft.lb./1n.)kg-cm/cm No. (4 phr) Modulus Yield Str. Notched Unnotched
XXXI
XXXII
XXXIII
XXXIV
XXXV
XXXVI
• a. IV = 0.48
Although the above examples show various modifications of the present invention, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that other variations are possible in light of the above teachings.
It is, therefore, to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments of the invention described which are within the full intended scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS
(received by the International Bureau on 24 September 1979 (24.09.79)
1. A thermoplastic molding composition comprising a bisphenol-A polycarbonate, a glass reinforcing and an ethylene copolymer impact modifier, characterized in that the ethylene-copoly er is selected from ethylene-butadiene copolymers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, ethylene-propylene- butadiene terpolymers, ethylene-acrylic. acid copolymers, propylene - acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers and ethylene- propylene-acrylic acid terpolymers.
BUR
O
EP19790900700 1978-06-16 1980-01-29 Reinforced impact modified polycarbonates. Withdrawn EP0016058A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US91609978A 1978-06-16 1978-06-16
US916099 1978-06-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0016058A1 EP0016058A1 (en) 1980-10-01
EP0016058A4 true EP0016058A4 (en) 1980-10-16

Family

ID=25436698

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19790900700 Withdrawn EP0016058A4 (en) 1978-06-16 1980-01-29 Reinforced impact modified polycarbonates.

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0016058A4 (en)
JP (1) JPS55500811A (en)
WO (1) WO1980000083A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4420584A (en) * 1981-04-29 1983-12-13 Mobay Chemical Corporation Glass-filled polycarbonate of improved impact strength
US4464512A (en) * 1982-01-29 1984-08-07 General Electric Company Composition comprising an aromatic polyester-carbonate resin and a linear low density polyolefin polymer
US4401785A (en) * 1982-01-29 1983-08-30 General Electric Company Polyolefin-poly(ester-carbonate) composition
US4481331A (en) * 1983-03-22 1984-11-06 Gen Electric Polycarbonate resin mixture
DE3347071A1 (en) * 1983-08-31 1985-03-14 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen THERMOPLASTIC MOLDS BASED ON POLYSILOXANE-POLYCARBONT BLOCK COPOLYMERS
DE4026475A1 (en) * 1990-08-22 1992-02-27 Bayer Ag TERNAERE MIXTURES
JP2000063639A (en) * 1998-08-13 2000-02-29 Mitsui Chemicals Inc alpha-OLEFIN/CONJUGATED DIENE COPOLYMER COMPOSITION
EP2283435B1 (en) 2008-05-14 2017-01-11 Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. Broadcast seeding for peer-to-peer networks
JP7363042B2 (en) * 2019-02-12 2023-10-18 コニカミノルタ株式会社 Resin composition, its manufacturing method and molded product

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3437631A (en) * 1967-02-13 1969-04-08 Mobay Chemical Corp Body protective device composed of polycarbonate resins admixed with polyolefins and pigments
DE1965125A1 (en) * 1968-12-26 1970-07-09 Gen Electric Glass reinforced polycarbonate/polyethylene - compositions of good impact strength
FR2340350A1 (en) * 1976-02-09 1977-09-02 Mobay Chemical Corp POLYCARBONATE WHOSE IMPACT RESISTANCE PROPERTIES ARE PERMANENTLY IMPROVED

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA879152A (en) * 1971-08-24 L. Peterson Douglas Glass-filled polycarbonate/polyethylene resin
US879152A (en) * 1906-07-09 1908-02-18 Alexander S Diack Toy.
FR84238E (en) * 1963-04-08 1964-12-24 Organico Improved thermoplastic materials and their manufacturing process
US3875107A (en) * 1971-09-29 1975-04-01 Bayer Ag Flame-resistant thermoplastic molding compositions and moldings made therefrom
DE2355211A1 (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-05-22 Basf Ag SELF-EXTINGUISHING, REINFORCED POLYCARBONATE MOLDING COMPOUNDS
US4110299A (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-08-29 General Electric Company Flame-retardant polycarbonate composition
US4122131A (en) * 1977-09-14 1978-10-24 General Electric Company Polyblend composition comprising aromatic polycarbonate, polyolefin, selectively hydrogenated block copolymer and olefinic copolymer

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3437631A (en) * 1967-02-13 1969-04-08 Mobay Chemical Corp Body protective device composed of polycarbonate resins admixed with polyolefins and pigments
DE1965125A1 (en) * 1968-12-26 1970-07-09 Gen Electric Glass reinforced polycarbonate/polyethylene - compositions of good impact strength
FR2340350A1 (en) * 1976-02-09 1977-09-02 Mobay Chemical Corp POLYCARBONATE WHOSE IMPACT RESISTANCE PROPERTIES ARE PERMANENTLY IMPROVED

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO8000083A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1980000083A1 (en) 1980-01-24
JPS55500811A (en) 1980-10-23
EP0016058A1 (en) 1980-10-01

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