EP0014534B1 - Préparation de fibres hydrophiles de polyoléfines et papier contenant ces fibres - Google Patents

Préparation de fibres hydrophiles de polyoléfines et papier contenant ces fibres Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0014534B1
EP0014534B1 EP80300200A EP80300200A EP0014534B1 EP 0014534 B1 EP0014534 B1 EP 0014534B1 EP 80300200 A EP80300200 A EP 80300200A EP 80300200 A EP80300200 A EP 80300200A EP 0014534 B1 EP0014534 B1 EP 0014534B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rosin
paper
water
pulp
fibers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80300200A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0014534A1 (fr
Inventor
Robert Wilder Davison
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Hercules LLC
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Hercules LLC
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0014534A1 publication Critical patent/EP0014534A1/fr
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/184—Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
    • D21H13/10—Organic non-cellulose fibres
    • D21H13/12—Organic non-cellulose fibres from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H13/14—Polyalkenes, e.g. polystyrene polyethylene
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
    • D06M2101/16—Synthetic fibres, other than mineral fibres
    • D06M2101/18—Synthetic fibres consisting of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M2101/20—Polyalkenes, polymers or copolymers of compounds with alkenyl groups bonded to aromatic groups

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for the preparation of hydrophilic polyolefin fibers which are readily dispersible in water and which can be blended with wood pulp fibers to provide a pulp which can be made into high quality paper using conventional papermaking techniques. More particularly, this invention relates to formation of polyolefin-based fibers and treatment of these fibers by precipitating on the surfaces thereof a hydrated material of submicron dimensions. The presence of the hydrated material on the fiber surface renders the fiber uniformly hydrophilic and ionic.
  • polyolefin fibers having a high surface area are treated with hydrophilic colloidal polymeric additive composed of a cationic polymer such as melamine-formaldehyde or polyethyleneimine and an anionic polymer such as carboxymethyl cellulose or ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer.
  • hydrophilic colloidal polymeric additive composed of a cationic polymer such as melamine-formaldehyde or polyethyleneimine and an anionic polymer such as carboxymethyl cellulose or ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer.
  • Another procedure developed for the preparation of water-dispersible, hydrophilic polyolefin pulps has been one involving the spurting of a mixture of the polyolefin and an additive such as a hydrophilic clay or a hydrophilic polymer, for example, polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the spurting process used in these preparations is one in which the polyolefin and the hydrophilic additive are dispersed in a liquid which is not a solvent for either component at its normal boiling point, heating the resulting dispersion at superatmospheric pressure to dissolve the polymer and any solvent-soluble additive, and then discharging the resulting composition into a zone of reduced temperature and pressure, usually atmospheric, to form the fibrous product.
  • paper having further improved strength properties can be prepared by forming a spurted fibrous anionic polyolefin composition containing carboxylic functionality, for example, a spurted fibrous composition comprising a mixture of a polyolefin and a carboxyl-containing anionic polymer, and then modifying this fibrous product by intimately contacting the fibers in a dilute aqueous solution or dispersion of a blend of a certain type of cationic, water-soluble, nitrogen-containing polymer and a certain type of anionic, water-soluble, nitrogen-containing polymer.
  • the fiber modifying step results in deposition of the blend of cationic and anionic nitrogen-containing polymers on the spurted fibers, and the originally anionic fibers are converted into modified fibers which are capable of bonding to the cellulosic fibers of wood pulp.
  • the immediate product from a papermaking machine is a roll of paper of such size that the paper normally has to be cut into specified widths and rewound in order to be placed in usable form.
  • the paper is passed at high speed, normally over stationary metal guides, and the resulting heat and friction cause embrittlement and flaking off of certain types of the modified polyolefin fibers in the form of dust.
  • Much of this dust is carried along with the paper and, when the paper is used, for example, in offset printing, the dust accumulates on the ink roll, necessitating frequent cleaning to ensure proper transfer of the ink to the printing roll.
  • cellulosic materials are sized by means of a low molecular weight copolymer of an a,l3-ethylenically unsatured hydrophobic monomer and an ammoniated a,l3-ethylenically unsatured carboxylic acid and a cationic retention aid, for example, polyethyleneimine or aluminium sulfate.
  • the method requires the use of cellulosic materials, to which the copolymer additives are attracted.
  • the cellulosic material may contain a proportion of non-cellulosic materials, those mentioned being polyamides, polyesters, polyacrylic acid resin fibers and mineral fibers such as asbestos and glass.
  • a paper having satisfactory strength properties and improved rewindability and printability can be prepared by forming an aqueous suspension of spurted polyolefin fibers, adding to said suspension with stirring, an aqueous solution of a water-soluble ionized reagent capable of being converted into hydrated solid particles submicron in size, said ionized reagent being an alkali metal or ammonium salt of rosin, a modified rosin or a mixture thereof, and then adding to the fiber dispersion so formed an ionic precipitant for said reagent, said ionic precipitant being alum, sulfuric acid, a blend of alum and sulfuric acid, or a water-soluble calcium or magnesium salt, thereby effecting precipitation of said hydrated solid particles submiron in size onto the surface of the polyolefin fibers.
  • the fiber surfaces become essentially uniformly hydrophilic and ionic.
  • the treated fibers are hydrophilic, water-dispersible and very receptive to hydrophilic additives, such as starch, which are ordinarily added in the papermaking process.
  • the preferred water-soluble ionized reagents of this invention are the alkali metal salts of rosin and modified rosins.
  • spurted polypropylene fibers are suspended in water by stirring and to the stirred suspension is added a dilute aqueous solution of the sodium salt of rosin. Stirring is continued and then a dilute aqueous solution of alum is added to the fiber dispersion, resulting in deposition of hydrated rosin-containing particles submicron in size on the surface of the polypropylene fibers.
  • the treated fibers may then be isolated and stored in wet cake form, or the suspension containing the fibers may be used directly in a papermaking process.
  • a cationic, water-soluble, nitrogen-containing polymer was prepared from diethylenetriamine, adipic acid and epichlorohydrin. Diethylen- triamine in the amount of 0.97 mole was added to a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser. There then was gradually added to the reaction vessel one mole of adipic acid with stirring. After the acid had dissolved in the amine, the reaction mixture was heated to 170-175°C. and held at that temperature for one and one-half hours, at which time the reaction mixture had become very viscous. The reaction mixture then was cooled to 140°C., and sufficient water was added to provide the resulting polyamide solution with a solids content of about 50%.
  • a sample of the polyamide isolated from this solution was found to have a reduced specific viscosity of 0.155 deciliters per gram when measured at a concentration of two percent in a one molar aqueous solution of ammonium chloride.
  • the polyamide solution was diluted to 13.5% solids and heated to 40°C., and epichlorohydrin was slowly added in an amount corresponding to 1.32 moles per mole of secondary amine in the polyamide.
  • the reaction mixture then was heated at a temperature between 70° and 75°C. until it attained a Gardner viscosity of E-F.
  • Sufficient water next was added to provide a solids content of about 12.5%, and the solution was cooled to 25°C.
  • the pH of the solution then was adjusted to 4.7 with concentrated sulfuric acid.
  • the final product contained 12.5% solids and had a Gardner viscosity of B-C.
  • An anionic, water-soluble, nitrogen-containing polymer was prepared from acrylamide, acrylic acid and glyoxal.
  • a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, a reflux condenser and a nitrogen adapter was added 890 parts of water.
  • the resulting solution was sparged with nitrogen and heated to 76°C., at which point two parts of ammonium persulfate dissolved in six and one-half parts of water was added.
  • the temperature of the reaction mixture increased 21.5°C. over a period of three minutes following addition of the persulfate.
  • the temperature returned to 76°C., it was maintained there for two hours, after which the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature.
  • the resulting solution had a Brookfield viscosity of 54 centipoises at 21°C. and contained less than 0.2% acrylamide based on the polymer content.
  • Polypropylene fibers were treated as in Example 1 except for the use of one percent (based on dry fiber weight) of a wood rosin size which contained excess alkali in place of the hydrogenated rosin size of Example 1.
  • a wood rosin size which contained excess alkali in place of the hydrogenated rosin size of Example 1.
  • 1.26 liters of slurry was first stirred in the presence of 0.63 gram of a bonding agent which was a 1:5 by weight blend of the cationic polymer of Example A and the anionic polymer of Example B. The resulting slurry was then partly dewatered before combining with the standard wood pulp slurry as in Example 1.
  • Handsheets were made in the same manner as in Example 1.
  • Example 2 The procedure of Example 2 was duplicated except that three percent wood rosin size was added instead of one percent.
  • Example 3 The procedure of Example 3 was repeated with the exception that three percent hydrogenated rosin size of the type used in Example 1 was used instead of three percent wood rosin size.
  • Handsheet properties for Examples 1 to 4 are listed in Table I.
  • the data for Example 1 show that adequate sheet dry strength values were obtained.
  • the data for Examples 2 to 4 show the increased strength values obtained by addition of the bonding agent of Example 2, thus demonstrating that the treated fibers are quite responsive to the bonding agent.
  • the % bonding agent in the sheet is shown in the Table and is based on the amount of polypropylene fiber component.
  • the poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) had a degree of hdrolysis>98% and a minimum viscosity, measured on a four percent aqueous solution at 20°C., of four centipoises.
  • the PVA was affixed to the fiber in an amount of about one-half percent by deflaking the pulp suspension in the aqueous PVA solution.
  • the synthetic pulp wet mat was transported to appropriate paper- making equipment where 50 dry pounds (22.68 dry kg) was suspended in soft water at two to two and one-half percent consistency in a beater.
  • 50 dry pounds (22.68 dry kg) was suspended in soft water at two to two and one-half percent consistency in a beater.
  • an aqueous solution of sodium resinate formed by dissolving two dry pounds (0.907 dry kg) of N-wood rosin in aqueous sodium hdroxide (102 dry grams of NaOH), stirring at 80°C. until the rosin was completely dissolved, and then diluting to five percent rosin solids.
  • the percent rosin based on the synthetic pulp was four percent, calculated as free acid.
  • Wood pulp 50 dry pounds (22.68 dry kg) of Weyerhauser bleached hardwood kraft, WBHK, and 100 dry pounds (45.36 dry kg) of Rayonier bleached softwood kraft, RBSK) was defibered in the beater containing the treated synthetic pulp; the percent synthetic pulp was 25% of the total pulp furnish.
  • the pulp blend was refined to 286 Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF), first with a Claflin refiner and then with a double disc refiner. After internal addition of 0.35% of fortified free rosin emulsion (Neuphor 100) and 1.25% alum to the dilute pulp slurry for sizing, it was formed into a sheet on a conventional Fourdrinier paper machine.
  • Example 5 The same synthetic pulp used in Example 5 was pretreated with N-wood rosin size and alum, prior to use in the paper-making operation, by first dispersing 50 dry pounds (22.68 dry kg) of the PVA-containing pulp in 600 gallons (2728 litres) deionized water and then adding an aqueous solution of two dry pounds (0.907 dry kg) four percent based on the synthetic pulp) N-wood rosin dissolved in aqueous alkali as described in the previous example. This mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and then treated with six percent (based on the synthetic pulp) alum (three dry pounds 1.36 dry kg) in two gallons of water) (9.09 litres).
  • the resulting slurry (pH about 4.5) was dewatered in large filter crocks to give a pulp mat, at about 20% solids, which was transported to appropriate papermaking equipment. It then was dispersed in soft water and to the resulting slurry (pH 7.4) was added 42 pounds (19.051 kg) of an aqueous six percent solution of Sta-Lok 400 (two and one-half dry pounds (1.134 dry kg), five percent based on the synthetic pulp), followed by 50 dry pounds (22.68 dry kg) of WBHK and 100 dry pounds (45.36 dry kg) of RBSK pulp. The pulp blend was refined to 348 CSF and then made into paper as described in Example 5.
  • Example 5 Using the same synthetic pulp as that of Example 5 and following substantially the procedure of Example 5 except for minor variations in amounts of materials used, the pulp was treated with the sodium salt of a partially hydrogenated wood rosin instead of the sodium salt of the N-wood rosin of Example 5. In so doing, 40 dry pounds (18.14 dry kg) of the pulp, dispersed in water, was treated with an aqueous solution formed by dissolving two and four-tenths pounds (1.09 kg) of the partially hydrogenated rosin in aqueous sodium hydroxide containing 135 dry grams of NaOH, and then diluting the solution of 12% solids. The percent hydrogenated rosin based on the synthetic pulp was six percent, calculated as free acid.
  • the paper gave a slight amount of fine powder on the spreader bar at 1240 and 1600 ft./min (377.9 and 487.7 metres per min) and it was concluded that the paper could be rewound without difficulty at these speeds.
  • the rewound paper had been sheeted and trimmed, it was evaluated for printability as in Example 5. Print quality was judged to be good, and only a small amount of fine debris transferred to the offset blanket during the making of 500 impressions. It was concluded that, in comparison to a paper which had been prepared in the same way except for omission of the hydrogenated rosin-alum treatment, the paper of this example would provide at least five times as many impression before print quality became affected by offset blanket contamination.
  • Example 7 The procedure of Example 7 was essentially repeated except that no cationic starch was added following the hydrogenated rosin-alum treatment.
  • Example 7 The procedure of Example 7 was substantially duplicated except that the sodium salt of the partially hydrogenated wood rosin was replaced with the sodium salt of the modified rosin formed by reaction of rosin with fumaric acid and composed of a mixture of rosin and the rosin- fumaric acid adduct (about 85% of the acid groups of the modified rosin being neutralized with sodium hydroxide).
  • the physical properties and the rewindability and printability of the paper product were quite comparable to the corresponding properties of the product of Example 7.
  • the synthetic pulp used in this example was prepared in the same way as that of Example 5 except that tetrakis-[methylene 3-(3,5- ditertiarylbutyl - 4 - hydroxyphenyl)propionate]-methane was used as the stabilizer and the pulp was not carried into an aqueous solution of poly(vinylalcohol). Instead, after release into a region of autogenous pressure at 80°C., it was withdrawn through a water seal and then baled and transported to appropriate papermaking equipment. In a Hollander beater containing 300 gallons (1364 litres) of soft water was formed a solution of the sodium salt of a partially hydrogenated rosin (six percent hydrogenated rosin based on the synthetic pulp). To the beater was added 50 dry pounds (22.68 dry kg) of the synthetic pulp.
  • the pulp was dispersed by circulating it in the beater for five minutes, following which the hydrogenated rosin was precipitated in situ by the addition of an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate (six percent calcium nitrate based on the synthetic pulp).
  • the resulting mixture was circulated in the beater for five minutes, after which forty-two pounds (19.051 kg) of a six percent solution of cationic starch (Sta-Lok 400, five percent based on the synthetic pulp) was added and allowed to mix for a further five minutes, when 150 dry pounds (68.04 dry kg) of cellulose wood pulp (50 pounds (22.68 kg (of Weyerhauser bleached hardwood kraft pulp, plus 100 pounds (45.36 kg) of Rayonier bleached softwood kraft pulp) was added, together with enough soft water to adjust the consistency to approximately five percent.
  • the mixture was circulated through a Claflin refiner to reduce the Canadian Standard Freeness to 507, then diluted to 1.8% consistency and pumped once through a double disc refiner to reduce the Canadian Standard Freeness to 332.
  • fortified free rosin emulsion (Neuphor 100) precipitated in situ by 1.25% alum at pH 5.5 for internal sizing, the dilute slurry was formed into a continuous web on a conventional Fourdrinier paper machine.
  • the physical property data were obtained in accordance with standard test procedures. They are as follows: caliper, Tappi 411; brightness, Tappi 452; opacity, Tappi 425; Mullen burst, Tappi 403; MIT fold, Tappi 511; and IGT pick, Tappi 499.
  • the dry tensile strength was determined on an Instron tensile tester using a one-inch (12.54 cm) wide strip and a constant rate of elongation.
  • the tests herein are Tappi tests (that is, standard tests of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry).
  • any rosin or modified rosin in the form of its alkali metal or ammonium salt may be used as the water-soluble ionized reagent capable of being converted into hydrated solid particles submicron in size in accordance with the process qf this invention. Mixtures of these alkali metal and ammonium salts may also be used. Ordinarily, these salts are formed by complete or substantially complete neutralization of the corresponding acidic materials. Sodium hydroxide is the preferred base used in preparation of the salts, although potassium, lithium and ammonium hydroxides may also be used.
  • the amount of alkali metal or ammonium salt may be varied from about one to about 10% by weight, based on the amount of polyolefin fibers, but preferably is in the range of from about two to about six percent, more preferably from about three to about five percent. Both wood and gum rosins, and also tall oil rosin, may be used as sources of the rosin and modified rosins.
  • the water-soluble ionized reagent is an alkali metal salt of rosin or a modified rosin
  • the ionic precipitant ordinarily used was papermakers' alum, namely, hydrated aluminum sulfate (usually 14 to 18 molecules of water of hydration).
  • the amount of alum generally is about 0.75 to about 1.5 times the weight of the rosin or modified rosin salt.
  • water-soluble calcium and magnesium salts such as the nitrates, bromides and chlorides, blends of alum and sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid alone.
  • a bonding agent improved the strength values of the paper products
  • Such bonding agents are disclosed in the Belgian Patent, No. 850,721 to Hercules Incorporated mentioned earlier.
  • a cationic wet strength resin in the preparation of paper using the hydrophilic polyolefin fibers of this invention provides improved strength properties to the paper.
  • Typical wet strength resins are those cationic polymers disclosed by the aforementioned Belgian patent, which polymers may generally be classified as the reaction products of epichlorohydrin and a polymer containing secondary or tertiary amine groups, or both.
  • the polyolefin fibers shown in the examples are spurted polypropylene fibers.
  • the process of this invention is applicable to spurted fibers prepared not only from polypropylene, but also from polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and propylene, copolymers of propylene and other 1-olefins such a 1-butene, 4-methylpentene-1 and 1-hexene, and mixtures of any of these polymers.
  • the process of this invention makes possible the preparation of improved paper products from blends of wood pulp (generally 70-90% of the blend) and polyolefin pulps (generally 10-30% of the blend).
  • the treated polyolefin fibers are receptive to added bonding agents such as starch, and the paper products based on these treated fibers have improved brightness, opacity and printability, as well as very acceptable rewindability.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)

Claims (3)

1. Un procédé de préparation de fibres de polyoléfines uniformément hydrophiles et dispersables dans l'eau, caractérisé en ce que l'on forme une suspension aqueuse de fibres de polyoléfines crachées, on ajoute à celle suspension, tout en brassant, une solution aqueuse d'un réactif ionisé soluble dans l'eau capable d'être converti en particules solides hydratées d'une dimension submicronique, ce réactif ionisé étant un métal alcalin ou un sel ammoniaqué de cellophane, une cellophane modifiée ou un mélange de ceux-ci, et on ajoute ensuite à la dispersion de fibres ainsi formée un agent précipitant ionique pour le réactif ionisé, cet agent précipitant ionique étant de l'alun, de l'acide sulfurique, un mélange d'alun et d'acide sulfurique ou un sel de calcium ou de magnésium soluble dans l'eau de manière à effectuer ainsi la précipitation des particules solides hydratées de dimension submicronique sur la surface des fibres de polyoléfine.
2. Procédé suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les fibres de polyoléfines crachées sont des fibres de polypropylène.
3. Un papier contenant les fibres de polyoléfines qui ont été préparées par le procédé suivant l'une ou l'autre des revendications 1 et 2.
EP80300200A 1979-02-02 1980-01-22 Préparation de fibres hydrophiles de polyoléfines et papier contenant ces fibres Expired EP0014534B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB7903844 1979-02-02
GB7903844 1979-02-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0014534A1 EP0014534A1 (fr) 1980-08-20
EP0014534B1 true EP0014534B1 (fr) 1985-09-25

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EP80300200A Expired EP0014534B1 (fr) 1979-02-02 1980-01-22 Préparation de fibres hydrophiles de polyoléfines et papier contenant ces fibres

Country Status (10)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0014534B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS55103305A (fr)
AU (1) AU534620B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR8000647A (fr)
CA (1) CA1148706A (fr)
DE (1) DE3071109D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK45480A (fr)
ES (1) ES488174A0 (fr)
FI (1) FI800149A (fr)
NO (1) NO800246L (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4458042A (en) * 1983-03-21 1984-07-03 Hercules Incorporated Absorbent material
US4766036A (en) * 1985-09-16 1988-08-23 The Dow Chemical Company Process for producing porous fibers from orientable olefin polymers having cation-containing, pendent reactive side-groups and the resultant product
JPH04119638U (ja) * 1991-04-11 1992-10-26 株式会社ハタ技研 紙送りローラ装置におけるトルク・リミツタを備えたロール
DE4439971A1 (de) * 1993-11-09 1995-05-24 Advantest Corp Fehleranalysesystem für integrierte Schaltkreise

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3743570A (en) * 1971-03-03 1973-07-03 Crown Zellerbach Corp Process for producing a nonwoven fabric web from a suspension of polyolefin fibers and a hydrophilic colloidal polymeric additive
JPS5536754B2 (fr) * 1973-04-16 1980-09-24
US3872039A (en) * 1974-02-01 1975-03-18 Dow Chemical Co Cellulosic materials internally sized with low molecular weight copolymers of alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated hydrophobic monomers and ammoniated carboxylic acid comonomers

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Handbook of Pulp and Paper Technology (1970), pages 356-360 *

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DK45480A (da) 1980-08-03
JPS55103305A (en) 1980-08-07
ES8102211A1 (es) 1980-12-16
JPS6335753B2 (fr) 1988-07-15
NO800246L (no) 1980-08-04
FI800149A (fi) 1980-08-03
CA1148706A (fr) 1983-06-28
BR8000647A (pt) 1980-10-14
DE3071109D1 (en) 1985-10-31
AU534620B2 (en) 1984-02-09
ES488174A0 (es) 1980-12-16
EP0014534A1 (fr) 1980-08-20
AU5510080A (en) 1980-08-07

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