EP0012292B1 - Motor fuels and furnace oils, preparation thereof and their application - Google Patents
Motor fuels and furnace oils, preparation thereof and their application Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0012292B1 EP0012292B1 EP79104804A EP79104804A EP0012292B1 EP 0012292 B1 EP0012292 B1 EP 0012292B1 EP 79104804 A EP79104804 A EP 79104804A EP 79104804 A EP79104804 A EP 79104804A EP 0012292 B1 EP0012292 B1 EP 0012292B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- water
- weight
- mol
- fuels
- emulsifier
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 title 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000012875 nonionic emulsifier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920001521 polyalkylene glycol ether Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract 9
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 30
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl formate Chemical compound OCC(CO)OC=O LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000223 polyglycerol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005608 naphthenic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 30
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 alkane carboxylic acid ester Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 3
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- OULAJFUGPPVRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetratriacontan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO OULAJFUGPPVRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- NMRPBPVERJPACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3S)-octan-3-ol Natural products CCCCCC(O)CC NMRPBPVERJPACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APQIUTYORBAGEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-dibromoethane Chemical compound CC(Br)Br APQIUTYORBAGEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 1-oleoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYEJMVLDXAUOPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O CYEJMVLDXAUOPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTXXTMOWISPQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4,4-trifluorobutan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(F)(F)F BTXXTMOWISPQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVYWICLMDOOCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-pentanol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)O WVYWICLMDOOCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQWCXKGKQLNYQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylcyclohexan-1-ol Chemical compound CC1CCC(O)CC1 MQWCXKGKQLNYQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQACOLQNOUYJCE-FYZZASKESA-N Abietic acid Natural products CC(C)C1=CC2=CC[C@]3(C)[C@](C)(CCC[C@@]3(C)C(=O)O)[C@H]2CC1 BQACOLQNOUYJCE-FYZZASKESA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009435 amidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007112 amidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010533 azeotropic distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005352 clarification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1 HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007257 deesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007786 electrostatic charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoelaidin Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- BOWVQLFMWHZBEF-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleoyl ethanolamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)NCCO BOWVQLFMWHZBEF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- REZOIPSCCRVWNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetratriacontan-17-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC REZOIPSCCRVWNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
- F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
- F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
Definitions
- the invention relates to fuels for internal combustion engines such as gasoline and diesel engines, as well as rotary piston engines and turbines or heating oils for oil firing systems, which contain emulsifiers or emulsifying mixtures and water and, if appropriate, alcohols in the fuels or heating oils customary for the respective units; the invention further relates to a process for their preparation and their use.
- water, a nonionic emulsifier and optionally an alcohol-containing fuel or heating oil have been found, which are characterized in that the nonionic emulsifier contains less than 1000 ppm of salt, less than 1% by weight of polyalkylene glycol ether and less than 1% by weight of glycerol and / or contains polyglycerol.
- a process for the production of water, a nonionic emulsifier and, if appropriate, an alcohol-containing fuel or heating oil has also been found, which is characterized in that a nonionic emulsifier is used for the production, which is known per se, and which contains less than 1000 ppm of salt contains less than 1% by weight of polyalkylene glycol ether and less than 1% by weight of glycerol and / or polyglycerol.
- nonionic emulsifiers are emulsifiers of the alkyl ether, alkane carboxylic acid ester, alkane carbonamide or alkylamine type.
- the nonionic emulsifiers are obtained, for example, by reacting 2 to 50 mol of ethylene oxide or ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with (a) an alcohol having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, which can be straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated, with (b) an alkyl glycol 1,2 with 10 to 22 carbon atoms, with (c) a fatty acid with 10 to 22 carbon atoms, which can be saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched, with (d) resin acids or naphthenic acids with (e) an alkylphenol, such as nonyl or dodecylphenol or aralkylphenols or with (f) fats, such as castor oil, coconut oil, palm oil, tallow oil or lard, sunflower oil, safflower oil, olive oil.
- the property of the nonionic emulsifiers can be used to separate out from aqueous solution when heated. If a mixture of water with emulsifier is heated to 90 to 100 ° C in a ratio of 1: 1, a water-containing approx. 65% emulsifier layer separates at the bottom and an aqueous layer deposited at the top contains the polyglycol ethers and the catalyst salts.
- the alkalinity from the oxyethylation catalyst (KOH, NaOH) is advantageously removed before the separation by neutralization with sulfuric acid or acetic acid. This procedure corresponds approximately to that in DE-C No. 828839.
- the emulsifiers contain less than 0.01% salts (from previously 0.3 to 0.5%) and preferably less than 0.5% polyethylene glycol ether (from 3 to 8% previously).
- an organic water-immiscible solvent e.g. Toluene
- the emulsifier and solvent are mixed in a ratio of about 1: 1. 5 to 10% by weight of water and possibly acid (such as sulfuric acid or acetic acid) are stirred into the solution to neutralize basic fractions.
- acid such as sulfuric acid or acetic acid
- an aqueous layer separates at the bottom. This contains the polyglycol ether and the salts. Since this solution is approx. 50 to 60%, it can be easily removed by incineration.
- the toluene layer can be completely freed from water and toluene.
- the use according to the invention to dry the toluene emulsifier solution by azeotropic distillation of the water and to use it.
- the nonionic emulsifiers to be used according to the invention can be purified by the process of DE-A No. 2854541.7.
- the hydrocarbons contained in the fuels according to the invention are generally the mixtures customary for this purpose, such as those with their physical data in DIN regulation 51600 or in the " United States Federal Specification" VV-M-561 a-2, October 30, 1954. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons from gaseous, dissolved butane to C zo hydrocarbons (as a residual fraction of diesel oil), e.g. cycloaliphatic, olefinic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons, natural naphthenic or refined technical hydrocarbons.
- the compositions according to the invention preferably contain no lead alkyls and similarly toxic additives.
- the heating oils according to the invention generally contain, as hydrocarbon content, the compositions which are commercially available under the name of light or medium-weight heating oil.
- the lower alcohols are used in the fuels and heating oils according to the invention in order to increase the spontaneity of the emulsion and the low-temperature stability and to control the temperature dependence in the emulsification of the water.
- the spontaneity can generally be brought about with the aid of mixed emulsifiers of different ionicity. Since water-oil emulsions are used in an engine fuel for corrosion reasons and because only nonionic emulsifiers can be used with some certainty, it must be described as extremely surprising that spontaneous water-in-oil emulsions are obtained with the emulsifiers according to the invention.
- the fuels and heating oils according to the invention have a considerably improved low-temperature stability, which is not only that the formation of ice crystals is prevented, but also is due to the failure of gel structures, which can cause an uncontrolled increase in viscosity.
- Straight-chain or branched aliphatic alcohols and cycloaliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 1,3-dimethylbutanol, cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanol, octanol, may be mentioned as alcohols. Ethylhexanol. Mixtures of these alcohols can also be used well. Alcohols which are readily available industrially are preferably used, e.g. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, 2-ethylhexanol.
- the fuel or heating oil emulsion according to the invention is prepared in a manner known per se by stirring the water into the solution of the purified emulsifier in the hydrocarbon which may contain alcohol, preferably using no further machines which provide distribution energy.
- the emulsifier optionally also the alcohol, can be distributed over the hydrocarbon and / or water.
- the fatty acid monoglycerides are used both to lower the viscosity of the system and to stabilize the emulsion. Due to the manufacturing process, significant amounts of glycerin (polyglycerin) are often still contained. These parts must also be removed by cleaning. Accordingly, glycerol and polyglycerol are likewise to be removed from the emulsifier to be used according to the invention to a residual content of less than 1% by weight.
- the fatty acid amide ethylene oxide adducts can be obtained by direct amidation or by ester cleavage with ethanolamine.
- a mixture of monoethanol amide and monoglyceride is readily available, which is obtained by reacting 1 mol of triglyceride with 2 mol of ethanolamine at 160 to 180 ° C. in 3 to 5 hours.
- the monoethanolamides are used to lower the viscosity, stabilize the emulsion, but also to protect against corrosion and in connection with the emulsifiers as a cleaning agent for the carburetor (detergents).
- the fine distribution of the water in the fuel or in the heating oil is substantially improved by the use of the emulsifiers in purified form.
- the quality of the fine distribution of the water for handling and the technical procedure for storing and supplying the fuel or heating oil to the combustion chamber is decisive for its usability.
- the new fuels are suitable for reducing the energy consumption in our motor vehicles, reducing pollutant emissions, and the danger posed by lead tetraalkyls and scavengers (dichloroethane, dibromoethane, cf. " Chemiker-Zeitung” 97 (1973), No. 9, p. 463 ) to eliminate corrosion-inhibiting, without technically requiring a greater effort for changes to the vehicles. It may only be necessary to make slight corrections to the float or the nozzles of the carburetor to adapt to the somewhat higher density.
- Another advantage of the fuels according to the invention which contain emulsifiers and water and, if appropriate, alcohols is that their electrostatic charge is greatly reduced, so that a substantial danger when handling fuels is reduced (cf. Haase, " Static electricity as a danger", Verlag Chemie, Weinheim / Bergstrasse 1968, especially pages 69, 96-99, 114 and 115).
- the electrostatic charge of the fuels according to the invention is so low that dangerous discharges can no longer occur.
- the normal gasoline used shows values of around 1.10 12 ⁇ ⁇ cm at 20 ° C for the volume resistance, whereas the fuel according to the invention generally has a volume resistance of ⁇ 1.10 10 ⁇ ⁇ cm, for example 1.10 1 to 1.1010 ⁇ ⁇ cm .
- the volume resistivity of the fuels according to the invention is preferably 1.10 8 to 9.10 9 ⁇ ⁇ cm. At values below 101 0 ⁇ ⁇ cm there is no longer any danger from electrostatic charging when filling, decanting and
- the heating oil emulsions according to the invention bring a better transfer of the heat of combustion to the heating medium system during combustion and less solid emissions through the chimneys.
- Linevol 91 (trademark of SHELL) mentioned in the following examples is a mixture of 80% of the straight-chain Cg, C 10 and C 11 alcohols in approximately equal parts and 20% weakly branched alcohols with the same number of carbon atoms.
- Rudanit GRMO is a trademark of Henkel and means ricinoleic acid monoglyceride.
- the car was tested on a roller dynamometer at 100 km / h for 15 minutes.
- the resistance on the rollers was set at 20 kg.
- the float in the carburetor was adjusted to the density of the fuel from 0.797 at 20 ° C to 0.8.
- the measurement of the consumption during these tests gave, after conversion to liters per 100 km, a consumption of 9.4 l of this 72% petrol-containing fuel per 100 km. In the same vehicle under these test conditions with petrol, about 11/100 km more consumption was determined.
- the fuel was made from unpurified emulsifiers, which contained in the unpurified form the fatty alcohol + 3 ⁇ O 2.5% polyglycol ether and 0.23% ash and the fatty alcohol + 7 ⁇ O 4% polyglycol ether and 0.23% ash, so short formed
- two layers consisting of a W / O and an O / W emulsion.
- the layers could be re-emulsified by mechanical action, they did not form a stable emulsion for a long time.
- the emulsifiers used were purified by the following methods: 100 g of the reacted with 7 moles of ethylene oxide synthetic C s -alcohol are mixed with 100 g of water and the product derived from the alkali Oxiäthyl istskatalysator (approximately 0.2%) is neutralized with sulfuric acid. The neutral solution is heated to 98 to 100 ° C. After an hour, the two layers formed can be separated. At the top is the aqueous layer with the potassium sulfate (approx. 0.5 g) and the polyglycol ethers (approx. 4 g), at the bottom the viscous, approx. 60% emulsifier solution can be removed. By distilling the water and drying in a vacuum the cleaned emulsifier can be obtained with approx. 95 g.
- the emulsifier contains only 0.006% ash and less than 0.2% polyglycol ether.
- Example 1 The fuel according to Example 1 was stirred well with 5% methanol (based on the total amount). The emulsion remained stable, was now protected against temperatures below 0 ° C and could be used as described above.
- a commercial standard gasoline was mixed with 2.25% linevol 91 with 7 mol of ethylene oxide (washed by the process over the toluene solution), 0.75% coconut fatty acid amide + 1 mol of ethylene oxide.
- Example 1 With stirring, 25% water, which contains no mineral components, is run in. After 5%, there is still a clear, transparent emulsion which then turns into a milky, stable emulsion with increasing amount of water, which can be used as in Example 1.
- the emulsifier is purified by this process: 100 g of the synthetic Cg -11 alcohol reacted with 7 mol of ethylene oxide are mixed with 10 g of water and the alkali of the oxyethylation catalyst is neutralized with acetic acid. The solution is stirred with 100 cc of toluene. After 1 to 3 hours, 7.5 g of an aqueous layer which contains 4 g of polyglycol ether and about 0.5 g of potassium acetate separate from the cloudy mixture. After distilling the toluene, which at the same time drives out the water, about 95 g of the purified emulsifier are obtained.
- a milky fuel is obtained which can be used as in Example 4 and does not tend to separate aqueous sediments. Even more strongly than in the case of the oxyethylated alcohols, it is noticeable in the purified form with the oxyethylated amides that the cloud point of the 1% strength aqueous solution, which is important for the reproduction, cannot be shown if the water used in the fuel is used ( ⁇ 5 ppm mineral salts, or conductivity ⁇ 4 ⁇ Siemens). It is recommended to add 200 ppm table salt for the determination.
- 3 parts of emulsifier in the composition mentioned in Example 6 can also be mixed with 3 parts of gasoline and 3 parts of water to give a clear solution. Then 70.5% of gasoline, 1.5% of isobutanol and 9% of the aforementioned mixture are metered in, and 22% of water can be mixed into a stream of this mixture via a suitable mixing chamber.
- the water is emulsified by the swirling process in the mixing chamber.
- the fuel obtained in this way fueled a 1.7 liter Opel record, which had had an air channel narrowed from 28 to 26 in the carburetor.
- the vehicle behaved normally in city traffic and showed no noticeable changes.
- the fatty acid amide derivative includes for good rust protection in the tank and pipes.
- the petrol emulsion with washed emulsifier had an absorption of 0.30 and after 24 h formed only a few mm of a petrol-rich surface. After stirring, an emulsion of the same absorption was obtained.
- the following mixing can also be used to determine the effect of cleaning on stability.
- nonionic emulsifier made of cetylstearyl alcohol with 12 mol ethylene oxide was 10% dissolved in diesel oil and 0.5 cm 3 of water was added for clarification.
- the unwashed emulsifier shows a permanent cloudiness, the washed emulsifier dissolves clearly.
- the unwashed emulsifier leads to a gelatinous, cloudy, unstable emulsion.
- the washed emulsifier forms a structurally viscous, stable, clear solution with a Tyndall effect that can be mixed with the remaining components to form the fuel.
- the emulsification is carried out with the aid of an unwashed emulsifier, which contains approx. 10 to 12% polyglycol ether from the preparation and from transesterification reactions, an emulsion is obtained which, after only 15 minutes, contains approx. 20% of a strongly water-containing, milky layer below settles. If this layer first runs out of the vehicle tank and gets into the carburetor, there is no ignition.
- an unwashed emulsifier which contains approx. 10 to 12% polyglycol ether from the preparation and from transesterification reactions
- the fuel formulation with 79% unleaded regular gasoline, 1.8% oleic acid amide with 7 mol ethylene oxide and 1.2% ricinoleic acid monoglyceride (Rilanit GRMO from Henkel), 4% impurities from the ethylene oxide adduct and approx. 3.5% from the monoglyceride Glycerol removed by the purification described was prepared by emulsifying a mixture of 4% methanol and 15% water. This fuel had no sediment even after 8 days and remained thin when cooled to -5 ° C. In contrast, when using the unpurified emulsifiers, a second emulsion phase was observed after a few hours, which became highly viscous at temperatures of 2 to 5 ° C. These proportions (approx. 20 to 25%) neither pass through the fuel filter nor through the gasifier system.
- Example 12 The same raw materials as in Example 12 were used in the following amounts: 67% unleaded normal gasoline, 1.8% ethylene oxide adduct, 1.2% monoglyceride and 5% methanol mixed in with 25% water. In contrast to this stable emulsion, when using unwashed emulsifiers, a streaky, opalescent emulsion is obtained which separates into two emulsion phases in a few hours, in which the lower contains the predominant amount of the water used.
- a commercially available, light heating oil marked EL was mixed with an emulsifier of 1 mol nonylphenol and 5.6 mol ethylene oxide in amounts of 2.6 parts of this emulsifier in the cleaned form, 77 parts heating oil EL and 20 parts water emulsified. Immediately afterwards, 0.4 parts of a reaction product of 1 mol of tallow with 2 mol of ethanolamine (160 ° C. for 5 hours) were added. A reduction in the emulsion viscosity is observed, and an anti-rust effect is also achieved.
- the soot number 1 was measured with the heating oil and a soot number 0 with the emulsion.
- the transfer of the heat of combustion was particularly favorable.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft Kraftstoffe für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen wie Otto- und Dieselmotoren sowie Rotationskolbenmaschinen und Turbinen oder Heizöle für Ölfeuerungen, die in den für die jeweiligen Aggregate üblichen Treibstoffen oder Heizölen Emulgatoren bzw. Emulgatormischungen und Wasser sowie gegebenenfalls Alkohole enthalten; ferner betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung.The invention relates to fuels for internal combustion engines such as gasoline and diesel engines, as well as rotary piston engines and turbines or heating oils for oil firing systems, which contain emulsifiers or emulsifying mixtures and water and, if appropriate, alcohols in the fuels or heating oils customary for the respective units; the invention further relates to a process for their preparation and their use.
Es ist seit langem bekannt, dass die Verbrennung von Kraftstoffen, wie sie z.B. in Otto, Diesel- und Wankelmotoren ausgenutzt wird, oder von Heizölen, durch Wasser verbessert wird. Dabei wurde sowohl vorgeschlagen, Wasser in den Verbrennungsraum zu düsen als auch in Emulsionsform mit dem Treibstoff oder dem Heizöl einzubringen. Letzteres ist in den DE-A- Nr. 1545509 und Nr.2633462 beschrieben worden.It has long been known that the combustion of fuels, e.g. in gasoline, diesel and Wankel engines, or in heating oils, is improved by water. It was proposed both to spray water into the combustion chamber and to introduce it in the form of an emulsion with the fuel or the heating oil. The latter has been described in DE-A No. 1545509 and No. 2633462.
Beim Trennen der Emulsionen treten im allgemeinen zwei Schichten auf, die aus einer Wasser-in-ÖI-Emulsion und einer ÖI-in-Wasser-Emulsion bestehen. Letztere enthält jedoch den überwiegenden Anteil des Wassers und ausserdem ist besonders diese Schicht in ihrer Viskosität von der Temperatur abhängig. Unter 5° C ist die Durchgängigkeit durch die Filter und Düsen im allgemeinen nicht mehr gegeben.When the emulsions are separated, two layers generally occur, which consist of a water-in-oil emulsion and an oil-in-water emulsion. However, the latter contains the major part of the water and in addition this layer is particularly dependent on the temperature in terms of its viscosity. Below 5 ° C there is generally no longer any continuity through the filters and nozzles.
Es hat sich nun überraschenderweise gezeigt, dass die Neigung zur Trennung von Emulsionen, insbesondere der W/O-Emulsionen, vermieden werden kann, wenn aus den nichtionischen Emulgatoren die Verunreinigungen, die hauptsächlich aus Polyalkylenglykoläthern und aus dem Katalysator stammenden Salzen bestehen, entfernt werden. Dies wirkt sich besonders auf Wasser-in-ÖI-Emulsionen niedriger Viskosität aus, während die Erscheinung naturgemäss bei Emulsionen hoher Viskosität (z.B. Lotionen und Cremes) kaum ins Gewicht fällt.It has now surprisingly been found that the tendency to separate emulsions, in particular the W / O emulsions, can be avoided if the impurities, which mainly consist of polyalkylene glycol ethers and salts originating from the catalyst, are removed from the nonionic emulsifiers. This has a particular effect on water-in-oil emulsions of low viscosity, while the appearance of high-viscosity emulsions (e.g. lotions and creams) is of course negligible.
Es wurden dementsprechend Wasser, einen nichtionischen Emulgator und gegebenenfalls einen Alkohol enthaltende Kraftstoffe oder Heizöle gefunden, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass der nichtionische Emulgator weniger als 1000 ppm Salzanteile, weniger als 1 Gew.% Polyalkylenglykoläther und weniger als 1 Gew.% Glycerin und/oder Polyglycerin enthält.Accordingly, water, a nonionic emulsifier and optionally an alcohol-containing fuel or heating oil have been found, which are characterized in that the nonionic emulsifier contains less than 1000 ppm of salt, less than 1% by weight of polyalkylene glycol ether and less than 1% by weight of glycerol and / or contains polyglycerol.
Es wurde auch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Wasser, einen nichtionischen Emulgator und gegebenenfalls einen Alkohol enthaltenden Kraftstoffen oder Heizölen gefunden, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass man für die in an sich bekannter Weise erfolgende Herstellung einen nichtionischen Emulgator einsetzt, der weniger als 1000 ppm Salzanteile, weniger als 1 Gew.% Polyalkylenglykoläther und weniger als 1 Gew.% Glycerin und/oder Polyglycerin enthält.A process for the production of water, a nonionic emulsifier and, if appropriate, an alcohol-containing fuel or heating oil has also been found, which is characterized in that a nonionic emulsifier is used for the production, which is known per se, and which contains less than 1000 ppm of salt contains less than 1% by weight of polyalkylene glycol ether and less than 1% by weight of glycerol and / or polyglycerol.
Als nichtionische Emulgatoren seien beispielsweise Emulgatoren vom Alkyläther-, Alkancarbonsäureester-, Alkancarbonamid- oder Alkylamintyp genannt. Im einzelnen seien genannt die 1 bis 30 mol Äthylenoxid und/oder Propylenoxid enthaltenden Oxiäthylierungsprodukte von Alkoholen mit 8 bis 22 C-Atomen, von Alkylglykolen-1,2, von Fettsäuren, von Fettsäureamid, von Fettatninen, von synthetischen Fettsäuren, von Naphtensäuren, von Harzsäuren, von Alkylphenolen, von Aralkylphenolen oder von Veresterungsprodukten von Fettsäuren mit Glycerin, oder von Polyalkoholen.Examples of nonionic emulsifiers are emulsifiers of the alkyl ether, alkane carboxylic acid ester, alkane carbonamide or alkylamine type. In particular, the 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide-containing oxyethylation products of alcohols with 8 to 22 carbon atoms, of 1,2-alkyl glycols, of fatty acids, of fatty acid amide, of fatty acids, of synthetic fatty acids, of naphthenic acids, of Resin acids, of alkylphenols, of aralkylphenols or of esterification products of fatty acids with glycerol, or of polyalcohols.
Die nichtionischen Emulgatoren werden beispielsweise erhalten durch Umsetzung von 2 bis 50 mol Äthylenoxid oder Äthylenoxid und Propylenoxid mit (a) einem Alkohol mit 8 bis 22 C-Atomen, der geradkettig oder verzweigt, gesättigt oder ungesättigt sein kann, mit (b) einem Alkylglykol-1,2 mit 10 bis 22 C-Atomen, mit (c) einer Fettsäure mit 10 bis 22 C-Atomen, die gesättigt oder ungesättigt, geradkettig oder verzweigt sein kann, mit (d) Harzsäuren oder Naphtensäuren mit (e) einem Alkylphenol, wie Nonyl- oder Dodecylphenol oder Aralkylphenolen oder mit (f) Fetten, wie Rizinusöl, Kokosfett, Palmöl, Talgfett oder Schweinefett, Sonnenblumenöl, Safloröl, Olivenöl.The nonionic emulsifiers are obtained, for example, by reacting 2 to 50 mol of ethylene oxide or ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with (a) an alcohol having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, which can be straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated, with (b) an alkyl glycol 1,2 with 10 to 22 carbon atoms, with (c) a fatty acid with 10 to 22 carbon atoms, which can be saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched, with (d) resin acids or naphthenic acids with (e) an alkylphenol, such as nonyl or dodecylphenol or aralkylphenols or with (f) fats, such as castor oil, coconut oil, palm oil, tallow oil or lard, sunflower oil, safflower oil, olive oil.
Ausführliche Beschreibungen dieser erfindungsgemäss einzusetzenden nichtionischen Emulgatoren sind in N. Schönfeldt, "Grenzflächenaktive Äthylenoxid-Addukte. Ihre Herstellung, Eigenschaften, Anwendung und Analyse", Stuttgart 1976, und M.J. Schick, "Nonionic Surfactants", M. Dekker, New York, 1976, zu finden.Detailed descriptions of these nonionic emulsifiers to be used according to the invention can be found in N. Schönfeldt, " Interface-active ethylene oxide adducts. Their preparation, properties, application and analysis", Stuttgart 1976, and MJ Schick, " Nonionic Surfactants", M. Dekker, New York, 1976, to find.
Kennzeichnend für die Erfindung ist jedoch, dass nur gereinigte nichtionische Emulgatoren verwendet werden, die frei sind von Polyglykoläthern und Katalysatorsalzen, die im allgemeinen im Herstellungsprozess durch Nebenraktionen mit Verunreinigungen oder Feuchtigkeit entstehen können. Die durch Umesterung bei der Oxi- äthylierung der Fettsäuren oder Triglyceride (natürliche Fette) entstehenden Polyglykoläther müssen ebenfalls entfernt werden, da sie allein aus Wahrscheinlichkeitsgründen in grösseren Mengen (5 bis 18%) enthalten sind. Als Reinigungsmethoden zur Entfernung der genannten Anteile sind alle dem Fachmann geläufigen Verfahren geeignet.It is characteristic of the invention, however, that only purified nonionic emulsifiers are used which are free from polyglycol ethers and catalyst salts, which can generally arise in the production process from side reactions with impurities or moisture. The polyglycol ethers resulting from transesterification during the oxyethylation of the fatty acids or triglycerides (natural fats) must also be removed, since they are contained in large quantities (5 to 18%) for reasons of probability alone. All methods known to the person skilled in the art are suitable as cleaning methods for removing the said parts.
Zur Reinigung kann die Eigenschaft der nichtionischen Emulgatoren genutzt werden, sich beim Erhitzen aus wässriger Lösung abzuscheiden. Wenn eine Mischung des Wassers mit Emulgator im Verhältnis 1:1 auf 90 bis 100°C erhitzt wird, scheidet sich eine wasserhaltige ca. 65%ige Emulgatorschicht unten ab und eine oben abgeschiedene, wässrige Schicht enthält die Polyglykoläther und die Katalysatorsalze. Die Alkalität aus dem Oxiäthylierungskatalysator (KOH, NaOH) wird mit Vorteil vor der Abtrennung durch Neutralisierung mit Schwefelsäure oder Essigsäure beseitigt. Diese Arbeitsweise entspricht etwa der in der DE-C Nr. 828839. Die Emulgatoren enthalten nach der Trocknung weniger als 0,01 % Salze (von vorher 0,3 bis 0,5%) und vorzugsweise weniger als 0,5% Polyäthylenglykoläther (von vorher 3 bis 8%).For cleaning purposes, the property of the nonionic emulsifiers can be used to separate out from aqueous solution when heated. If a mixture of water with emulsifier is heated to 90 to 100 ° C in a ratio of 1: 1, a water-containing approx. 65% emulsifier layer separates at the bottom and an aqueous layer deposited at the top contains the polyglycol ethers and the catalyst salts. The alkalinity from the oxyethylation catalyst (KOH, NaOH) is advantageously removed before the separation by neutralization with sulfuric acid or acetic acid. This procedure corresponds approximately to that in DE-C No. 828839. After drying, the emulsifiers contain less than 0.01% salts (from previously 0.3 to 0.5%) and preferably less than 0.5% polyethylene glycol ether (from 3 to 8% previously).
Noch weniger aufwendig, aber genauso wirksam ist eine Reinigung über ein organisches, mit Wasser nicht mischbares Lösungsmittel, z.B. Toluol, bei der Emulgator und Lösungsmittel etwa im Verhältnis 1:1 gemischt werden. In die Lösung werden 5 bis 10 Gew.% Wasser und eventuell Säure, (wie z.B. Schwefelsäure oder Essigsäure) zur Neutralisation basischer Anteile eingerührt. Beim Stehen oder Separieren über eine Zentrifuge trennt sich eine wässrige Schicht unten ab. Diese enthält den Polyglykoläther und die Salze. Da diese Lösung ca. 50 bis 60%ig ist, lässt sie sich durch Verbrennung leicht beseitigen. Die Toluolschicht kann vollständig vom Wasser und Toluol befreit werden. Es ist aber auch für den erfindungsgemässen Verwendungszweck möglich, durch azeotrope Abdestillation des Wassers die Toluol-Emulgator-Lösung zu trocknen und diese einzusetzen. Beispielsweise können die erfindungsgemäss einzusetzenden nichtionischen Emulgatoren nach dem Verfahren der DE-A- Nr. 2854541.7 gereinigt werden.Cleaning with an organic water-immiscible solvent, e.g. Toluene, in which the emulsifier and solvent are mixed in a ratio of about 1: 1. 5 to 10% by weight of water and possibly acid (such as sulfuric acid or acetic acid) are stirred into the solution to neutralize basic fractions. When standing or separating using a centrifuge, an aqueous layer separates at the bottom. This contains the polyglycol ether and the salts. Since this solution is approx. 50 to 60%, it can be easily removed by incineration. The toluene layer can be completely freed from water and toluene. However, it is also possible for the use according to the invention to dry the toluene emulsifier solution by azeotropic distillation of the water and to use it. For example, the nonionic emulsifiers to be used according to the invention can be purified by the process of DE-A No. 2854541.7.
Die erfindungsgemässen Treibstoffe oder Heizöle enthalten beispielsweise
- 55 bis 97% eines Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches, wie es im allgemeinen als Benzin oder als Dieselöl bzw. als Heizöl eingesetzt wird,
- 0,5 bis 40% Wasser (frei von ionischen rückstandsbildenden Salzen),
- 0 bis 30% einwertiger Alkohole, gerad- oder verzweigtkettig von C1 -Ca,
- 0,5 bis 6% eines von den Polyglykoläther- und Salzanteilen gereinigten nichtionischen Emulgators,
- 0,1 bis 4,8% eines Fettsäuremonoglycerids, eines Addukts von 1 bis 3 mol Äthylenoxid an 1 mol eines Fettsäureamids oder eines Gemisches hiervon, oder eines Fettsäurepartialesters eines Polyalkohols.
- 55 to 97% of a hydrocarbon mixture, as is generally used as gasoline or as diesel oil or as heating oil,
- 0.5 to 40% water (free of ionic residue-forming salts),
- 0 to 30% monohydric alcohols, straight or branched chain of C 1 -C a ,
- 0.5 to 6% of a nonionic emulsifier cleaned of the polyglycol ether and salt components,
- 0.1 to 4.8% of a fatty acid monoglyceride, an adduct of 1 to 3 mol of ethylene oxide with 1 mol of a fatty acid amide or a mixture thereof, or a fatty acid partial ester of a polyalcohol.
Bevorzugt ist eine Kraftstoffzusammensetzung mit 0,5 bis 3 Gew.% gereinigtem nichtionischen Emulgator und mit 0,1 bis 2,5 Gew.% eines Fettsäuremonoglycerids, eines Addukts aus 1 bis 3 mol Äthylenoxid an 1 mol Fettsäureamid oder eines Gemisches davon, oder eines Fettsäurepartialesters von Polyglykolen.A fuel composition with 0.5 to 3% by weight of purified nonionic emulsifier and with 0.1 to 2.5% by weight of a fatty acid monoglyceride, an adduct of 1 to 3 mol of ethylene oxide with 1 mol of fatty acid amide or a mixture thereof, or one, is preferred Fatty acid partial esters of polyglycols.
Die in den erfindungsgemässen Kraftstoffen enthaltenen Kohlenwasserstoffe sind im allge-· meinen die für diesen Zweck üblichen Gemische, wie sie mit ihren physikalischen Daten in der DIN-Vorschrift 51600 oder in der "United States Federal Specification" VV-M-561 a-2, 30. Oktober 1954, gekennzeichnet sind. Es sind aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe vom gasförmigen, gelösten Butan bis zu Czo-Kohtenwasserstoffen (als Restfraktion des Dieselöls), z.B. cycloaliphatische, olefinische und/oderaromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, natürliche naphthenbasische oder raffinierte technische Kohlenwasserstoffe. Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemässen Zusammensetzungen keine Bleialkyle und ähnlich giftige Additive.The hydrocarbons contained in the fuels according to the invention are generally the mixtures customary for this purpose, such as those with their physical data in DIN regulation 51600 or in the " United States Federal Specification" VV-M-561 a-2, October 30, 1954. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons from gaseous, dissolved butane to C zo hydrocarbons (as a residual fraction of diesel oil), e.g. cycloaliphatic, olefinic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons, natural naphthenic or refined technical hydrocarbons. The compositions according to the invention preferably contain no lead alkyls and similarly toxic additives.
Die erfindungsgemässen Heizöle enthalten als Kohlenwasserstoffanteil im allgemeinen die unter der Bezeichnung leichtes oder mittelschweres Heizöl im Handel befindliche Zusammensetzungen.The heating oils according to the invention generally contain, as hydrocarbon content, the compositions which are commercially available under the name of light or medium-weight heating oil.
Von den niederen Alkoholen wird in den erfindungsgemässen Kraftstoffen und Heizölen Gebrauch gemacht, um die Spontanität der Emulsion und die Kältestabilität zu steigern und die Temperaturabhängigkeit bei der Emulgierung des Wassers zu steuern. Die Spontanität lässt sich im allgemeinen mit Hilfe von Mischemulgatoren verschiedener lonogenität hervorrufen. Da in einem Motorentreibstoff aus Korrosionsgründen Wasser-ÖI-Emulsionen Verwendung finden und weil nur nichtionische Emulgatoren mit einiger Sicherheit verwendet werden können, muss es als ausgesprochen überraschend bezeichnet werden, dass mit den erfindungsgemässen Emulgatoren spontane Wasser-in-ÖI-Emulsionen erhalten werden.The lower alcohols are used in the fuels and heating oils according to the invention in order to increase the spontaneity of the emulsion and the low-temperature stability and to control the temperature dependence in the emulsification of the water. The spontaneity can generally be brought about with the aid of mixed emulsifiers of different ionicity. Since water-oil emulsions are used in an engine fuel for corrosion reasons and because only nonionic emulsifiers can be used with some certainty, it must be described as extremely surprising that spontaneous water-in-oil emulsions are obtained with the emulsifiers according to the invention.
Die erfindungsgemässen Kraftstoffe und Heizöle weisen infolgedessen eine erheblich verbesserte Kältestabilität auf, die nicht nur darin besteht, dass die Bildung von Eiskristallen verhindert wird, sondern auch auf das Nichtzustandekommen von Gelstrukturen, die einen unkontrollierten Viskositätsanstieg verursachen können, zurückzuführen ist.As a result, the fuels and heating oils according to the invention have a considerably improved low-temperature stability, which is not only that the formation of ice crystals is prevented, but also is due to the failure of gel structures, which can cause an uncontrolled increase in viscosity.
Als Alkohole seien geradkettige oder verzweigte aliphatische Alkohole sowie cycloaliphatische Alkohole genannt wie Methanol, Äthanol, Propanol, Isopropanol, Butanol, Isobutanol, tert.-Butanol, Amylalkohol, Isoamylalkohol, Hexylalkohol, 1,3-Dimethylbutanol, Cyclohexanol, Methylcyclohexanol, Octanol, 2-Äthylhexanol. Auch Gemische dieser Alkohole sind gut verwendbar. Bevorzugt werden technisch gut zugängliche Alkohole eingesetzt, z.B. Methanol, Äthanol, lsopropanol, Isobutanol, 2-Äthylhexanol.Straight-chain or branched aliphatic alcohols and cycloaliphatic alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 1,3-dimethylbutanol, cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanol, octanol, may be mentioned as alcohols. Ethylhexanol. Mixtures of these alcohols can also be used well. Alcohols which are readily available industrially are preferably used, e.g. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, 2-ethylhexanol.
Die erfindungsgemässe Kraftstoff- oder Heiz- ölemulsion wird in an sich bekannter Weise durch Verrühren des Wassers in die Lösung des gereinigten Emulgators in dem gegebenenfalls Alkohol enthaltenden Kohlenwasserstoff hergestellt, wobei vorzugsweise keine weitere Verteilungsenergie liefernden Maschinen eingesetzt werden. In einer Abwandlung hiervon kann der Emulgator, wahlweise auch der Alkohol, auf den Kohlenwasserstoff und/oder Wasser verteilt werden.The fuel or heating oil emulsion according to the invention is prepared in a manner known per se by stirring the water into the solution of the purified emulsifier in the hydrocarbon which may contain alcohol, preferably using no further machines which provide distribution energy. In a modification of this, the emulsifier, optionally also the alcohol, can be distributed over the hydrocarbon and / or water.
Die Fettsäuremonoglyceride werden sowohl zur Erniedrigung der Viskosität des Systems, als auch zur Emulsionsstabilisierung herangezogen. Aufgrund des Herstellungsverfahrens sind darin oft noch nennenswerte Mengen Glycerin (Polyglycerin) enthalten. Diese Anteile müssen auch durch eine Reinigung entfernt werden. Dementsprechend sind Glycerin und Polyglycerin ebenfalls aus dem erfindungsgemäss einzusetzenden Emulgator bis auf einen Restgehalt von weniger als 1 Gew.% zu entfernen.The fatty acid monoglycerides are used both to lower the viscosity of the system and to stabilize the emulsion. Due to the manufacturing process, significant amounts of glycerin (polyglycerin) are often still contained. These parts must also be removed by cleaning. Accordingly, glycerol and polyglycerol are likewise to be removed from the emulsifier to be used according to the invention to a residual content of less than 1% by weight.
Die Fettsäureamidäthylenoxidaddukte können durch direkte Amidierung oder durch Esterspaltung mitÄthanolamin erhalten werden. Besonders leicht zugänglich ist ein Gemisch aus Mono- äthanolamid und Monoglycerid, das durch Reaktion von 1 mol Triglycerid mit 2 mol Äthanolamin bei 160 bis 180°C in 3 bis 5 h erhalten wird.The fatty acid amide ethylene oxide adducts can be obtained by direct amidation or by ester cleavage with ethanolamine. Especially A mixture of monoethanol amide and monoglyceride is readily available, which is obtained by reacting 1 mol of triglyceride with 2 mol of ethanolamine at 160 to 180 ° C. in 3 to 5 hours.
Die Monoäthanolamide dienen zur Viskositätserniedrigung, zur Emulsionsstabilisierung, zusätzlich aber zum Korrosionsschutz und im Zusammenhang mit den Emulgatoren als Vergaserreinigungsstoff (Detergents).The monoethanolamides are used to lower the viscosity, stabilize the emulsion, but also to protect against corrosion and in connection with the emulsifiers as a cleaning agent for the carburetor (detergents).
In den erfindungsgemässen Kraftstoffen und Heizölen wird durch den Einsatz der Emulgatoren in gereinigter Form die Feinverteilung des Wassers im Treibstoff bzw. im Heizöl wesentlich verbessert. Dabei konnte anhand der erfindungsgemässe Kraftstoffe und Heizöle die überraschende Erkenntnis gewonnen werden, dass die Güte der Feinverteilung des Wassers für die Handhabung und den technischen Ablauf der Lagerung und Zuführung des Treibstoffs oder Heizöls zum Verbrennungsraum entscheidend ist für seine Gebrauchstüchtigkeit.In the fuels and heating oils according to the invention, the fine distribution of the water in the fuel or in the heating oil is substantially improved by the use of the emulsifiers in purified form. On the basis of the fuels and heating oils according to the invention, it was possible to gain the surprising knowledge that the quality of the fine distribution of the water for handling and the technical procedure for storing and supplying the fuel or heating oil to the combustion chamber is decisive for its usability.
Die neuen Treibstoffe sind dazu geeignet, den Energieaufwand in unseren Motorfahrzeugen zu erniedrigen, den Schadstoffausstoss zu vermindern, die Gefahr durch Bleitetraalkyle und Scavenger (Dichloräthan, Dibromäthan, vgl. "Chemiker-Zeitung" 97(1973), Nr. 9, S. 463) zu beseitigen, korrosionshemmend zu wirken, ohne dabei technisch einen grösseren Aufwand für Änderungen an den Fahrzeugen zu erfordern. Es kann lediglich erforderlich werden, dass zur Anpassung an die etwas höhere Dichte geringfügige Korrekturen am Schwimmer oder den Düsen des Vergasers vorgenommen werden.The new fuels are suitable for reducing the energy consumption in our motor vehicles, reducing pollutant emissions, and the danger posed by lead tetraalkyls and scavengers (dichloroethane, dibromoethane, cf. " Chemiker-Zeitung" 97 (1973), No. 9, p. 463 ) to eliminate corrosion-inhibiting, without technically requiring a greater effort for changes to the vehicles. It may only be necessary to make slight corrections to the float or the nozzles of the carburetor to adapt to the somewhat higher density.
Ein weiterer vorteil der Emulgatoren und Wasser sowie gegebenenfalls Alkohole enthaltenden erfindungsgemässen Kraftstoffe besteht darin, dass ihre elektrostatische Aufladung stark herabgesetzt ist, so dass eine wesentliche Gefahr beim Umgang mit Treibstoffen herabgesetzt wird (vgl. Haase, "Statische Elektrizität als Gefahr", Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/Bergstrasse 1968, insbesondere Seite 69, 96-99, 114 u.115). Die elektrostatische Aufladung der erfindungsgemässen Treibstoffe ist so gering, dass keine gefährlichen Entladungen mehr auftreten können. Das verwendete Normalbenzin zeigt bei 20°C für den spezifischen Durchgangswiderstand Werte um 1,1012Ω·cm, der erfindungsgemässe Treibstoff dagegen weist im allgemeinen einen spezifischen Durchgangswiderstand von< 1.1010Ω·cm, beispielsweise 1.101 bis 1.1010Ω·cm, auf. Bevorzugt beträgt der spezifische Durchgangswiderstand der erfindungsgemässen Kraftstoffe 1.108 bis 9.109Ω · cm. Bei Werten von unter 1010Ω · cm findet keine Gefährdung durch elektrostatische Aufladung beim Abfüllen, Umfüllen und Auslaufen mehr statt.Another advantage of the fuels according to the invention which contain emulsifiers and water and, if appropriate, alcohols is that their electrostatic charge is greatly reduced, so that a substantial danger when handling fuels is reduced (cf. Haase, " Static electricity as a danger", Verlag Chemie, Weinheim / Bergstrasse 1968, especially pages 69, 96-99, 114 and 115). The electrostatic charge of the fuels according to the invention is so low that dangerous discharges can no longer occur. The normal gasoline used shows values of around 1.10 12 Ω · cm at 20 ° C for the volume resistance, whereas the fuel according to the invention generally has a volume resistance of <1.10 10 Ω · cm, for example 1.10 1 to 1.1010Ω · cm . The volume resistivity of the fuels according to the invention is preferably 1.10 8 to 9.10 9 Ω · cm. At values below 101 0 Ω · cm there is no longer any danger from electrostatic charging when filling, decanting and draining.
Die erfindungsgemässen Heizölemulsionen bringen bei der Verbrennung eine bessere Übertragung der Verbrennungswärme auf das Heizmittelsystem und weniger Feststoffausstoss durch die Kamine.The heating oil emulsions according to the invention bring a better transfer of the heat of combustion to the heating medium system during combustion and less solid emissions through the chimneys.
Bei der in den folgenden Beispielen genannten Verbindung "Linevol 91" (Warenzeichen der SHELL) handelt es sich um ein Gemisch aus 80% der geradkettigen Cg-, C10- und C11- Alkohole zu etwa gleichen Teilen und 20% schwach verzweigter Alkohole mit der gleichen Anzahl von C-Atomen. "Rilanit GRMO" ist ein Warenzeichen der Firma Henkel und bedeutet Rizinolsäuremonoglycerid.The compound " Linevol 91" (trademark of SHELL) mentioned in the following examples is a mixture of 80% of the straight-chain Cg, C 10 and C 11 alcohols in approximately equal parts and 20% weakly branched alcohols with the same number of carbon atoms. "Rilanit GRMO" is a trademark of Henkel and means ricinoleic acid monoglyceride.
Ein Treibstoff folgender Zusammensetzung wurde zum Betreiben eines Opel Kadetts (1,1 Hubraum, 45 PS) verwendet:
- 72% handelsübliches Normalbenzin,
- 1,25% Linevol 91 mit 3 mol Äthylenoxid (ein synthetischer Alkohol mit geringen Anteilen an verzweigter Kette von 9, 10 und 11 C-Atomen), 1,25% Linevol 91 + 7 mol Äthylenoxid (ÄO) (beide Emulgatoren waren zuvor durch Waschen mit Wasser von den Begleitstoffen, wie Polyglykolen und Katalysatorsalzen, befreit worden),
- 0,5% Kokosfettsäureamid + 1 mol ÄO werden miteinander gemischt. Unter Rühren lässt man 25% Wasser (dest. odervollentsalzt) einlaufen und rührt nach der letzten Zugabe
- 10 bis 20 Sek. nach (d.h. bis jeder Teil des Inhaltes des Gefässes umgewälzt wurde). Man erhält eine milchige, stabile Emulsion, die eine Viskosität von 2,7 m PA s aufwies. Der spezifische, elektrische Durchgangswiderstand lag bei 5,109Ω · cm.
- 72% normal gasoline,
- 1.25% linevol 91 with 3 mol ethylene oxide (a synthetic alcohol with small proportions of branched chain of 9, 10 and 11 carbon atoms), 1.25% linevol 91 + 7 mol ethylene oxide (ÄO) (both emulsifiers were previously through Washing with water has been freed of the accompanying substances, such as polyglycols and catalyst salts),
- 0.5% coconut fatty acid amide + 1 mol ÄO are mixed together. With stirring, 25% water (distilled or deionized) is run in and stirred after the last addition
- 10 to 20 seconds after (ie until every part of the contents of the vessel has been circulated). A milky, stable emulsion was obtained which had a viscosity of 2.7 m PA s. The specific electrical volume resistance was 5.109Ω · cm.
Der Wagen wurde auf einem Rollenprüfstand 15 min bei 100 km/h getestet. Der Widerstand auf den Rollen wurde mit 20 kg eingestellt. Der Schwimmer im Vergaser wurde der Dichte des Treibstoffes von 0,797 bei 20°C entsprechend auf 0,8 eingestellt. Die Messung des Verbrauchs während dieser Versuche gab nach der Umrechnung auf Liter pro 100 km einen Verbrauch von 9,4 I dieses 72% Benzin enthaltenden Treibstoffes pro 100 km. Im gleichen Fahrzeug wurde unter diesen Testbedingungen mit Benzin ca. 11/100 km Mehrverbrauch festgestellt.The car was tested on a roller dynamometer at 100 km / h for 15 minutes. The resistance on the rollers was set at 20 kg. The float in the carburetor was adjusted to the density of the fuel from 0.797 at 20 ° C to 0.8. The measurement of the consumption during these tests gave, after conversion to liters per 100 km, a consumption of 9.4 l of this 72% petrol-containing fuel per 100 km. In the same vehicle under these test conditions with petrol, about 11/100 km more consumption was determined.
Wurde der Treibstoff aus ungereinigten Emulgatoren hergestellt, die in der ungereinigten Form beim Fettalkohol + 3 ÄO 2,5% Polyglykoläther und 0,23% Asche und beim Fettalkohol + 7 ÄO 4% Polyglykoläther und 0,23% Asche enthielten, so bildeten sich kurze Zeit nach der Emulgierung zwei Schichten, die aus einer W/O- und einer O/W-Emulsion bestanden. Die Schichten waren zwar durch mechanische Einwirkung wieder zu emulgieren, bildeten aber auf längere Zeit keine stabile Emulsion mehr.If the fuel was made from unpurified emulsifiers, which contained in the unpurified form the fatty alcohol + 3 ÄO 2.5% polyglycol ether and 0.23% ash and the fatty alcohol + 7 ÄO 4% polyglycol ether and 0.23% ash, so short formed After the emulsification, two layers consisting of a W / O and an O / W emulsion. Although the layers could be re-emulsified by mechanical action, they did not form a stable emulsion for a long time.
Die verwendeten Emulgatoren wurden nach den folgenden Methoden gereinigt: 100 g des mit 7 mol Äthylenoxid umgesetzten synthetischen Cs -Alkohols werden mit 100 g Wasser vermischt und das aus dem Oxiäthylierungskatalysator stammende Alkali (ca. 0,2%) wird mit Schwefelsäure neutralisiert. Die neutrale Lösung wird auf 98 bis 100°C erhitzt. Nach einer Stunde können die zwei gebildeten Schichten getrennt werden. Oben befindet sich die wässrige Schicht mit dem Kaliumsulfat (ca. 0,5 g) und den Polyglykoläthern (ca. 4g), unten kann die viskose, etwa 60%ige Emulgatorlösung abgezogen werden. Durch Destillation des Wassers und Trocknung im Vakuum kann der gereinigte Emulgator mit ca. 95 g gewonnen werden.The emulsifiers used were purified by the following methods: 100 g of the reacted with 7 moles of ethylene oxide synthetic C s -alcohol are mixed with 100 g of water and the product derived from the alkali Oxiäthylierungskatalysator (approximately 0.2%) is neutralized with sulfuric acid. The neutral solution is heated to 98 to 100 ° C. After an hour, the two layers formed can be separated. At the top is the aqueous layer with the potassium sulfate (approx. 0.5 g) and the polyglycol ethers (approx. 4 g), at the bottom the viscous, approx. 60% emulsifier solution can be removed. By distilling the water and drying in a vacuum the cleaned emulsifier can be obtained with approx. 95 g.
Der Emulgator enthält nur noch 0,006% Asche und weniger als 0,2% Polyglykoläther.The emulsifier contains only 0.006% ash and less than 0.2% polyglycol ether.
Der Treibstoff nach Beispiel 1 wurde mit 5% Methanol (bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge) gut verrührt. Die Emulsion blieb stabil, war jetzt gegen Temperaturen unter 0°C geschützt und konnte wie oben beschrieben eingesetzt werden.The fuel according to Example 1 was stirred well with 5% methanol (based on the total amount). The emulsion remained stable, was now protected against temperatures below 0 ° C and could be used as described above.
Ein handelsübliches Normalbenzin wurde mit 2,25% Linevol 91 mit 7 mol Äthylenoxid (gewaschen nach dem Verfahren über die Toluollösung) 0,75% Kokosfettsäureamid + 1 mol Äthylenoxid versetzt.A commercial standard gasoline was mixed with 2.25% linevol 91 with 7 mol of ethylene oxide (washed by the process over the toluene solution), 0.75% coconut fatty acid amide + 1 mol of ethylene oxide.
Unter Rühren lässt man 25% Wasser, das keine mineralischen Bestandteile enthält, einlaufen. Nach 5% hat man noch eine klardurchsichtige Emulsion, die dann mit zunehmender Wassermenge in eine milchige, stabile Emulsion übergeht, die wie in Beispiel 1 eingesetzt werden kann.With stirring, 25% water, which contains no mineral components, is run in. After 5%, there is still a clear, transparent emulsion which then turns into a milky, stable emulsion with increasing amount of water, which can be used as in Example 1.
Die Reinigung des Emulgators erfolgt nach diesem Verfahren: 100 g des mit 7 mol Äthylenoxid umgesetzten synthetischen Cg-11-Alkohols werden mit 10 g Wasser vermischt und das Alkali des Oxiäthylierungskatalysators wird mit Essigsäure neutralisiert. Die Lösung wird mit 100 ccm Toluol verrührt. Aus der trüben Mischung trennt sich nach 1 bis 3 Stunden 7,5 g einerwässrigen Schicht ab, die 4 g Polyglykoläther und ca. 0,5 g Kaliumacetat enthält. Nach Destillation des Toluols, das gleichzeitig das Wasser austreibt, erhält man ca. 95 g des gereinigten Emulgators.The emulsifier is purified by this process: 100 g of the synthetic Cg -11 alcohol reacted with 7 mol of ethylene oxide are mixed with 10 g of water and the alkali of the oxyethylation catalyst is neutralized with acetic acid. The solution is stirred with 100 cc of toluene. After 1 to 3 hours, 7.5 g of an aqueous layer which contains 4 g of polyglycol ether and about 0.5 g of potassium acetate separate from the cloudy mixture. After distilling the toluene, which at the same time drives out the water, about 95 g of the purified emulsifier are obtained.
Man nimmt ein bleifreies Normalbenzin und verwendet die Emulgatoren nach Beispiel 3, d.h. 92% bleifreies Normalbenzin
- 2,0% gereinigter Emulgator aus Linevol 91 + 7 ÄO 0,65% Kokosfettsäureamid + 1 ÄO
- und rührt in dem Masse 5,3% Wasser ein, wie es ohne Trübung aufgenommen wird. Der durchsichtige, schwachopaleszierende Treibstoff eignet sich als bleifreier Treibstoff für den Antrieb eines 55 PS FIAT 128 Fahrzeugs mit 1160-ccm-Motor (Verdichtung 1:9,2), der üblicherweise mit Superkraftstoff betrieben wurde. Beim Anfahren und Beschleunigen aus niedriger Geschwindigkeit konnte kein Klopfen beobachtet werden, wie es bei Normalbenzin sonst üblich war.
- 2.0% purified emulsifier from Linevol 91 + 7 ÄO 0.65% coconut fatty acid amide + 1 ÄO
- and stir in 5.3% water as it is taken up without turbidity. The transparent, slightly opalescent fuel is suitable as lead-free fuel for driving a 55 HP FIAT 128 vehicle with an 1160 cc engine (compression 1: 9.2), which was usually operated with super fuel. No knocking was observed when starting and accelerating from low speed, as was usual with normal gasoline.
Aus einem bleifreien Normalbenzin wurde mit folgenden Emulgatoren ein Treibstoff hergestellt:
- 72% bleifreies Normalbenzin,
- 2,2% Ölsäureamid + 7 mol ÄO,
- 0,8% Linevol 91 + 3 mol ÄO (beide gereinigt von Nebenprodukten) werden vermischt und 25% Wasser unter Rühren einemulgiert.
- 72% unleaded regular gasoline,
- 2.2% oleic acid amide + 7 mol ÄO,
- 0.8% Linevol 91 + 3 mol ÄO (both cleaned of by-products) are mixed and 25% water is emulsified in with stirring.
Man erhält einem milchigen Treibstoff, der wie in Beispiel 4 einsetzbar ist und nicht zur Abscheidung von wässrigen Bodensätzen neigt. Noch stärker als bei den oxiäthylierten Alkoholen macht sich bei den oxiäthylierten Amiden in der gereinigten Form bemerkbar, dass sich der zur Reproduzierung wichtige Trübungspunkt der 1 %igen wässrigen Lösung nicht darstellen lässt, wenn das Wasser verwendet wird, das im Treibstoff Verwendung findet (<5 ppm Mineralsalze, oder Leitfähigkeit <4 µ Siemens). Es ist zu empfehlen, für die Bestimmung 200 ppm Kochsalz zuzusetzen.A milky fuel is obtained which can be used as in Example 4 and does not tend to separate aqueous sediments. Even more strongly than in the case of the oxyethylated alcohols, it is noticeable in the purified form with the oxyethylated amides that the cloud point of the 1% strength aqueous solution, which is important for the reproduction, cannot be shown if the water used in the fuel is used (<5 ppm mineral salts, or conductivity <4 µ Siemens). It is recommended to add 200 ppm table salt for the determination.
Ein bleifreies Normalbenzin wird zur Herstellung eines Treibstoffes folgender Zusammensetzung benutzt:
- 70,5% Benzin,
- 1,1% Linevol 91 + 3 mol ÄO,
- 1,1% Linevol 91 + 7 mol ÄO,
- 0,8% Kokosfettsäureamid + 1 mol ÄO (die Emulgatoren in der gereinigten Form eingesetzt), 1,5% Isobutanol werden vermischt und bei 10 bis 13°C werden 25% Wasser langsam untergerührt.
- Man erhält einen Treibstoff mit einer Viskosität von 1,3 m PA s die sich auch bei Temperaturen bis -10°C nur unwesentlich verändert.
- 70.5% gasoline,
- 1.1% Linevol 91 + 3 mol ÄO,
- 1.1% Linevol 91 + 7 mol ÄO,
- 0.8% coconut fatty acid amide + 1 mol ÄO (the emulsifiers used in the purified form), 1.5% isobutanol are mixed and at 10 to 13 ° C 25% water is slowly stirred in.
- A fuel with a viscosity of 1.3 m PA s is obtained which changes only insignificantly even at temperatures down to -10 ° C.
Zur besseren Handhabung der Emulgatoren kann man auch 3 Teile Emulgator in der in Beispiel 6 genannten Zusammensetzung mit 3 Teilen Benzin und 3 Teilen Wasser zu einer klaren Lösung vermischen. Dann werden 70,5% Benzin, 1,5% Isobutanol und 9% vorgenanntes Gemisch zusammendosiert und über eine geeignete Mischkammer können in einen Strom dieser Mischung 22% Wasser zugemischt werden. Hierbei wird das Wasser durch den Wirbelvorgang in der Mischkammer emulgiert.For better handling of the emulsifiers, 3 parts of emulsifier in the composition mentioned in Example 6 can also be mixed with 3 parts of gasoline and 3 parts of water to give a clear solution. Then 70.5% of gasoline, 1.5% of isobutanol and 9% of the aforementioned mixture are metered in, and 22% of water can be mixed into a stream of this mixture via a suitable mixing chamber. Here, the water is emulsified by the swirling process in the mixing chamber.
Mit dem derart gewonnenen Treibstoff wurde ein 1,7 1 Opel Rekord betankt, der im Vergaser einen von 28 auf 26 verengten Luftkanal eingesetzt erhalten hatte. Das Fahrzeug verhielt sich im Stadtverkehr gefahren normal und zeigte keine merkbaren Veränderungen. Die CO-Abgaswerte lagen bei diesem über 3 Jahre in Betrieb befindlichen Wagen 1 % niedriger als vorher mit Superbenzin gemessen.The fuel obtained in this way fueled a 1.7 liter Opel record, which had had an air channel narrowed from 28 to 26 in the carburetor. The vehicle behaved normally in city traffic and showed no noticeable changes. The CO emission values for this car, which has been in operation for 3 years, were 1% lower than previously measured with premium petrol.
Ein handelsübliches Normalbenzin wurde mit folgenden Emulgatoren und Lösungsmitteln zu einem Treibstoff formiert:
- 1,2% Linevol 91 + 3 mol ÄO,
- 1,2% Linevol 91 + 7 mol ÄO,
- 0,6% Kokosfettsäureamid + 1 ÄO (die Emulgatoren in der gereinigten Form),
- 5% Lösungsmittelgemisch (Methanol: Isobutanol:2-Äthylhexanol = 84:10:6),
- 67% Benzin wurden gemischt und langsam mit 25% Wasser zu einem niedrig-viskosen
- Treibstoff verrührt, der wie in Beispiel 7 einsetzbar war, aber bei -10°C ein noch günstigeres Viskositätsverhalten zeigte.
- 1.2% Linevol 91 + 3 mol ÄO,
- 1.2% Linevol 91 + 7 mol ÄO,
- 0.6% coconut fatty acid amide + 1 ÄO (the emulsifiers in the purified form),
- 5% solvent mixture (methanol: isobutanol: 2-ethylhexanol = 84: 10: 6),
- 67% gasoline was mixed and slowly with 25% water to a low-viscosity
- Fuel stirred, which was used as in Example 7, but showed an even more favorable viscosity behavior at -10 ° C.
Für die Verwendung in einem Kraftfahrzeug mit Dieselmotor wurde folgender Treibstoff mit einem handelsüblichen Dieselöl eingestellt:
- In 70,1 Teile Dieselöl wurden
- 2,6 Teile Nonylphenol mit 6 mol Äthylenoxid (das sich im Dieselöl löste, während das ungereinigte Produkt trübe blieb),
- 0,3 Teile Kokosfettsäureamid mit 1 mol ÄO gelöst und
- 27 Teile Wasser einemulgiert.
- In 70.1 parts of diesel were
- 2.6 parts of nonylphenol with 6 mol of ethylene oxide (which dissolved in the diesel oil while the unpurified product remained cloudy),
- Dissolved 0.3 parts of coconut fatty acid amide with 1 mol of ÄO and
- 27 parts of water emulsified.
Hiermit liessen sich einwandfreie Fahrergebnisse erzielen. Das Fettsäureamidderivat führt u.a. zu einem guten Rostschutz in Tank und Leitungen.With this, flawless driving results could be achieved. The fatty acid amide derivative includes for good rust protection in the tank and pipes.
Eine Benzinemulsion aus
- 0,9% nichtionischem Emulgator, Cetylstearylalkohol mit 12 mol Äthylenoxid
- 2,1% Ricinolsäuremonoglycerid werden in 72% Benzin gelöst. In die Lösung werden 25% Wasser einemulgiert. Wenn der Emulgator ungewaschen eingesetzt wurde, zeigte eine 0,001 cm dicke Schicht nach 2 Stunden eine Lichtabsorption von 0,44 (x = 700 [J.m) und nach 24 Stunden eine milchige, wasserreiche Schicht unten, die nach Umrühren etwa ähnlich ungüstige Werte wie oben in der Absorption zeigte.
- 0.9% nonionic emulsifier, cetylstearyl alcohol with 12 mol ethylene oxide
- 2.1% ricinoleic acid monoglyceride is dissolved in 72% gasoline. 25% water is emulsified into the solution. If the emulsifier was used unwashed, a 0.001 cm thick layer showed a light absorption of 0.44 (x = 700 [Jm) after 2 hours and a milky, water-rich layer below after 24 hours, which after stirring was roughly similar to the unfavorable values in above showed the absorption.
Die Benzinemulsion mit gewaschenem Emulgator wies eine Absorption von 0,30 auf und bildete nach 24 h nur wenige mm einer benzinreicheren Oberfläche. Nach dem Umrühren wurde eine Emulsion gleicher Absorption erhalten.The petrol emulsion with washed emulsifier had an absorption of 0.30 and after 24 h formed only a few mm of a petrol-rich surface. After stirring, an emulsion of the same absorption was obtained.
Zur Auswirkung der Reinigung auf die Stabilität kann man auch folgende Vermischung heranziehen.The following mixing can also be used to determine the effect of cleaning on stability.
Der gleiche nichtionische Emulgator aus Cetylstearylalkohol mit 12 mol Äthylenoxid wurde zu 10% in Dieselöl gelöst und zur Klarstellung wurden 0,5 cm3 Wasser zugegeben.The same nonionic emulsifier made of cetylstearyl alcohol with 12 mol ethylene oxide was 10% dissolved in diesel oil and 0.5 cm 3 of water was added for clarification.
Der ungewaschene Emulgator zeigt eine bleibende Trübung, der gewaschene Emulgator löst sich klar auf.The unwashed emulsifier shows a permanent cloudiness, the washed emulsifier dissolves clearly.
Bei weiterer Emulgierung von 4,5 cm3 Wasser führt der ungewaschene Emulgatorzu einer galertartigen, trüben, unbeständigen Emulsion. Der gewaschene Emulgator bildet in diesem System eine strukturviskose, beständige, klare Lösung mitTyndall-Effekt, die mit den restlichen Komponenten zum Treibstoff vermischt werden kann.Upon further emulsification of 4.5 cm 3 of water, the unwashed emulsifier leads to a gelatinous, cloudy, unstable emulsion. In this system, the washed emulsifier forms a structurally viscous, stable, clear solution with a Tyndall effect that can be mixed with the remaining components to form the fuel.
Eine Treibstoff-Formulierung mit 72% Normalbenzin, 0,9% Kokosfettsäuremonoäthanolamid (technisches Gemisch aus der Herstellung aus 1 mol Kokosfett mit 2 mol Äthanolamin bei 160 bis 170°C, ca. 5 h umgesetzt), 2,1% gereinigten, nichtionischen Emulgator aus Abietinsäure mit 12 mol Äthylenoxid und 25% Wasser einemulgiert. Man erhält einen dünnflüssigen, stabilen Treibstoff.A fuel formulation with 72% regular gasoline, 0.9% coconut fatty acid monoethanolamide (technical mixture from the production of 1 mol coconut fat with 2 mol ethanolamine at 160 to 170 ° C, reacted for approx. 5 h), 2.1% purified, nonionic emulsifier emulsified from abietic acid with 12 mol ethylene oxide and 25% water. A thin, stable fuel is obtained.
Wird dagegen die Emulgierung mit Hilfe eines ungewaschenen Emulgators, der von der Herstellung und durch Umesterungsreaktionen her ca. 10 bis 12% Polyglykoläther enthält vorgenommen, so wird eine Emulsion erhalten, die schon nach 15 min ca. 20% einer stark wasserhaltigen, milchigen Schicht unten absetzt. Wenn diese Schicht zuerst aus dem Fahrzeugtank abläuft und in den Vergaser gelangt, erfolgt keine Zündung mehr.If, on the other hand, the emulsification is carried out with the aid of an unwashed emulsifier, which contains approx. 10 to 12% polyglycol ether from the preparation and from transesterification reactions, an emulsion is obtained which, after only 15 minutes, contains approx. 20% of a strongly water-containing, milky layer below settles. If this layer first runs out of the vehicle tank and gets into the carburetor, there is no ignition.
Die Treibstoff-Formulierung mit 79% bleifreiem Normalbenzin, 1,8% Ölsäureamid mit 7 mol Äthylenoxid und 1,2% Rizinolsäuremonoglycerid (Rilanit GRMO der Firma Henkel), wobei aus dem Äthylenoxidaddukt 4% Verunreinigungen und aus dem Monoglycerid ca. 3,5% Glycerin durch die beschriebene Reinigung entfernt worden waren, wurde durch Einemulgieren einer Mischung von 4% Methanol und 15% Wasser hergestellt. Dieser Treibstoff hatte auch nach 8 Tagen keinen Bodensatz und blieb beim Abkühlen auf -5°C dünnflüssig. Dagegen wurde bei Verwendung der ungereinigten Emulgatoren eine zweite Emulsionsphase schon nach wenigen Stunden beobachtet, die schon bei Temperaturen von 2 bis 5°C hochviskos wurde. Diese Anteile (ca. 20 bis 25%) passieren weder die Treibstoffilter noch das Vergasersystem.The fuel formulation with 79% unleaded regular gasoline, 1.8% oleic acid amide with 7 mol ethylene oxide and 1.2% ricinoleic acid monoglyceride (Rilanit GRMO from Henkel), 4% impurities from the ethylene oxide adduct and approx. 3.5% from the monoglyceride Glycerol removed by the purification described was prepared by emulsifying a mixture of 4% methanol and 15% water. This fuel had no sediment even after 8 days and remained thin when cooled to -5 ° C. In contrast, when using the unpurified emulsifiers, a second emulsion phase was observed after a few hours, which became highly viscous at temperatures of 2 to 5 ° C. These proportions (approx. 20 to 25%) neither pass through the fuel filter nor through the gasifier system.
Die selben Rohstoffe wie in Beispiel 12 wurden in folgenden Mengen eingesetzt: 67% bleifreies Normalbenzin, 1,8% Äthylenoxidaddukt, 1,2% Monoglycerid und 5% Methanol mit 25% Wasser gemischt einemulgiert. Im Gegensatz zu dieser stabilen Emulsion wird bei Einsatz ungewaschener Emulgatoren eine schlierig, opaleszierende Emulsion erhalten, die sich in wenigen Stunden in zwei Emulsionsphasen trennt, in der die untere die überwiegende Menge des eingesetzten Wassers enthält.The same raw materials as in Example 12 were used in the following amounts: 67% unleaded normal gasoline, 1.8% ethylene oxide adduct, 1.2% monoglyceride and 5% methanol mixed in with 25% water. In contrast to this stable emulsion, when using unwashed emulsifiers, a streaky, opalescent emulsion is obtained which separates into two emulsion phases in a few hours, in which the lower contains the predominant amount of the water used.
Aus 79% Normalbenzin, 2,1% Ölsäuremono- äthanolamid + 7 ÄO und 0,9% Ölsäuremonoglycerid wurde durch Einemulgieren von 15% Wasser und 3% Methanol ein stabiler Treibstoff hergestellt, der seine niedrige Viskosität auch bei -5o C noch behielt, so daß das Fahrzeug keine Störungen in der Handhabung erlitt.From 79% regular gasoline, 2.1% oleic acid monoethanolamide + 7 ÄO and 0.9% oleic acid monoglyceride, a stable fuel was produced by emulsifying 15% water and 3% methanol, which still retained its low viscosity even at -5oC that the vehicle did not experience any malfunctions in handling.
Ein handelsübliches, leichtes Heizöl mit der Kennzeichnung EL wurde mit einem Emulgator aus 1 mol Nonylphenol und 5,6 mol Äthylenoxid in Mengen von 2,6 Teile dieses Emulgators in der gereinigten Form, 77 Teile Heizöl EL vermischt und 20 Teile Wasser einemulgiert. Unmittelbar darauf wurden noch 0,4 Teile eines Umsetzungsprodukts von 1 mol Talg mit 2 mol Äthanolamin (160°C, 5 h lang) nachgegeben. Hierbei wird noch eine Erniedrigung der Emulsionsviskosität beobachtet, und ausserdem wird eine Rostschutzwirkung erreicht.A commercially available, light heating oil marked EL was mixed with an emulsifier of 1 mol nonylphenol and 5.6 mol ethylene oxide in amounts of 2.6 parts of this emulsifier in the cleaned form, 77 parts heating oil EL and 20 parts water emulsified. Immediately afterwards, 0.4 parts of a reaction product of 1 mol of tallow with 2 mol of ethanolamine (160 ° C. for 5 hours) were added. A reduction in the emulsion viscosity is observed, and an anti-rust effect is also achieved.
Bei einer Messung der Russzahl nach der Ersten Verordnung zur Durchführung der 1. Blm SCHV (Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz-Verordnung) § 2a, § 4 wurde mit dem Heizöl die Russzahl 1, mit der Emulsion eine Russzahl 0 gemessen. Die Übertragung der Verbrennungswärme lag besonders günstig.When measuring the soot number according to the First Ordinance for the implementation of the 1st Blm SCHV (Federal Immission Control Act) § 2a, § 4, the soot number 1 was measured with the heating oil and a soot number 0 with the emulsion. The transfer of the heat of combustion was particularly favorable.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT79104804T ATE589T1 (en) | 1978-12-16 | 1979-12-01 | FUELS AND HEATING OILS, PROCESSES FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19782854437 DE2854437A1 (en) | 1978-12-16 | 1978-12-16 | FUELS, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE |
DE2854437 | 1978-12-16 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0012292A1 EP0012292A1 (en) | 1980-06-25 |
EP0012292B1 true EP0012292B1 (en) | 1982-01-20 |
Family
ID=6057412
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP79104804A Expired EP0012292B1 (en) | 1978-12-16 | 1979-12-01 | Motor fuels and furnace oils, preparation thereof and their application |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4295859A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0012292B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS5582190A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE589T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5392679A (en) |
BR (1) | BR7908184A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1137314A (en) |
DD (1) | DD147683A5 (en) |
DE (2) | DE2854437A1 (en) |
IE (1) | IE49236B1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA796800B (en) |
Families Citing this family (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL8006041A (en) * | 1979-11-22 | 1981-06-16 | Labofina Sa | DIESEL FUEL MATERIALS AND METHOD FOR PREPARING THEREOF. |
AT376446B (en) * | 1981-12-18 | 1984-11-26 | Kong Hsu | FUEL MIXTURE AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
US4722740A (en) * | 1982-09-30 | 1988-02-02 | Oxce Fuel Company | Dispersions of coal in water useful as a fuel |
USRE36983E (en) * | 1983-11-02 | 2000-12-12 | Petroferm Inc. | Pre-atomized fuels and process for producing same |
FR2577141B1 (en) * | 1985-02-13 | 1993-11-12 | Elf France | PROTECTION OF HYDROCARBONS AGAINST THE ACTION OF MICROORGANISMS |
DE3525124A1 (en) * | 1985-07-13 | 1987-01-15 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | FUELS AND HEATING OILS AND USE OF AN EMULGATOR SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THESE FUELS AND HEATING OILS |
US4810259A (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1989-03-07 | Oxce Fuel Company | Method to minimize viscosity and improve stability of coal-water fuels |
JPS6357691A (en) * | 1986-01-21 | 1988-03-12 | ポラ− モレクラ− コ−ポレ−シヨン | Fuel conditioner |
USRE35237E (en) * | 1989-11-22 | 1996-05-14 | Gunnerman Rudolf W | Aqueous fuel for internal combustion engine and method of combustion |
EP0608149A1 (en) * | 1993-01-21 | 1994-07-27 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Fuel additives |
US6302929B1 (en) | 1994-04-04 | 2001-10-16 | Rudolf W. Gunnerman | Aqueous fuel for internal combustion engine and method of preparing |
EP0743973B2 (en) * | 1994-12-13 | 2013-10-02 | Infineum USA L.P. | Fuel oil composition containing polyoxyalkylenes |
WO1997027271A1 (en) * | 1996-01-26 | 1997-07-31 | Kao Corporation | Gas oil additive and gas oil composition |
US5725609A (en) * | 1996-02-09 | 1998-03-10 | Intevep, S.A. | Water in viscous hydrocarbon emulsion combustible fuel for diesel engines and process for making same |
GB9621753D0 (en) * | 1996-10-18 | 1996-12-11 | Williamson Ian V | Fuel composition |
EP0961822A1 (en) * | 1997-01-16 | 1999-12-08 | Clariant GmbH | Fuel-water emulsions |
WO1998056878A1 (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1998-12-17 | Donald Murray Craig | Additives enabling blending of polar and non-polar fuel components |
US6325833B1 (en) * | 1997-09-12 | 2001-12-04 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Emulsion blends |
US6074445A (en) * | 1997-10-20 | 2000-06-13 | Pure Energy Corporation | Polymeric fuel additive and method of making the same, and fuel containing the additive |
AU761457B2 (en) * | 1998-01-12 | 2003-06-05 | Deborah Wenzel | An additive composition also used as a fuel composition comprising water soluble alcohols |
GB2336120A (en) * | 1998-04-09 | 1999-10-13 | Coval Technologies Limited | Solubilising water and fuel oil |
DE19917753A1 (en) * | 1999-04-20 | 2000-10-26 | Ulrich Friesen | Emulsion-type fuel for an internal combustion engine comprises a fuel, an emulsifier, and deionized water to reduce engine deposits |
HU222559B1 (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2003-08-28 | András Bertha | Additive for stabilizing fuel of water content, the stabilized fuel and application thereof |
IT1314228B1 (en) * | 1999-11-16 | 2002-12-06 | Ernesto Marelli | FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES IN THE FORM OF MICROEMULSION AND PROCEDURE TO PREPARE THE SAME. |
GB0004522D0 (en) * | 2000-02-26 | 2000-04-19 | Aae Holdings Plc | Compositions |
MXPA02008273A (en) * | 2000-02-26 | 2004-06-30 | Aae Technologies Internat Plc | Fuel additive. |
US7279017B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2007-10-09 | Colt Engineering Corporation | Method for converting heavy oil residuum to a useful fuel |
US20030046861A1 (en) * | 2001-07-06 | 2003-03-13 | Satoshi Ohta | Fuel additive and fuel composition containing the same |
US20040118036A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-06-24 | Graskow Brian R. | Method of reducing particulate emissions in internal combustion engines |
JP2004210984A (en) * | 2003-01-06 | 2004-07-29 | Chevron Texaco Japan Ltd | Fuel oil composition and fuel additive |
US7341102B2 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2008-03-11 | Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. | Flue gas injection for heavy oil recovery |
ATE491861T1 (en) | 2006-02-07 | 2011-01-15 | Diamond Qc Technologies Inc | FLUE GAS INJECTION ENRICHED WITH CARBON DIOXIDE FOR HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION |
EP2010631A4 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2010-03-17 | New Generation Biofuels Inc | Biofuel composition and method of producing a biofuel |
JP4551944B2 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2010-09-29 | 利春 深井 | Oil emulsion |
DE102009048223A1 (en) | 2009-10-05 | 2011-06-16 | Fachhochschule Trier | Process for the in-situ production of fuel-water mixtures in internal combustion engines |
DE102014225815A1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-06-16 | Fachhochschule Trier | In-situ production of fuel-water mixtures in internal combustion engines |
CN107033977B (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2019-05-17 | 福建昆冈化学助剂科技有限公司 | A kind of mutual solvent and preparation method thereof for methanol diesel-oil |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2805135A (en) * | 1954-08-25 | 1957-09-03 | Eastman Kodak Co | Stabilized hydrocarbon fuel oil compositions and stabilizaers therefor |
US3032971A (en) * | 1961-10-20 | 1962-05-08 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Mixtures of acyclic polyhydroxy alcohols and glycol ethers as anti-icing additives for hydrocarbon fuels |
US3876391A (en) * | 1969-02-28 | 1975-04-08 | Texaco Inc | Process of preparing novel micro emulsions |
GB1369304A (en) * | 1972-03-06 | 1974-10-02 | Marles Kuhlmann Wyandotte Soc | Purification of polyols |
JPS5224521B2 (en) * | 1973-04-02 | 1977-07-01 | ||
JPS5269909A (en) * | 1975-12-10 | 1977-06-10 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | Water-in-oil emulsion fuel |
JPS534007A (en) * | 1976-07-01 | 1978-01-14 | Kao Corp | Fuel composition |
DE2633462C2 (en) * | 1976-07-26 | 1982-03-18 | Rolf 4019 Monheim Bietz | Emulsions from fuels and water for combustion or from light heating oils and water for oil firing |
JPS544905A (en) * | 1977-06-14 | 1979-01-16 | Kao Corp | Surface active agent for emulsion fuel |
-
1978
- 1978-12-16 DE DE19782854437 patent/DE2854437A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1979
- 1979-11-30 US US06/099,124 patent/US4295859A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1979-12-01 AT AT79104804T patent/ATE589T1/en active
- 1979-12-01 EP EP79104804A patent/EP0012292B1/en not_active Expired
- 1979-12-01 DE DE7979104804T patent/DE2961910D1/en not_active Expired
- 1979-12-12 DD DD79217600A patent/DD147683A5/en unknown
- 1979-12-13 JP JP16092679A patent/JPS5582190A/en active Pending
- 1979-12-14 BR BR7908184A patent/BR7908184A/en unknown
- 1979-12-14 IE IE2425/79A patent/IE49236B1/en unknown
- 1979-12-14 CA CA000341969A patent/CA1137314A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-12-14 ZA ZA00796800A patent/ZA796800B/en unknown
- 1979-12-17 AU AU53926/79A patent/AU5392679A/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IE49236B1 (en) | 1985-09-04 |
CA1137314A (en) | 1982-12-14 |
EP0012292A1 (en) | 1980-06-25 |
ZA796800B (en) | 1980-12-31 |
BR7908184A (en) | 1980-07-22 |
US4295859A (en) | 1981-10-20 |
DD147683A5 (en) | 1981-04-15 |
DE2854437A1 (en) | 1980-06-26 |
AU5392679A (en) | 1980-06-19 |
ATE589T1 (en) | 1982-02-15 |
DE2961910D1 (en) | 1982-03-04 |
JPS5582190A (en) | 1980-06-20 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0012292B1 (en) | Motor fuels and furnace oils, preparation thereof and their application | |
EP0012345B1 (en) | Fuel oils and their application | |
DE60111018T2 (en) | METHOD FOR REDUCING THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF ETHANOL-CONTAINING ENGINEERING FRIENDS FOR SPARKLING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES | |
DE3149170C2 (en) | ||
DE69415617T2 (en) | Diesel fuel | |
DE2263243A1 (en) | METHOD FOR LUBRICATING TWO-STROKE AND ROTARY LISTON ENGINES | |
AT337333B (en) | LIQUID FUEL FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES AND ADDITIVES HIEFUR | |
DE2102559A1 (en) | New imide compounds, processes for their production and their use as fuel additives | |
EP0600966B1 (en) | Use of isopalmitic acid esters as lubricant for two-stroke engines | |
DE4443549A1 (en) | Fuel for high compression compression ignition engines | |
DE2417788A1 (en) | Detergent additives for petrol - consisting of poly-carboxylic acid ester amide-imides | |
DE964279C (en) | Additive for motor fuels | |
DE3709195A1 (en) | Storage-stable emulsifiers | |
DE909022C (en) | Process for the production of inorganic, water-soluble chromates containing, soap-containing, emulsifiable mineral oils | |
DE2610798A1 (en) | Petrol additives to prevent carburettor and valve deposits - consisting of phthalic acid diamides | |
EP0050289B1 (en) | Gasoline compositions | |
DE2456598C3 (en) | Motor gasoline | |
DE2144199C3 (en) | Fuels for gasoline engines | |
DE2327149A1 (en) | LIQUID FUEL FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES | |
DE2456574B2 (en) | ENGINE PETROL | |
AT202250B (en) | Fuels for internal combustion engines | |
DE1957487C (en) | Carburetor fuel | |
DE893390C (en) | lubricant | |
DE896794C (en) | Process for the production of aliphatic alcohols from their aqueous solutions by distillation | |
AT207982B (en) | Motor fuel |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed | ||
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LU NL SE |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed | ||
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LU NL SE |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 589 Country of ref document: AT Date of ref document: 19820215 Kind code of ref document: T |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 2961910 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19820304 |
|
KL | Correction list |
Free format text: 82/04 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Effective date: 19821201 Ref country code: AT Effective date: 19821201 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Effective date: 19821202 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 19821231 Ref country code: CH Effective date: 19821231 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Effective date: 19830701 |
|
NLV4 | Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 19830831 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Effective date: 19830901 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Effective date: 19881118 |
|
EUG | Se: european patent has lapsed |
Ref document number: 79104804.4 Effective date: 19850611 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |