EP0000461B1 - Process and active packing material for the biological denitrification of waste water - Google Patents

Process and active packing material for the biological denitrification of waste water Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0000461B1
EP0000461B1 EP19780400049 EP78400049A EP0000461B1 EP 0000461 B1 EP0000461 B1 EP 0000461B1 EP 19780400049 EP19780400049 EP 19780400049 EP 78400049 A EP78400049 A EP 78400049A EP 0000461 B1 EP0000461 B1 EP 0000461B1
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Prior art keywords
denitrification
process according
support
active
calcium carbonate
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French (fr)
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EP0000461A1 (en
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Bruno Cabane
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Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann
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Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/28—Anaerobic digestion processes
    • C02F3/2806—Anaerobic processes using solid supports for microorganisms
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
    • Y10S210/902—Materials removed
    • Y10S210/903—Nitrogenous
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/813—Continuous fermentation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/874—Pseudomonas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a biological denitrification process having high performance.
  • the biological processes apply mainly to urban effluents with low nitrate content (of the order of 100 mg / 1) and those which make it possible to operate at higher concentrations (3.5 g / I d nitric nitrogen and more) have denitrification rates of the order of 1 to 1.5 mg of nitrogen per liter per hour.
  • the Applicant has developed a process applicable in particular to industrial wastewater, making it possible to reduce the nitric nitrogen present in effluents to concentrations up to 10 g / t, and this at a high speed of transformation, while minimizing the carbon substrate concentrations required for denitrification.
  • the performances obtained in this process with the use of a fluid bed reactor are superior to all those known for the same type of reactor, as described by J. S. JERIS et al. W.P.C.F. Flight. 46 No 9 - Sept. 1974 (2043-2057), B. ERICSSON Journal W.P.C.F. Flight. 47 No. 4 - April 1975 (727-740), C. W. FRANCIS et al. Water Res. Flight.
  • This process consists in manufacturing an active denitrification support formed on the one hand from selected denitrifying bacteria and on the other hand from very fine calcium carbonate.
  • the process is characterized by the prior selection of a denitrifying flora adapted to a given exogenous carbon substrate containing calcium nitrate.
  • This support formed in situ can consist of a central core (carbon or CaC0 3 ) on which the selected denitrifying bacteria and the calcium carbonate formed by the denitrification reaction are fixed.
  • the possible addition of a mixture of trace elements makes it possible to increase the denitrification rates.
  • the active denitrification support obtained by the process of the applicant can be used in any kind of denitrification reactor (homogeneous react, column reactor with fixed bed or with fluid bed).
  • strains of bacteria with denitrifying activity are selected according to the organic carbon substrate used in denitrification (alcohols, urban effluent, factory effluent), according to the type of nitrates and according to the concentration of the latter.
  • strains are subjected to enrichment by successive subcultures in a liquid medium while achieving the best possible anaerobiosis.
  • the media used are of the type described below with possible addition of yeast extract at a rate of 1 g / l.
  • the enriched denitrifying strains thus obtained are then isolated, the isolation being carried out on a solid medium in an anaerobic test jar.
  • the growth of the colonies requires 8 days at 30 ° C.
  • the selected strains are placed in preculture in an anaerobic reactor with a nitrate and carbon substrate in order to allow an induction of denitrifying activities as well as a production of biomasses having this activity.
  • the biomass is then harvested by centrifugation or decantation before being resown in the effluents to be denitrified.
  • the effluent before sowing is optionally degassed by suitable methods (nitrogen bubbling, heating, addition of sulfites).
  • the start of the process consists first of a complete recycling of the effluent loaded with microorganisms. This recycling is necessary on the one hand to allow the induction of the denitrifying activity, on the other hand to allow maximum fixation of the microorganisms on the support.
  • CaC0 3 and denitrifying bacteria are formed during the same reaction.
  • This reaction is a Ca (NO 3 ) 2 denitrification reaction; it can therefore be carried out at the start of the denitrification operation, with the apparatus provided for the final treatment.
  • the active denitrification support thus formed has proven to be very effective in the various reactors used and in particular in fluidized bed reactors.
  • the denitrification temperature can vary from 5 to 40 ° C, but is preferably around 30 ° C.
  • the denitrification is carried out so as to have a basic output pH facilitating carbonation.
  • the calcium carbonate gradually surrounding the coal particle is a by-product of denitrification. It also acts as a pH buffer.
  • a homogeneous reactor is seeded with the denitrifying bacteria.
  • a denitrification medium consisting of an organic carbon substrate (here glucose) and necessarily calcium nitrate. It is possible to add to the denitrification medium powdered charcoal which will serve as the primary support for the fixation, on the one hand of the calcium carbonate grains formed during the denitrification reaction and, on the other hand, denitrifying bacteria which are developed in the denitrification medium.
  • the sludge formed is very active in terms of denitrification. They can be used with any type of reactor and with any source of substrate.
  • the CaC0 3 support with its denitrifying biomass was produced beforehand in a homogeneous reactor as in Example 1: denitrifying strain of the genus Pseudomonas seeded in a medium containing Ca (N0 3 ) 2 + fine carbon + methanol. The culture is maintained anaerobically.
  • a solution of trace elements (1 ml / l) is added to the denitrification medium.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
  • Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne un procédé biologique de dénitrification ayant de hautes performances.The present invention relates to a biological denitrification process having high performance.

Les procédés actuellement connus permettent une élimination des nitrates, mais celli-ci est relativement lente, et peu nombreux sont ceux pouvant être utilisés pour des eaux usées industrielles.The currently known methods allow the elimination of nitrates, but this is relatively slow, and few can be used for industrial wastewater.

Parmi ceux-ci, les procédés biologiques s'appliquent principalement aux effluents urbains peu chargés en nitrates (de l'ordre de 100 mg/1) et ceux qui permettent d'opérer sur des concentrations plus élevées (3,5 g/I d'azote nitrique et plus) ont des vitesses de dénitrification de I-ordre de 1 à 1,5 mg d'azote par litre et part heure.Among these, the biological processes apply mainly to urban effluents with low nitrate content (of the order of 100 mg / 1) and those which make it possible to operate at higher concentrations (3.5 g / I d nitric nitrogen and more) have denitrification rates of the order of 1 to 1.5 mg of nitrogen per liter per hour.

Par ailleurs, la dénitrification étant effectuée à partir d'une flore complexe non contrôlée, les capacités de dénitrification d'un réacteur sont difficilement prévisibles.Furthermore, the denitrification being carried out from an uncontrolled complex flora, the denitrification capacities of a reactor are difficult to predict.

La demanderesse a mis au point un procédé applicable en particulier aux eaux usées industrielles, permettant de réduire l'azote nitrique présent dans des effluents à des concentrations pouvant atteindre 10 g/t, et ceci à une vitesse élevée de transformation, tout en minimisant les concentrations de substrat carboné nécessaire pour la dénitrification. En particulier, les performances obtenues dans ce procède avec l'utilisation d'un réacteur à lit fluide, sont supérieures à toutes celles connues pour le même type de réacteur, comme décrit par J. S. JERIS et coll. Journal W.P.C.F. Vol. 46 No 9 - Sept. 1974 (2043-2057), B. ERICSSON Journal W.P.C.F. Vol. 47 No. 4 - avril 1975 (727-740), C. W. FRANCIS et coll. Water Res. Vol. 11 (1977) (289-294), F. E. CLARK et coll. INIS Atomindex 7 (8) 1976 Abstr. No. 2379 73 et D. J. R. DODD et coll. Water Res. Vol. 9 (1975) (323-328).The Applicant has developed a process applicable in particular to industrial wastewater, making it possible to reduce the nitric nitrogen present in effluents to concentrations up to 10 g / t, and this at a high speed of transformation, while minimizing the carbon substrate concentrations required for denitrification. In particular, the performances obtained in this process with the use of a fluid bed reactor, are superior to all those known for the same type of reactor, as described by J. S. JERIS et al. W.P.C.F. Flight. 46 No 9 - Sept. 1974 (2043-2057), B. ERICSSON Journal W.P.C.F. Flight. 47 No. 4 - April 1975 (727-740), C. W. FRANCIS et al. Water Res. Flight. 11 (1977) (289-294), F. E. CLARK et al. INIS Atomindex 7 (8) 1976 Abstr. No. 2379 73 and D. J. R. DODD et al. Water Res. Flight. 9 (1975) (323-328).

Ce procédé consiste à fabriquer un support actif de dénitrification formé d'une part de bactéries dénitrifiantes sélectionnées et d'autre part de carbonate de calcium très fin. Le procédé est caractérisé par la sélection préalable d'une flore dénitrifiante adaptée à un substrat carboné exogène donné contenant du nitrate de calcium. Ce support formé in situ peut être constitué d'un noyau central (charbon ou CaC03) sur lequel viennent se fixer les bactéries dénitrifiantes sélectionnées et le carbonate de calcium formé par le réaction de dénitrification. L'addition éventuelle d'un mélange d'oligo-éléments permet d'augmenter les vitesses de dénitrification.This process consists in manufacturing an active denitrification support formed on the one hand from selected denitrifying bacteria and on the other hand from very fine calcium carbonate. The process is characterized by the prior selection of a denitrifying flora adapted to a given exogenous carbon substrate containing calcium nitrate. This support formed in situ can consist of a central core (carbon or CaC0 3 ) on which the selected denitrifying bacteria and the calcium carbonate formed by the denitrification reaction are fixed. The possible addition of a mixture of trace elements makes it possible to increase the denitrification rates.

Le support actif de la dénitrification obtenu par le procédé de la demanderesse peut être employé dans n'importe quelle sorte de réacteur de dénitrification (réactuer homogène, réacteur colonne à lit fixe ou à lit fluide).The active denitrification support obtained by the process of the applicant can be used in any kind of denitrification reactor (homogeneous react, column reactor with fixed bed or with fluid bed).

Les souches de bactéries présentant une activité dénitrifiante sont sélectionnées en fonction due substrat carboné organique utilisé dans la dénitrification (alcools, effluent urbain, effluent d'usines), en fonction du type des nitrates et en fonction de la concentration de ces derniers.The strains of bacteria with denitrifying activity are selected according to the organic carbon substrate used in denitrification (alcohols, urban effluent, factory effluent), according to the type of nitrates and according to the concentration of the latter.

Ces souches sont soumises à un enrichissement par repiquages successifs en milieu liquide en réalisant la meilleure anaérobiose possible. Les milieux employés sont du type de celui décrit ci-dessous avec addition éventuelle de yeast extract à raison de 1 g/I.

Figure imgb0001
These strains are subjected to enrichment by successive subcultures in a liquid medium while achieving the best possible anaerobiosis. The media used are of the type described below with possible addition of yeast extract at a rate of 1 g / l.
Figure imgb0001

Les souches dénitrifiantes enrichies ainsi obtenues sont ensuite isolées, l'isolement étant réalisé sur milieu solide en jar test d'anaérobiose. La croissance des colonies nécessite 8 jours à 30°C.The enriched denitrifying strains thus obtained are then isolated, the isolation being carried out on a solid medium in an anaerobic test jar. The growth of the colonies requires 8 days at 30 ° C.

Les souches sélectionnées sont mises en préculture dans un réacteur en anaérobiose avec un substrat de nitrate et de carbone afin de permettre une induction des activités dénitrifiantes ainsi qu'une production des biomasses ayant cette activité.The selected strains are placed in preculture in an anaerobic reactor with a nitrate and carbon substrate in order to allow an induction of denitrifying activities as well as a production of biomasses having this activity.

La biomasse est ensuite récoltée par centrifugation ou décantation avant d'être réensemencée dans les effluents à dénitrifier. L'effluent avant ensemencement est éventuellement dégazé par des méthodes convenables (barbotage d'azote, chauffage, addition de sulfites).The biomass is then harvested by centrifugation or decantation before being resown in the effluents to be denitrified. The effluent before sowing is optionally degassed by suitable methods (nitrogen bubbling, heating, addition of sulfites).

Les effluents ainsi ensemencés peuvent alimenter en continu:

  • - soit un réacteur homogène agité,
  • - soit un réacteur homogène rempli d'un support pour la fixation des microorganismes, (ce support est fabriqué en fermenteur à partir d'un noyau central formé de charbon entouré de carbonate de calcium très fin ou par tout autre support neutre convenable (grains de CaC03 par exemple), sur lequel viennent se fixer, par adsorption, les bactéries dénitrifiantes),
  • - soit un réacteur colonne garni d'un lit fixe,
  • - soit un réacteur colonne à lit fluidisé en permanence ou par intermittence (le support dans ces deux derniers cas est celui décrit précédement).
The effluents thus sown can continuously supply:
  • - either a stirred homogeneous reactor,
  • - either a homogeneous reactor filled with a support for the fixation of microorganisms, (this support is made in a fermenter from a central core formed of coal surrounded by very fine calcium carbonate or by any other suitable neutral support (grains of CaC0 3 for example), on which are fixed, by adsorption, denitrifying bacteria),
  • - either a column reactor with a fixed bed,
  • - Either a column bed reactor permanently or intermittently (the support in the latter two cases is that described above).

Connaissant les caractéristiques cinétiques de la souche (KS substrat, vitesse de dénitrification ...) on peut prévoir la capacité de dénitrification du réacteur, ce qui est nouveau.Knowing the kinetic characteristics of the strain (KS substrate, denitrification speed ...) we can predict the denitrification capacity of the reactor, which is new.

Le démarrage du procédé consiste d'abord en un recyclage intégral de l'effluent chargé de microorganismes. Ce recyclage est nécessaire d'une part pour permettre l'induction de l'activité dénitrifiante, d'autre part pour permettre une fixation maximum des microorganismes sur le support.The start of the process consists first of a complete recycling of the effluent loaded with microorganisms. This recycling is necessary on the one hand to allow the induction of the denitrifying activity, on the other hand to allow maximum fixation of the microorganisms on the support.

Le CaC03 et les bactéries dénitrifiantes sont formés au cours d'une même réaction. Cette réaction est une réaction de dénitrification de Ca(N03)2; elle peut être effectuée par conséquent en début d'opération de dénitrification, avec l'appareillage prévu pour le traitement définitif. Le support actif de dénitrification ainsi formé s'est avéré très performant dans les divers réacteurs utilisés et particulièrement dans des réacteurs à lit fluidisé.CaC0 3 and denitrifying bacteria are formed during the same reaction. This reaction is a Ca (NO 3 ) 2 denitrification reaction; it can therefore be carried out at the start of the denitrification operation, with the apparatus provided for the final treatment. The active denitrification support thus formed has proven to be very effective in the various reactors used and in particular in fluidized bed reactors.

La marche en continu est instaurée lorsque l'activité dénitrifiante est considérée comme suffisante, c'est-à-dire lorsque'après avoir augmenté progressivement les taux de dilution on obtient dans l'effluent une concentration résiduelle de nitrate ne dépassant pas le taux désiré.Continuous operation is established when the denitrifying activity is considered to be sufficient, that is to say when, after gradually increasing the dilution rates, a residual concentration of nitrate is obtained in the effluent not exceeding the desired rate. .

La température de dénitrification peut varier de 5 à 40°C, mais se situe préférentiellement aux environs de 30°C.The denitrification temperature can vary from 5 to 40 ° C, but is preferably around 30 ° C.

La dénitrification est conduite de manière à avoir un pH de sortie basique facilitant la carbonatation. Le carbonate de calcium entourant progressivement la particule de charbon, est un sous-produit de la dénitrification. Il joue également le rôle de tampon de pH.The denitrification is carried out so as to have a basic output pH facilitating carbonation. The calcium carbonate gradually surrounding the coal particle, is a by-product of denitrification. It also acts as a pH buffer.

Les exemples suivants illustrent l'invention sans toutefois la limiter.The following examples illustrate the invention without, however, limiting it.

Exemples 1 à 5Examples 1 to 5

  • Réacteur homogène 18 I utilesHomogeneous reactor 18 I useful
  • Azote nitrique: KNO3 Nitric nitrogen: KNO 3
  • Substrat carboné: glucoseCarbon substrate: glucose
  • Support et préculture: une préculture est faite en anaérobiose sur glucose avec Ca(NO3)2+CaCO3 à partir d'une souche du genre Pseudomonas préalablement caractérisée comme étant dénitrifiante. Cette préculture permet d'obtenir les boues dénitrifiantes nécessaires pour la fabrication du support activé de dénitrification.Support and preculture: a preculture is made anaerobically on glucose with Ca (NO 3 ) 2 + CaCO 3 from a strain of the genus Pseudomonas previously characterized as being denitrifying. This preculture makes it possible to obtain the denitrifying sludge necessary for the manufacture of the activated denitrification support.

Pour ce faire, on ensemence un réacteur homogène avec la bactérie dénitrifiante. Dans ce réacteur est placé un milieu de dénitrification constitué d'un substrat carboné organique (ici du glucose) et obligatoirement de nitrate de calcium. On peut additionner au milieu de dénitrification du charbon pulvérulent qui servira de support primaire à la fixation, d'une part des grains de carbonate de calcium, formés au cours de la réaction de dénitrification et, d'autre part, des bactéries dénitrifiantes qui se sont développées dans le milieu de dénitrification. Les boues constituées se révèlent très actives au point de vue dénitrification. Elles peuvent être utilisées avec n'importe quel type de réacteur et avec n'importe quelle source de substrat.

Figure imgb0002
To do this, a homogeneous reactor is seeded with the denitrifying bacteria. In this reactor is placed a denitrification medium consisting of an organic carbon substrate (here glucose) and necessarily calcium nitrate. It is possible to add to the denitrification medium powdered charcoal which will serve as the primary support for the fixation, on the one hand of the calcium carbonate grains formed during the denitrification reaction and, on the other hand, denitrifying bacteria which are developed in the denitrification medium. The sludge formed is very active in terms of denitrification. They can be used with any type of reactor and with any source of substrate.
Figure imgb0002

Exemple 6Example 6

Le support CaC03 avec sa biomasse dénitrifiante a été fabriqué au préalable dans un réacteur homogène comme dans l'exemple 1: souche dénitrifiante du genre Pseudomonas ensemencé dans un milieu contenant Ca(N03)2+charbon fin+méthanol. La culture est maintenue en anaérobiose.The CaC0 3 support with its denitrifying biomass was produced beforehand in a homogeneous reactor as in Example 1: denitrifying strain of the genus Pseudomonas seeded in a medium containing Ca (N0 3 ) 2 + fine carbon + methanol. The culture is maintained anaerobically.

On additionne au milieu de dénitrification une solution d'oligoéléments, (1 ml/I).

Figure imgb0003
Figure imgb0004
 A solution of trace elements (1 ml / l) is added to the denitrification medium.
Figure imgb0003
Figure imgb0004

Exemple 7Example 7

Mêmes conditions opératoires que dans l'exemple 6. On fait varier seulement le temps de séjour.

Figure imgb0005
Same operating conditions as in Example 6. The residence time is varied only.
Figure imgb0005

Exemple 8Example 8

  • Réacteur: colonne lit fluide volume utile: 1,25 1Reactor: fluid bed column useful volume: 1.25 1
  • Azote nitrique: Ca(N03)2 (650 mg/I d'azote nitrique)Nitric nitrogen: Ca (N0 3 ) 2 (650 mg / I of nitric nitrogen)
  • Substrat carboné: acide acryliqueCarbon substrate: acrylic acid
  • Support et préculture: la préparation a été faite comme dans l'exemple 6, le méthanol étant remplacé par de l'acide acrylique.
    Figure imgb0006
    Support and preculture: the preparation was made as in Example 6, methanol being replaced by acrylic acid.
    Figure imgb0006

Claims (7)

1. Process for the biological denitrification of effluents which can contain up to 10 g/litre of nitrogen in the form of nitric acid, characterised in that the medium to be denitrified is brought into contact with strains of bacteria having a dentrifying action, which have been subjected to a pre-culture in a denitrification medium containing a substrate of calcium nitrate, under anaerobic conditions, in the presence of hydrocarbon substances, so as to form, in situ, an active denitrification support containing the denitrifying bacteria and granular calcium carbonate.
2. Process according to Claim 1, in which the denitrifying bacteria are selected by successive subcultures in liquid media which are made up taking account of the nature of the carbon substrate, the type of nitrates and the concentration of the latter in the effluents to be treated.
3. Process according to Claim 1, in which the active support consists of a central core to which the selected denitrifying bacteria and the calcium carbonate formed by the denitrification reaction are fixed.
4. Process according to Claim 3, in which the central core consists of charcoal or grains of calcium carbonate.
5. Process according to Claim 1, in which the denitrification rate is increased by adding a mixture of trace elements.
6. Process according to one of Claims 1 to 5, in which the effluent to be treated is an industrial effluent.
7. Active denitrification support formed in accordance with the process of one of Claims 1 to 4.
EP19780400049 1977-07-08 1978-07-03 Process and active packing material for the biological denitrification of waste water Expired EP0000461B1 (en)

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FR7721119 1977-07-08
FR7721119A FR2396726A1 (en) 1977-07-08 1977-07-08 BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION OF EFFLUENTS

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EP0000461B1 true EP0000461B1 (en) 1982-05-05

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JPS50152552A (en) * 1974-05-29 1975-12-08
CH582630A5 (en) * 1974-07-18 1976-12-15 Ciba Geigy Ag
JPS5148560A (en) * 1974-10-22 1976-04-26 Asahi Chemical Ind DATSUCHITSUSOYOBISEIBUTSUGUNNO JUNYOHOHO
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US4043936A (en) * 1976-02-24 1977-08-23 The United States Of America As Represented By United States Energy Research And Development Administration Biological denitrification of high concentration nitrate waste
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FR2396726A1 (en) * 1977-07-08 1979-02-02 Ugine Kuhlmann BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION OF EFFLUENTS

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IE781365L (en) 1979-01-08
FR2396726A1 (en) 1979-02-02
US4209390A (en) 1980-06-24
NO151700C (en) 1985-05-22
DE2861782D1 (en) 1982-06-24
SE7807648L (en) 1979-01-09
IT7868429A0 (en) 1978-06-19
AU520638B2 (en) 1982-02-18
EP0000461A1 (en) 1979-01-24
SE436349B (en) 1984-12-03
BR7804409A (en) 1979-02-28
AU3780878A (en) 1980-01-10
ZA783913B (en) 1979-07-25
IE47023B1 (en) 1983-11-30
DK306278A (en) 1979-01-09
NO782380L (en) 1979-01-09
IT1111478B (en) 1986-01-13
NO151700B (en) 1985-02-11
FR2396726B1 (en) 1982-02-26
US4318988A (en) 1982-03-09
CA1118377A (en) 1982-02-16

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