EP0000197B1

EP0000197B1 - Rechargeable non-aqueous cell with a chalcogenide-containing electrode, a method for preparing the chalcogenide compound and a method for the preparation of the cell

Info

Publication number: EP0000197B1
Application number: EP78100249A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Francis Joseph Disalvo; Donald Winslow Murphy
Original assignee: Western Electric Co Inc
Current assignee: AT&T Inc
Priority date: 1977-06-27
Filing date: 1978-06-27
Publication date: 1981-11-11
Also published as: JPS5411430A; JPS61295238A; US4159962A; CA1113683A; EP0000197A1; DE2861308D1; US4125687A

Description

Background of the Invention

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a nonaqueous secondary cell comprising a negative electrode made with lithium and/or sodium, an electrolyte, and a positive electrode made with a layered chalcogenide as the active material. Further, the invention relates to a method for preparing said cell, as well as to a method for producing the chalcogenide composition itself.

2. Description of the Prior Art

There has been considerable interest in recent years in nonaqueous cells because of their potentially high energy densities. Particularly attractive are nonaqueous cells using negative electrodes made with Group I elements such as lithium or sodium, because the high standard potential and low weight density of these elements afford exceptional possibilities for high cell voltage and high energy capacity per unit weight and per unit volume. Cells having these properties would be useful in any situation in which cell weight and/or volume are critical factors. The positive electrode material should be electrically conductive, because at high discharge rates the energy density depends on the conductivity of the positive electrode material, and also should have properties that enable it to react readily and reversibly with the negative electrode material to enhance secondary battery characteristics. To retain the weight advantages afforded by the negative electrode material, the positive electrode materials should also be light.
Positive electrode materials presently contemplated by persons investigating nonaqueous cells include the layered dichalcogenides of the transition metals of Groups IVB and VB of the periodic table. These materials have attracted much interest because of their ability to intercalate a number of species, including lithium, between the layers. The term intercalate is used to mean movement both into and out of the layered structure.
One such layered chalcogenide that appears promising and has been the object of several studies is TiS₂. The TiS₂ structure consists of a sandwich formed by a layer of Ti atoms surrounded on either side by a layer of chalcogens. The negative electrode is made from a species, e.g., lithium, which intercalates between the TiS₂ layers as the cell charges and discharges. Studies performed with techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray diffraction indicate that LiyTiS₂, for all values of y between the 0 and 1, i.e., as the cell goes through a complete charge or discharge cycle, forms a single non-stoichiometric phase. LiyTiS₂ cells have a middischarge, i.e., y = 0.5, voltage of 2.2 volts and an energy density of 480 watt-hour/kg and are easily reversible for a large number of cycles.
Theoretically, the use of some layered chalcogenides, such as VS₂, in a cell using a lithium negative electrode should, be more attractive than of TiS₂, because the values for both the voltage and energy density should exceed the values for TiS₂. The BE-A 849 473 discloses the use in p hi-cell of VS, as produced by a precipitation reaction from a nonaqueous solution in the form of a lithium addition product using n-butyllithium to obtain Liy VS₂ (0 < y < 1.5). However, and fundamentally, as has been found from the present study, LiVS₂ ceiis have limited reversibility, approximately 50 percent of the theoretical capacity based on one lithium atom per vanadium atom, at room temperature when put through complete charge-discharge cycles. Although the reason for this limited reversibility at room temperature could not yet be clarified with certainty, it is believed due to phase changes in the LiVS₂ system as lithium intercalates during a charge and discharge cycle. LiyVS₂ for y = 0 and for y > .6 has a regular hexagonal structure. The system has slightly distorted monoclinic structures for 0.2 < y < .33 and 0.5 _< y _< 0.6. For 0.33 < y _< 0.5 and 0.0 _< y _< 0.2, the system consists of two phases.
The presence, at room temperatures, of the additional phases decreases cell capacity to approximately 50 percent of the theoretical value when the cell is cycled at moderate current densities because the intercalation process is not readily reversed, as it is for TiS₂, due to slow attainment of equilibrium conditions. The reason for slow attainment of equilibrium is not known with certainty but appears related to either reduced lithium mobility or a slow rate of phase nucleation. Similar considerations have limited both use and investigation of LiCrS₂ cells. Therefore the problem to be solved by the invention is, to improve the cell reversibility by providing a new class of layer chalcogenides for the active positive electrode material, and to provide a new method for producing the latter.

Summary of the Invention

According to the present invention, the solution of this problem is characterized, for a cell of the initially indicated type, in that said chalcogenide has the nominal atom composition M_xN_1-xS₂, in which M is Mn, Fe, Ni and/or Co and N is V and/or Cr and in which x is greater than zero but less than or equal to a maximum value of 0.5 when N is V and M is Fe, less than or equal to a maximum value of 0.33 when N is V and M is Ni, Co or Mn, and less than a maximum value of 0.33 when N is Cr, and, when N is V and M is Fe and at least one of Ni, Co and Mn, said maximum value of x scales linearly from 0.33 to 0.50 with the Fe atom percent of M.
The method of preparing the compound having the aforesaid nominal atom composition M_xN_1-xS₂ is characterized according to the invention, in that an oxidizing agent having an oxidizing potential of at least 2.8 volts is added to Li_yM_xN_1-xS₂, where y is less than or equal to one, said LiyM_x N_1-x S₂ being prepared by reacting stoichiometric quantities of the alkali metal carbonate, an oxide of M and N with sulfur, said chalcogenide preparations being carried out in the absence of air and/or moisture.
As has been found, the addition of Mn, Fe, Ni or Co makes the intercalation of lithium or sodium with M_xN_1-xS₂ readily reversible and permits the cells to be cycled numerous times. In a preferred embodiment M is Fe, N is V, and x is greater than 0.20 and less than or equal to 0.33.

Brief Description of the Drawing

FIG. 1 shows a side view of a cell employing a conventional negative electrode and a positive electrode having a layered chalcogenide as the active substance.
FIG. 2 shows cell voltage in volts, on the ordinate for Liy TiS₂ and Liy VS₂ cells as a function of lithium content, as represented by y, on the abscissa, for cells using TiS₂ (solid line) and VS₂ as the positive electrode material, and
FIG. 3 shows cell voltage in volts, on the ordinate, as a function of percent charge and discharge at a constant charge and discharge current, on the abscissa, for a cell using Fe_.25V_.75S₂ as the active cathode material and having a lithium anode.

Detailed Description

FIG. 1 shows a side view of a cross-section of a cell structure 10 with a negative electrode 11, a separator 12 impregnated with an electrolyte and a postive electrode 13 containing the layered chalcogenide as the active electrode material. Also shown are current collectors 14, on both sides of the electrodes, and the surrounding structure 15 which is usually made of an inert, non-conducting material. Other cell structures such as one having thin film electrodes may also be constructed. A cell with thin film electrodes may be assembled in several ways including putting the various sheets forming the electrodes and separator together to form a rectangular battery or rolling in the form of a cylinder.
FIG. 2 relates for a LiyTiS₂ cell, solid line, and a LiYS2 cell, dashed line, cell voltage in volts, on the ordinate and lithium content, represented by y, on the abscissa. The circles on the dashed line represent the open circuit values for LiyVS₂ compounds prepared as later described and with no current flowing.
The dichalcogenides having the nominal atom composition M_xN_1-xS₂, where M is Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni or mixtures thereof, and N is V or Cr, form two dimensional layered structures structurally similar to TiS and VS₂ and also possessing the ability to intercalate, with relative ease, small atomic species, such as lithium, between layers of the structure. Although the composition of the active cathode material is described in terms of a stoichiometric composition, this composition is only the nominal atom composition and the actual compositions used may deviate from the nominal composition by as much as plus or minus five percent from stoichiometry. Greater deviations from stoichiometry are undesirable as the intercalation process may be significantly slowed. The chalcogenide is described in terms of N being V or Cr or mixtures thereof, and the Mn, Fe, Co or Ni atoms randomly substitute in the lattice for V or Cr atoms without significantly changing the voltages shown in FIG. 2. The substituents apparently reduce order in the structure and the reduced order probably results in only a single phase being present during the intercalation process and certainly results in weakening and broadening phase transitions to allow easy formation of these phases at room temperature as atomic species intercalate. Minimization of the problem of slow intercalation due to, e.g., phase transitions, by the addition of order reducing substituents results in cells having M_xN_1-xS₂ as the active positive electrode material and easy reversibility. Easy intercalation of lithium and other atoms, such as sodium, in the M_xN_1-xS₂ structure makes the compounds useful as the active material in cathodes of nonaqueous cells operating at room temperature and having high cell voltage and high energy density.

I. Preparation of the Active Cathode Material

The active material, M_xN_1-xS₂, may be prepared in a variety of ways. The preparatory operations are carried out in the absence of air since the chalcogenides in the discharged state may be highly reactive toward moisture. The following methods have been found to yield good results.
To prepare the active material in the discharged state, i.e., with sodium or lithium, stoichiometric quantities of the alkali metal carbonate and the oxide of M, and an oxide of N, e,g., V ₂0₁ or Cr ₂0₃, are placed in an inert container, such as a graphite boat, within a quartz tube. The temperature is raised to a value that is typically within the range extending from 300 degrees C to 800 degrees C and a flow of sulfur or a sulfur containing compound such as CS₂ or H₂S introduced. The reaction is allowed to proceed until evolution of water or CO₂, depending upon the sulfur compound used, ceases. Lower temperatures require a longer time and above 800 degrees C, if H₂S is used, water is evolved too vigorously to permit easy preparation of the material. The quartz tube is then sealed under an inert atmosphere, e.g., argon, and placed in a dry box. To insure complete reaction of all of the initial material, the material is no ground, thoroughly mixed and refined in H₂S at a temperature within the range from 300 degrees C to 800 degrees C for 1 6 to 24 hours. This step is desirable as all of the material may not have been exposed to sulfur in the initial step. The quartz tube is sealed under argon and reopened only under argon. M_xN_1-xS₂, the charged state, may be prepared by adding an oxidizing agent with an oxidizing potential of at least 2.8 volts (measured with respect to a Li/Li⁺ electrode) to the material prepared according to the previous paragraph. Suitable oxidizing agents include iodine, chlorine and bromine. The oxidizing agent is conveniently added in a solvent which is inert to the oxidizing agent and in which the lithium or sodium containing product is soluble. A suitable solvent is acetonitrile. The mixture is stirred until the oxidizing agent is consumed. The mixture is then filtered, washed with a solvent such as acetonitrile and vacuum dried. If x = 0, the method permits preparation of VS₂. Pure CrS₂ cannot be prepared in this manner but M_xCr_1-xS₂, with x having values less than 0.33 may be prepared. Cr_zV_1-zS₂, with z less than or equal to 0.75 may also be prepared in this manner.
The chemistry of the described processes is summarized by an example showing the preparation of LiFe_xV_1-xS_z:

If desired, intermediate compounds, i.e., compounds with y less than one, with the formula Li_yFe_xV_1-xS₂ may also be prepared:
Similar equations describe the processes for the other cathode materials, i.e. for the cases where M is Mn, Ni or Co; N is Cr, or where Na is used as the anode material. If M is Fe and N is V, the value of x is < 0.5 as Fe compounds other than Fe_xN_1-xS₂ may be present if this value is exceeded. It has been found that the best cell properties are obtained if x is greater than 0.20 and less than 0.33. For Mn, Ni and Co, where N is V the value of x is less than or equal to 0.33 to prevent formation of unwanted compounds. If N is Cr, x is less than or equal to 0.33, to insure that unwanted compounds are not present. If mixtures are present, the maximum value of x scales linearly with the atom percent of each element. For example, if N is V and M is 50 percent Fe and 50 percent Mn by atom percent, the maximum value of x is 0.42.

ll. Cell Construction

In general, cell fabrication may be carried out to yield the cell in either the charged or discharged state. One typical construction method will be briefly outlined. A mixture of LiM_xN_1-xS₂ and a material, such as polyethylene, that acts as a binder is thoroughly mixed as by rolling on a jar mill. Other materials that are also nonreactive with the compound and do not alloy with lithium may also be used. The mixture is pressed into a nonreactive metal gride such as one made of Ni, Fe, Co or Ti. The pressing should result in mechanical integrity and good electrical contacts as well as good electrical conductivity. It has been found that pressing at 130 degrees C with a pressure of approximately 2,000 pounds per square inch (13,789,600 newtons per square meter) yields good results. It is also desirable that air be excluded during these operations to prevent undesired chemical reactions between the chalcogenide or anode material, such as lithium, and water and accordingly the operations are conveniently carried out in a dry box. The pressed material forms the cathode and is sandwiched between two plates forming a conventional anode made from, e.g., lithium or sodium. Alternatively, the structure of FIG. 1 may be made in which case only one lithium or sodium plate is necessary to form the anode. The electrolyte used in the cell is conventional and a variety of electrolytes which do not react chemically with either the anode or cathode materials and which are electrically conductive to permit ready migration of ions during the intercalation process may be used. Typical electrolytes include LiPF_e, LiC10₄, etc. The electrolyte may be present either in the pure state or dissolved in a suitable solvent such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, etc. Solid electrolytes such as Lil may also be used. The cell is sealed to insure isolation of the material from air after its removal from the dry box and provided with suitable electrical contacts.

III. Examples

1. Preparation of LiFe_0.25V_0.75S₂. A mixture of 4.329 grams of Li₂CO₃, 2.339 grams of Fe₂O₃ and 7.992 grams of V₂O₅ was placed in a graphite boat, within a quartz tube, and maintained for two hours at a temperature of 500 degrees C in a flow of H₂S. The temperature was raised to 700 degrees C for 18 hours. The quartz tube was sealed under argon and placed in a dry box. The material was ground, mixed and refired in H₂S for 18 hours at 700 degrees C. The tube was then sealed and subsequently opened only when under argon.
2. Preparation of Fe_0.25V_0.75S_2' To 1.450 grams of LiFe_0.25V_0.75S₂, 50 ml of a 0.236 N iodine solution in 200 ml of acetonitrile were added under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours, filtered, washed with acetonitrile and vacuum dried.
3. Preparation of LiCr_0.33V_0.33Fe_0.33S₂. A mixture of 5.031 grams of Li₂CO₃, 3.45035 grams of Cr _z0₃, 3.6237 grams of Fe _z0₃, and 4.1275 grams of V ₂0₁ was placed in a graphite boat and prepared as was the material in Example 1.
4. Preparation of LiV_0.67Mn_0.33S₂. A mixture of 4.9566 grams of Li₂CO₃, 8.1339 grams of V₂O₅ and 3.8874 grams of MnO₂ was placed in a graphite boat and prepared as was the material in Example 1.
5. Preparation of a LiFe_0.5V_0.5S₂ (discharged) cell. A mixture of LiFe_0.5V_0.5S₂ (77.1%), graphite (15.4%) and polyethylene powder (7.5%) was thoroughly mixed by rolling on a jar mill. 1.005 grams of the mixture were pressed into an expanded nickel grid having dimensions of 2.2 cm x 2.5 cm at 130 degrees C with a pressure of approximately 2000 p.s.i. (13,789,600 newtons per square meter) The rolling and pressing operations were carried out with air excluded. This electrode, forming the cathode, was sandwiched between two conventional lithium anodes. Adjacent electrodes were separated by glass filter paper. A 1M solution of LiC10₄ in propylene carbonate was added as the electrolyte. The entire cell was"sealed to exclude air and electrical contacts were provided.
6. Preparation of a LiFe_0.25V_0.75S₂ (discharged) cell with lithium. The cell was constructed, as in FIG. 1, with a sheet of lithium as the anode approximately 15 mils (38 x 10^-3cm.) thick and having a surface area of about 1 cm², a porous glass separator, 27.7 mg of loose LiFe_0.25V_0.75S₂ powder prepared as in Example 1, and several drops of 1M LiC10₄ in propylene carbonate as the electrolyte. The nickel-plated current collectors were tightened to make electrical contact.
7. Preparation of a Fe_0.25V_0.75S₂ (charged) cell with lithium. The cell was constructed with a lithium sheet approximately 15 mils (38 × 10^-3cm.) thick and a surface area of about 1 cm², a porous glass separator, 14 mg of loose Fe_0.25V_0.75S₂ powder prepared as in Example 2, and several drops of 1M LiC10₄ in propylene carbonate. The nickel plated current collectors were tightened to make electrical contacts.
8. Preparation of a LiCr_0.33V_0.33Fe_0.33S₂ (discharged) cell. The cell was prepared as in Example 6 using material prepared as in Example 3.
9. Preparation of a LiV_0.67Mn_0.33S₂ (discharged) cell. The cell was prepared as in Example 6 using material prepared as in Example 4.
10. Preparation of VS₂. LiVS_z was prepared as in Example 1 using stoichiometric quantities of Li₂CO₃ and V₂O₅. 200 ml of a 0.192 N iodine solution in acetonitrile were added to 4.670 grams of LiVS₂. The reaction mixture was stirred until the iodine color faded, filtered, washed with acetonitrile and vacuum dried.

Similar methods may be used for other values of x within the ranges previously given and for materials and cells using Ni, Mn or Co rather than Fe.

IV. Cell Characteristics

The cell prepared as in Example 5 was cycled at room temperature with an average capacity over seven cycles of 22 ma hours with a middischarge voltage of 2.0 volts. The temperature was raised to 63 degrees C and the average capacity for the net five cycles was 70 ma hours. The discharge current was then raised from 5 ma to 10 ma and the average capacity was 35 ma hours for the next six cycles.
A cell prepared according to the process described in Example 111.6 was cycled with charge and discharge currents of 0.25 ma. The average discharge was 80 percent to 90 percent of one lithium atom per Fe_0.25V_0.75S₂ unit with middischarge potentials being approximately 2.2 volts. Curves showing the cell voltage, on the ordinate, plotted against the percent theoretical cell charge or discharge capacity on the abscissa, are shown in FIG. 3. The figure on the left is for charging and the figure on the right is for discharging. The solid lines represent the first charge and discharge cycle and the dashed lines represent the fifth charge and discharge cycle.
The cell prepared as in Example 7 was cycled at 0.5 ma. The initial capacity was 100 percent of the theoretical limit with a middischarge potential of 2.2 volts. The capacity on the fifteenth cycle was 90 percent of the theoretical limit.
The cell prepared as in Example 8 was cycled at 0.25 ma. The initial capacity was 75 percent of the theoretical limit with a middischarge potential of 2.45 volts. The capacity on the fourth cycle was 55 percent of the theoretical limit.
The cell prepared as in Example 9 was cycled at 0.25 ma. The initial capacity was approximately 50 percent of the theoretical limit with a middischarge potential of 2.25 volts. The capacity on the eighth cycle was 45 percent of the theoretical limit and the middischarge potential was 2.25 volts.
The easy reversibility of cells using layered chalcogenides having the nominal atom composition M_xN_1-xS₂ as the active cathode material, compared to cells using LiVS₂ or LiCrS, is believed at least partially due to LiM_xN_1-xS₂ forming, as indicated by x-ray diffraction differential scanning calorimetry and magnetic susceptibility, weaker and broader distorted intermediate phases as the lithium or sodium concentration varies from zero to its stoichiometric value.

Claims

1. A nonaqueous secondary cell, comprising

- a negative electrode made with lithium and/or sodium,

- an electrolyte, and

- a positive electrode made with a layered chalcogenide as the active material,

characterized in that

- said chalcogenide has the nominal atom composition M_xN_1-xS₂, in which

- M is Mn, Fe, Ni and/or Co and

- N is V and/or Cr,

- x is greater than zero but

- less than or equal to a maximum value of 0.5 when N is V and M is Fe,

- less than or equal to a maximum value of 0.33 when N is V and M is Ni, Co or Mn, and

- less than a maximum value of 0.33 when N is Cr, and

- when N is V and M is Fe and at least one of Ni, Co and Mn, said maximum value, of x scales linearly from 0.33 to 0.50 with the Fe atom percent of M.

2. A cell according to claim 1, characterized in that M is Fe and N is V.

3. A cell according to claim 2, characterized in that x is less than 0.33 and greater than 0.20.

4. A cell according to claim 1, characterized in that N has a nominal atom composition Cr_zV_1-z, wherein z is less than or equal to 0.75.

5. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the cathode is made with lithium.

6. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, characterized in that said electrolyte is composed of LiC10₄ dissolved in propylene carbonate.

7. A method of preparing the nonaqueous secondary cell according to any one of the preceding claims by assembling into a cell said negative electrode, at least one electrolyte-containing spacer, and said positive electrode made with said layered chalcogenide, characterized by preparing the said chalcogenide in the desired nominal atom composition by adding an oxidizing agent having an oxidizing potential of at least 2.8 volts to Li_yM_xN_1-xS₂, where y is less than or equal to one, said Li_yM_xN_1-xS₂ being prepared by reacting stoichiometric quantities of the alkali metal carbonate, and oxide of M and an oxide of N with sulfur, said preparation being carried out in the absence of air and/or moisture.

8. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that iodine, chlorine and/or bromine is used as said oxidizing agent.

9. A method according to claim 7 or 8, characterized by dissolving said oxidizing agent in a solvent.

10. A method according to claim 9, characterized by using acetonitrile as the said solvent.

11. A method of preparing a layered chalcogenide compound, characterized in that the layered chalcogenide compound has the nominal atom composition M_xN_1-zS₂, where

- M is Mn, Fe, Ni and/or Co,

- N is V and/or Cr,

- x is greater than zero, but

- less than or equal to a maximum value of 0.5 when N is V and M is Fe,

- less than a maximum value of 0.33 when N is Cr, and

- when N is V and M is Fe and at least one of Ni, Co and Mn said maximum value of x scales linearly from 0.33 to 0.50 with the Fe atom percent of M, the preparation comprising adding an oxidizing agent having an oxidizing potential of at least 2.8 volts to Li_yM_xN_1-xS₂, where y is less than or equal to one,

- said LiyM_xN_I-XS₂ being prepared by reacting stoichiometric quantities of the alkali metal carbonate, an oxide of M and an oxide of N with sulfur,

- said chalcogenide preparation being carried out in the absence of air and/or moisture.

12. A method according to claim 11, characterized in that iodine, chlorine and bromine are used as said oxidizing agent.

13. A method according to claims 11 or 12, characterized by dissolving said oxidizing agent in a solvent.

14. A method according to claim 13, characterized by using acetonitrile as the said solvent.

15. A method according to claim 11, 12, 13 or 14, characterized by selecting the composition such that N is V and M is Fe.

16. A method according to claim 11, 12, 13 or 14, characterized in that the composition is selected such than N has the nominal atom composition Cr_zV_1-z in which z is less than or equal to 0.75.