EP0000099A1 - Thermal energy storage material - Google Patents

Thermal energy storage material Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0000099A1
EP0000099A1 EP78300030A EP78300030A EP0000099A1 EP 0000099 A1 EP0000099 A1 EP 0000099A1 EP 78300030 A EP78300030 A EP 78300030A EP 78300030 A EP78300030 A EP 78300030A EP 0000099 A1 EP0000099 A1 EP 0000099A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
water
thermal energy
energy storage
storage material
salt
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Granted
Application number
EP78300030A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0000099B1 (en
Inventor
Peter John Charles Kent
John Kenneth Rurik Page
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Calor Group Ltd
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Calor Group Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
    • C09K5/063—Materials absorbing or liberating heat during crystallisation; Heat storage materials

Definitions

  • the present invention is concerned with thermal energy storage materials and heat-exchange devices containing such materaials.
  • Thermal energy storage materials may store thermal energy as specific heat and/or as latent heat. It is often desirable to use materials which store thermal energy as latent heat, since this enables the volume occupied by the storage material to be minimised. This is advantageous, for example, in materials operating in the temperature rango 10°C to 100°C for the storage of solar energy or of heat extracted during refrigeration.
  • This transition may be from solid phase to liquid phase (fusion) or from one crystal form to another (this latter transition also being referred to as fusion).
  • a number of hydrated inorganic salts are known which undergo transition to the anhydrous or a less hydrated form at a characteristic temperature on heating and revert to the more hydrated form on cooling.
  • a potential drawback in the use of many of these hydrated salts is incongruency of the phase transition, that is, the transformation of the low-temperature solid phase to a two-phase condition where a solid and liquid coexist.
  • the difference in densities of the two phases causes segregation thereof, which limits their ability to recombine and form the low-temperaturo singlo solid phase. Consequently the amount of heat ro- coverable on cooling is reduced.
  • Thermal energy storage materials have been proposed in which the hydrated inorganic salt is thickened by an organic thickening agent, for example, cellulosic polymers, starch, alginates or an inorganic thickening agent, such as a clay (as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3 986 969).
  • organic thickening agents are natural polymers (or derivatives thereof) and are therefore unstable to hydrolysis and bacterial and enzyme action, which considerably shortens the life of the material.
  • the above-mentioned inorganic thickening agents are more stable, but it appears that thermal energy storage materials containing such thickening agents can only be used in very shallow depths (for example, about one inch) and must therefore be disposed horizontally.
  • thermo energy storage material in which a hydrated inorganic salt having a transition temperature to the anhydrous or a less hydrated form in the range 10 to 100°C is dispersed and suspended in a hydrogel formed from a water-soluble synthetic polymer having pendant carboxylic or sulphonic acid groups cross-linked with cations of a polyvalent metal.
  • this material is that the hydrated inorganic salt is immobilised in close proximity in small volumes throughout the gel. This minimises any segregation which could arise, after fusion of the hydrate phase, by any solid sinking to the bottom of the mixture.
  • the material according to the invention in flat horizontal trays; the material can be arranged in vertical columns of substantial height (for example 50 cm. to one metre).
  • a further advantage of the material according to the invention is that the cross-linked hydrogel can be prepared in situ by reaction between the respective water-soluble polymer or an alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof and a water-soluble salt of the polyvalent metal.
  • Suitable polyvalent metals include, for example, chromium, iron, tin, magnesium and aluminium. Aluminium and magnesium are-preferred in view of the ready availability of water-soluble salts thereof. Suitable water-soluble salts of the above metals include, for example, chlorides, nitrates or sulphates, of which aluminium sulphate and magnesium sulphate are preferred.
  • the polyvalent metal is preferably present in an amount sufficient to react with all the acid groups in the polymer to form ionic crosslinks. The actual amount necessary to achieve complete reaction depends on factors such as the valency of the metal, the proportion of acid groups in the polymer and the amount of polymer in the material. Typical amounts of polyvalent metal are 0.5 to 5% (expressed as the weight of water-soluble salt, based on the weight of the storage material).
  • the water-soluble polymer preferably has a backbone containing units of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, for example; a homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide or polymethacrylamide, or an alkali motal or ammonium salt thereof.
  • the polymer preferably contains 5' to 50% (for example 10 to 40%) carboxylic groups, the percentages being based on the number of repeating units in the polymer backbone.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer may vary over a wide range. For some applications it may be advantageous to use polymers of relatively low molecular weight (for example, 100,000 to 500,000), while for other applications, higher molecular weights (for example 1 million to 8 million) may be preferred.
  • the water-soluble polymer is preferably present in the thermal energy storage material in a relatively minor amount, such as from 0.5 to 10% (for example, about 5%), based on the weight of the material.
  • Suitable hydrated inorganic salts for use in the material according to the present invention include, for example, calcium chloride hexahydrate (the fusion point of which is 29°C); sodium sulphate decahydrate (the fusion point of which is 32°C); disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (the fusion point of which is 35.5°C); sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate (the fusion point of which is 50°C); sodium acetate trihydrate (the fusion point of which is 58°C); barium hydroxide octahydrate (the fusion point of which is 75°C) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (the fusion point of which is 35°C).
  • the hydrated salt preferably has a fusion point in the range 20° to 90°C and is preferably non-toxic, non-corrosive and readily available at low cost.
  • Preferred hydrated salts meeting some or all of the above requirements are sodium sulphate decahydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dodcca- hydrmte, sodium thiosulphate pcntahydrato and sodium carbonate decahydrate.
  • the material may be nucleated, for example, by a heat- transfer method as disclosed in U.S. Patent 2 677 243, by careful control of the proportions of the ingredients of the composition, or by addition of an insoluble nucleating agent.
  • a preferred nucleating agent for sodium sulphate decahydrate is borax, as proposed in U.S. Patent 2 677 664.
  • this agent like the inorganic salt, is dispersed and suspended in the hydrogel and effectively immobilized therein. This wide dispersion of immobilized nucleating agent ensures efficient nucleation of the hydrate phase during cooling cycles, thereby inhibiting supercooling.
  • the thermal energy storage material according to the invention preferably contains the hydrated salt in an amount of from 66% to 95% by weight and, optionally, a nucleating agent in an amount of from 1 to 10%, based on the weight of the hydrated salt.
  • Substantially all the balance of the thermal energy storage material according to the invention is preferably water and, optionally, an organic .liquid which is miscible with water.
  • a particularly preferred such organic liquid is a lower aliphatic alcohol, such as ethanol (for example, when the hydrated salt is sodium sulphate decahydrate).
  • the water is preferably present in an amount sufficient to hydrate all the anhydrous inorganic salt, and is preferably present in a small excess.
  • the material may contain water in an amount of, for example, from 25 to 75% by weight.
  • a water-miscible organic liquid is included, it is preferably present in a relatively minor amount, compared with water, for example, from 5 to 25%, based on the weight of water.
  • the material according to the invention is preferably, used in a method of heat exchange in which the material is first heated to a temperature above the transition temperature of the hydrated salt, and the heat is extracted from the material by passing a fluid at a temperature below the abovementioned transition temperature in heat-asohange relationship therewith.
  • the alternate heating and cooling of the material can be repeated for many cycles.
  • the present invention also comprises a heat-exchange device, which comprises a tank containing the thermal energy storage material according to the invention and means for supplying a cooling fluid in heat-exchange relationship with the thermal energy storage material.
  • a sample of the solid was sealed in a square section tube measuring 5 cm. x 5 cm. x 50 cm. long, made of inert plastics. The ends of the tube were aealed by cast epoxy resin plugs.
  • the tube was disposed vertically and alternately heated to about 60°C (the heating time being about one hour) and cooled to about 20°C by heat-exchanging with water circulating outside the tube (the cooling time being three to four hours). Reproducible thermal arrests were obtained for more than 500 cycles of heating and cooling.
  • Example 1 was repeated, except that the aluminium sulphate was replaced by the same amount of MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O.

Abstract

A thermal energy storage material comprising at least one hydrated inorganic salt having a transition temperature to the anhydrous or a less hydrated form in the range 10° to 100°C (for example, sodium sulphate decahydrate), the salt being dispersed and suspended in a water-insoluble hydrogel formed from a water-soluble synthetic polymer having pendant carboxylic or sulphonic acid groups cross-linked with cations of a polyvalent metal (for example, aluminium for magnesium).

Description

  • The present invention is concerned with thermal energy storage materials and heat-exchange devices containing such materaials.
  • Thermal energy storage materials may store thermal energy as specific heat and/or as latent heat. It is often desirable to use materials which store thermal energy as latent heat, since this enables the volume occupied by the storage material to be minimised. This is advantageous, for example, in materials operating in the temperature rango 10°C to 100°C for the storage of solar energy or of heat extracted during refrigeration.
  • Materials which are useful for the storage of thermal energy as latent heat undergo reversible transition from one form to another on heating to a characteristic transition temperature. This transition may be from solid phase to liquid phase (fusion) or from one crystal form to another (this latter transition also being referred to as fusion).
  • A number of hydrated inorganic salts are known which undergo transition to the anhydrous or a less hydrated form at a characteristic temperature on heating and revert to the more hydrated form on cooling.
  • A potential drawback in the use of many of these hydrated salts is incongruency of the phase transition, that is, the transformation of the low-temperature solid phase to a two-phase condition where a solid and liquid coexist. In the two-phase condition, the difference in densities of the two phases causes segregation thereof, which limits their ability to recombine and form the low-temperaturo singlo solid phase. Consequently the amount of heat ro- coverable on cooling is reduced.
  • Attempts can bo made to avoid the formation of two phascs above the transition point by controlling the initial composition of the material, but, even for materials with a congruent phase transition there remains the problem that the solid phase tends to settle out in time. This limits both the kinetics of transformation and the uniformity of energy storage density within a'container, and results in deterioration of the material on repeated heat- ing/cooling cycles.
  • Thermal energy storage materials have been proposed in which the hydrated inorganic salt is thickened by an organic thickening agent, for example, cellulosic polymers, starch, alginates or an inorganic thickening agent, such as a clay (as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3 986 969). The above-mentioned organic thickening agents are natural polymers (or derivatives thereof) and are therefore unstable to hydrolysis and bacterial and enzyme action, which considerably shortens the life of the material. The above-mentioned inorganic thickening agents are more stable, but it appears that thermal energy storage materials containing such thickening agents can only be used in very shallow depths (for example, about one inch) and must therefore be disposed horizontally.
  • We have now found that the above problems are alleviated according to the invention by the use of a thermal energy storage material in which a hydrated inorganic salt having a transition temperature to the anhydrous or a less hydrated form in the range 10 to 100°C is dispersed and suspended in a hydrogel formed from a water-soluble synthetic polymer having pendant carboxylic or sulphonic acid groups cross-linked with cations of a polyvalent metal.
  • One advantage of this material is that the hydrated inorganic salt is immobilised in close proximity in small volumes throughout the gel. This minimises any segregation which could arise, after fusion of the hydrate phase, by any solid sinking to the bottom of the mixture. There is no need to use the material according to the invention in flat horizontal trays; the material can be arranged in vertical columns of substantial height (for example 50 cm. to one metre).
  • A further advantage of the material according to the invention is that the cross-linked hydrogel can be prepared in situ by reaction between the respective water-soluble polymer or an alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof and a water-soluble salt of the polyvalent metal.
  • Suitable polyvalent metals include, for example, chromium, iron, tin, magnesium and aluminium. Aluminium and magnesium are-preferred in view of the ready availability of water-soluble salts thereof. Suitable water-soluble salts of the above metals include, for example, chlorides, nitrates or sulphates, of which aluminium sulphate and magnesium sulphate are preferred. The polyvalent metal is preferably present in an amount sufficient to react with all the acid groups in the polymer to form ionic crosslinks. The actual amount necessary to achieve complete reaction depends on factors such as the valency of the metal, the proportion of acid groups in the polymer and the amount of polymer in the material. Typical amounts of polyvalent metal are 0.5 to 5% (expressed as the weight of water-soluble salt, based on the weight of the storage material).
  • The water-soluble polymer preferably has a backbone containing units of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, for example; a homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide or polymethacrylamide, or an alkali motal or ammonium salt thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer preferably contains 5' to 50% (for example 10 to 40%) carboxylic groups, the percentages being based on the number of repeating units in the polymer backbone.
  • The molecular weight of the polymer may vary over a wide range. For some applications it may be advantageous to use polymers of relatively low molecular weight (for example, 100,000 to 500,000), while for other applications, higher molecular weights (for example 1 million to 8 million) may be preferred.
  • The water-soluble polymer is preferably present in the thermal energy storage material in a relatively minor amount, such as from 0.5 to 10% (for example, about 5%), based on the weight of the material.
  • Suitable hydrated inorganic salts for use in the material according to the present invention include, for example, calcium chloride hexahydrate (the fusion point of which is 29°C); sodium sulphate decahydrate (the fusion point of which is 32°C); disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (the fusion point of which is 35.5°C); sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate (the fusion point of which is 50°C); sodium acetate trihydrate (the fusion point of which is 58°C); barium hydroxide octahydrate (the fusion point of which is 75°C) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (the fusion point of which is 35°C).
  • For the storage of solar energy, the hydrated salt preferably has a fusion point in the range 20° to 90°C and is preferably non-toxic, non-corrosive and readily available at low cost. Preferred hydrated salts meeting some or all of the above requirements are sodium sulphate decahydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dodcca- hydrmte, sodium thiosulphate pcntahydrato and sodium carbonate decahydrate.
  • Some of the above-mentioned hydrated salts, whan cooled below the fusion point thereof, tend to undergo supercooling (that is they do not transform back to the hydrated form until the temperature is below the theoretical fusion point). This may result in less hydrated forms of the salt being formed, with consequent reduction in the amount of energy released. In order to avoid supercooling, the material may be nucleated, for example, by a heat- transfer method as disclosed in U.S. Patent 2 677 243, by careful control of the proportions of the ingredients of the composition, or by addition of an insoluble nucleating agent. A preferred nucleating agent for sodium sulphate decahydrate is borax, as proposed in U.S. Patent 2 677 664.
  • When a nucleating agent is present, this agent, like the inorganic salt, is dispersed and suspended in the hydrogel and effectively immobilized therein. This wide dispersion of immobilized nucleating agent ensures efficient nucleation of the hydrate phase during cooling cycles, thereby inhibiting supercooling.
  • The thermal energy storage material according to the invention preferably contains the hydrated salt in an amount of from 66% to 95% by weight and, optionally, a nucleating agent in an amount of from 1 to 10%, based on the weight of the hydrated salt.
  • Substantially all the balance of the thermal energy storage material according to the invention is preferably water and, optionally, an organic .liquid which is miscible with water. A particularly preferred such organic liquid is a lower aliphatic alcohol, such as ethanol (for example, when the hydrated salt is sodium sulphate decahydrate). The water is preferably present in an amount sufficient to hydrate all the anhydrous inorganic salt, and is preferably present in a small excess. The material may contain water in an amount of, for example, from 25 to 75% by weight. When a water-miscible organic liquid is included, it is preferably present in a relatively minor amount, compared with water, for example, from 5 to 25%, based on the weight of water.
  • The material according to the invention is preferably, used in a method of heat exchange in which the material is first heated to a temperature above the transition temperature of the hydrated salt, and the heat is extracted from the material by passing a fluid at a temperature below the abovementioned transition temperature in heat-asohange relationship therewith. The alternate heating and cooling of the material can be repeated for many cycles.
  • The present invention also comprises a heat-exchange device, which comprises a tank containing the thermal energy storage material according to the invention and means for supplying a cooling fluid in heat-exchange relationship with the thermal energy storage material.
  • In order that the invention may be more fully understood, the following Examples are given by way of illustration only.
    • EXAMPLE 1
  • 397 gm. of anhydrous sodium sulphate, 10 gm. of solid aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)314H2O, 40 gm. of borax Na2B4O710H2O, and 50 gm. of the sodium salt of an acrylamide polymer containing acrylic acid units were thoroughly mixed together while adding 70 ml. of ethanol. The polymer, which had an average molecular weight of about 7.5 million, and had a ratio of carboxyl: amide radicals of about 1:9, was a material commercially available from Allied Colloids Ltd. as WN23.
  • 503 ml. of water was then added while vigorously agitating the mixture at a temperature of approximately 35°C. In a few seconds the mixture gelled to a uniformly thick but smooth consistency of density about 1.4 gsn. /cm3. This mixture contained no excess of water over that required to completely hydrate all the sodium sulphate present in the final mixture, and on cooling it fully transformed to a solid.
  • A sample of the solid was sealed in a square section tube measuring 5 cm. x 5 cm. x 50 cm. long, made of inert plastics. The ends of the tube were aealed by cast epoxy resin plugs.
  • The tube was disposed vertically and alternately heated to about 60°C (the heating time being about one hour) and cooled to about 20°C by heat-exchanging with water circulating outside the tube (the cooling time being three to four hours). Reproducible thermal arrests were obtained for more than 500 cycles of heating and cooling.
    • EXAMPLE 2
  • Example 1 was repeated, except that the aluminium sulphate was replaced by the same amount of MgSO4. 7H2O.
  • In the thermal cycling test, reproducible thermal arrests were obtained for more than 500 cycles.

Claims (5)

1. A thermal energy storage material comprising at least one hydrated inorganic salt which has a transition temperature to the anhydrous or a less hydrated form in the range 10° to 100°C, characterised in that the hydrated inorganic salt is dispersed and suspended in a water-insoluble hydrogel formed from a water-soluble synthetic polymer having pendant carboxylic or sulphonic acid groups cross-linked with cations of a polyvalent metal.
2. A thermal energy storage material according to claim 1, characterised in that the polyvalent metal is magnesium or aluminium.
3. A thermal energy storage material according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the polymer is a homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic or methacrylic acid or partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide or polymethacrylamide.
4. A thermal energy storage material according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the water-insoluble hydrogel is formed in situ by reaction between a water-soluble salt of the polyvalent metal and the water-soluble polymer or an'alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof.
5. A thermal energy storage material according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the hydrogel contains water in an amount sufficient to hydrate all the inorganic salt and a water-miscible organic liquid in a minor amount, relative to the amount of water.
EP78300030A 1977-06-10 1978-06-09 Thermal energy storage material Expired EP0000099B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2427977 1977-06-10
GB24279/77A GB1584559A (en) 1977-06-10 1977-06-10 Thermal energy storage materials

Publications (2)

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EP0000099A1 true EP0000099A1 (en) 1978-12-20
EP0000099B1 EP0000099B1 (en) 1980-07-23

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US (1) US4209413A (en)
EP (1) EP0000099B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5416387A (en)
AR (1) AR217299A1 (en)
AT (1) AT379407B (en)
AU (1) AU513058B2 (en)
BR (1) BR7803722A (en)
CA (1) CA1103454A (en)
DE (1) DE2860041D1 (en)
DK (1) DK259778A (en)
ES (1) ES470660A1 (en)
FI (1) FI64808C (en)
GB (1) GB1584559A (en)
GR (1) GR64536B (en)
IE (1) IE47083B1 (en)
IL (1) IL54932A (en)
IN (1) IN148032B (en)
IT (1) IT1112264B (en)
MX (1) MX147710A (en)
NO (1) NO147797C (en)
NZ (1) NZ187511A (en)
PT (1) PT68155A (en)
ZA (1) ZA783256B (en)

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EP2196752A1 (en) 2008-12-09 2010-06-16 Carlsberg Breweries A/S A self cooling container
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JP2013079300A (en) * 2011-10-03 2013-05-02 User Kk Aqueous gel composition containing bubbles
EP2695560A1 (en) 2012-08-10 2014-02-12 Carlsberg Breweries A/S A cooling device including coated reactants
WO2014166867A1 (en) 2013-04-08 2014-10-16 Carlsberg Breweries A/S A system for externally cooling a beverage holder and a method of externally cooling a beverage holder
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US3986969A (en) * 1975-02-06 1976-10-19 The University Of Delaware Thixotropic mixture and method of making same
US4003426A (en) * 1975-05-08 1977-01-18 The Dow Chemical Company Heat or thermal energy storage structure

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0005362A1 (en) * 1978-05-02 1979-11-14 American Technological University Heat exchange bodies utilizing heat of fusion effects and methods of making same
EP0041990B1 (en) * 1979-12-22 1985-04-03 NEUMANN, Hans-Werner Change of state enthalpy thermal accumulator
EP0273779A1 (en) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-06 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Process for producting heat storage materials
GB2252327A (en) * 1991-01-31 1992-08-05 Sumitomo Chemical Co Heat storage composition and process for preparing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES470660A1 (en) 1979-02-16
ATA423478A (en) 1985-05-15
JPS5416387A (en) 1979-02-06
IL54932A (en) 1981-01-30
NO147797B (en) 1983-03-07
PT68155A (en) 1978-07-01
AR217299A1 (en) 1980-03-14
BR7803722A (en) 1979-01-16
GR64536B (en) 1980-04-10
NO147797C (en) 1983-06-15
US4209413A (en) 1980-06-24
FI64808B (en) 1983-09-30
NO781971L (en) 1978-12-12
NZ187511A (en) 1980-08-26
AU513058B2 (en) 1980-11-13
JPS5730873B2 (en) 1982-07-01
CA1103454A (en) 1981-06-23
IE47083B1 (en) 1983-12-14
IT1112264B (en) 1986-01-13
IT7824388A0 (en) 1978-06-09
FI781830A (en) 1978-12-11
IN148032B (en) 1980-09-27
DK259778A (en) 1978-12-11
FI64808C (en) 1984-01-10
GB1584559A (en) 1981-02-11
MX147710A (en) 1983-01-06
AU3689578A (en) 1979-12-13
EP0000099B1 (en) 1980-07-23
ZA783256B (en) 1979-06-27
AT379407B (en) 1986-01-10
DE2860041D1 (en) 1980-11-13
IE781152L (en) 1978-12-10

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