EA036341B1 - Method and installation for thermochemical conversion of raw material containing organic compounds - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of organic substance processing, in particular, to the procedure for processing milled refuse wood, plant-growing products, food industry waste, livestock breeding and poultry farming wastes. Products obtained in the course of thermal treatment of raw materials containing organic compounds can be used as a fuel. The installation for thermochemical conversion of raw material containing organic compounds comprises a drying chamber, an air-tight raw material feed chamber, a pyrolysis reactor, a device for independent and elastic setup of blade inclination angle, and a condensation unit. The pyrolysis reactor has a rotating surface fitted with at least one blade, with a rotation axis coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the pyrolysis reactor, and as a minimum one ablation surface of round or elliptical cross-section, perpendicular to the rotation axis of the rotating surface. The air-tight raw material feed chamber is equipped with raw material heating devices. The working space of the pyrolysis reactor along the raw material feeding route is fitted with independent heating devices forming three consecutive zones: a primary pyrolysis zone, a steam-gas mix purification zone equipped with a device for incomplete degradation products separation and return, and a secondary pyrolysis zone. The method includes drying and air-tight feed of raw material to the pyrolysis reactor, thermal air-free decomposition of raw material inside the pyrolysis reactor with production of solid products and steam-gas mix, further separation of the mix by condensation into liquid products and gaseous products. After drying, raw material containing organic compounds is preheated, prior to feeding to the pyrolysis reactor, to a temperature close, but not exceeding the temperature of the start of thermal decomposition of the raw material component having the lowest thermal resistance. The chamber surfaces are heated up to a temperature preventing condensation of steam-gas pyrolysis products, and the raw material heating temperature is regulated by the time of staying in the preheating zone. Thermal decomposition is carried out as the following sequential stages running in the respective zones of the pyrolysis reactor where temperature is adjusted independently: primary pyrolysis, steam-gas mix purification, secondary pyrolysis zones. Use of the claimed group of inventions allows for improving the efficiency of thermochemical conversion of raw materials containing organic compounds.

Description

Technology area

The invention relates to the field of processing organic substances, in particular to a technique for processing shredded wood waste, crop products, food industry waste, animal and poultry waste. The products obtained in the process of thermal processing of organic raw materials can be used as fuel.

State of the art

From the prior art there is a method of ablative pyrolysis in a vertical cylindrical tank with a rotating rotor with blades located inside coaxially with the tank, providing heating of the raw material due to contact with the heated walls of the tank, with the exit of solid fractions and steam through holes located close to the bottom of the tank (No. US 8128717 B2, Mar. 6, 2012 Mechanically driven centrifugal pyrolyzer (Mechanical centrifugal pyrolyzer).

The disadvantage of this method is the impossibility of ensuring the same residence time of the particles of the raw material in the reaction zone, that is, ensuring the same degree of destruction of the raw material and the stable quality of the products obtained. In addition, the contact of the feedstock particles entering the reactor with the ascending flows of the resulting vapor-gas degradation products and the partial condensation of these vapors on the feedstock particles lead to the adhesion of particles, clogging of the space between the blades and the rotor by the resulting mass, exclude the possibility of ensuring the necessary contact of the feedstock with the heated walls of the tank, make it difficult heat exchange and thus exclude uninterrupted operation and stable quality of the resulting products.

Also from the prior art, a method of ablative thermolysis is known, including a hermetic supply of raw material particles, ablative thermolysis of raw material particles sandwiched between a rotating surface and a heated ablation surface, while moving raw material particles during thermolysis along the ablation surface using a rotating surface, unloading thermolysis products (US 2005 / 0173237 A1, Aug. 2005 - Ablative thermolysis reactor.

The disadvantages of this method are the complexity of controlling the speed of axial movement of the particles of the raw material and the required contact time of the particles of the raw material with the heated ablation surface and, therefore, the impossibility of ensuring the stable quality of the products obtained, as well as the possibility of adhesion and accumulation of particles between the rotating surface and the ablation surface with the formation of an annular plug between rotating surface and shaft. The adhesion and accumulation of feedstock particles occurs as a result of contact of colder feedstock particles entering thermolysis with vapor-gas reaction products and their partial condensation on the particle surface. Such accumulation can lead to the termination of the process and jamming of the apparatus. In addition, it is extremely difficult to select a material that ensures the stable operation of an elastic element at a temperature of 450 to 700 ° C due to the fact that the operating temperature range of structural materials that provide elasticity is much less than 500 ° C.

The combination of the above factors leads to low efficiency and design reliability.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result is a method of thermal processing of organic raw materials (RU No. 2395559, 27.07.2010), in which thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials into gaseous and liquid fuel is carried out by heating first in a drying chamber with a drying agent at a temperature of 160-200 ° C obtained by mixing flue gases that passed through the jacket of the pyrolysis chamber with air, and then thermal decomposition without air access in the pyrolysis reactor to obtain solid pyrolysis products and a vapor-gas mixture, followed by condensation of a part of the vapor-gas mixture into liquid fuel, and a part of the non-condensed vapor-gas mixture after preheating to a temperature of 450-520 ° C, it is fed into the pyrolysis reactor in an amount that ensures the residence time of the pyrolysis products in the pyrolysis chamber no more than 2 s and the excess pressure in the pyrolysis chamber at the level of 500-1000 Pa.

The disadvantages of this method are: additional heat consumption for heating a part of the non-condensed steam-gas mixture, which, after condensation of liquid fuel, is fed into the pyrolysis chamber, significant fluctuations in the residence time of the raw material particles in the pyrolysis chamber, controlled by the amount of recirculated gas supplied, resinification of the parts of the power generation device with the removed part of the non-condensed steam-gas mixture and even greater adhesion of raw material particles at the entrance to the pyrolysis chamber as a result of circulation of a fine mist of a dropping high-boiling liquid in the gas recirculation loop, which leads to instability of the quality of the degradation products of the processed raw material. In addition, the supply of the circulating gas to the pyrolysis chamber leads to additional entrainment of fine coal into the gas circulation circuit, the deposition of this coal on the walls of the gas ducts, a decrease in the working section of the gas ducts, and even greater instability of the pyrolysis process. The joint selection of the solid product (carbonaceous residue) and the steam-gas mixture from the reactor leads to the adsorption of the components of the steam-gas mixture on the surface of the carbonaceous residue and a decrease in its quality.

The essence of the claimed group of inventions

The objective of the present invention is to improve the stability and efficiency of the process

- 1,036341 thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, increasing the reliability of the installation and the quality of the products obtained.

The technical result of the claimed group of inventions is to increase the efficiency of the process of thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, which consists in ensuring uninterrupted operation with a consistently high quality of the products obtained.

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that in the installation of thermochemical conversion of organo-containing raw materials, containing a drying chamber, a chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials, a pyrolysis reactor having a rotating surface equipped with at least one blade with an axis of rotation coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the pyrolysis reactor, and at least one ablation surface of circular or elliptical cross-section perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotating surface, device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades, a condensation unit consisting of a mass exchange apparatus and a separator, a chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials is equipped with means for heating raw materials, and the working space of the pyrolysis reactor along the course of raw materials is equipped with devices of independent heating, which form three consecutive zones: a zone of primary pyrolysis, a zone for cleaning a steam-gas mixture, equipped with a device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction, and a zone of secondary pyrolysis.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the blades are hingedly attached to the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor and have at least one degree of freedom.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades has a kinematic connection with them, is removed from the high temperature zone, isolated from the effect of the resulting vapor-gas mixture and is configured to provide elastic pressure with the required frequency and force in the direction as to the surface ablation and to the rotating surface.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, elasticity in the device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades is achieved by pneumatic, mechanical, electromagnetic and other methods.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the blades are placed on the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor with an offset relative to each other along the length and radius of the rotating surface, in particular, along a helical line.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the relief of the ablation surface of the pyrolysis reactor is made in the form of a helical surface with a variable or constant pitch, and the helical surface can be made without breaks or in separate sections.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the heating devices for each of the three zones of the pyrolysis reactor have the ability to independently regulate the temperature.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the separator of the condensation unit is connected by a pipeline to the cleaning zone of the reactor.

The technical result is also achieved due to the fact that in the method of thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, including drying, hermetic feed of raw materials into the pyrolysis reactor, thermal decomposition of raw materials without air access in the pyrolysis reactor to obtain solid products and a vapor-gas mixture, its subsequent separation by condensation into liquid products (condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture) and gaseous products (non-condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture), after drying, the organic-containing raw material is preheated before being fed to the pyrolysis reactor to a temperature close to but not exceeding the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition of the least thermally stable component of the organic-containing raw material, and the chamber surfaces are heated to a temperature that excludes condensation of steam-gas pyrolysis products, and the heating temperature of the raw material is controlled by the residence time in the preheating zone; thermal decomposition is carried out in the form of the following sequential stages flowing in the corresponding zones of the pyrolysis reactor, which have the possibility of independent temperature control of the stages: primary pyrolysis, in which the raw material is transferred into solid products and a vapor-gas mixture, purification of the vapor-gas mixture, in which the vapor-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis is cooled to a temperature that provides primary condensation of a part of the vapor-gas mixture, spontaneous interaction of the formed condensate with the part of solid and unreacted products removed with it by precipitation of condensate on these products, return and mix the interaction products with solid products of primary pyrolysis, secondary pyrolysis, in which the resulting vapor-gas products together with the vapor-gas mixture primary pyrolysis is taken to the stage of purification of the vapor-gas mixture, and solid products are removed from the secondary pyrolysis zone, excluding their contact with the vapor-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis.

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, condensation is carried out in three successive stages: primary cooling of the vapor-gas mixture in the purification zone of the vapor-gas mixture of the pyrolysis reactor, condensation of the vapor phase in the condenser, separation of the non-condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture from the dropping liquid with recirculation of a part of the gaseous product through the purification zone of the pyrolysis reactor ...

- 2 036341

In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution, the primary pyrolysis is carried out mainly in the mechanical ablation mode. In the particular case of the implementation of the claimed technical solution in the zones of primary and secondary pyrolysis, it is possible to independently purge with an inert gas or a gas with reducing or oxidizing properties heated to an appropriate temperature.

Brief Description of Drawings

Details, features, and advantages of the present group of inventions follow from the following description of embodiments of the claimed technical solutions using the drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a diagram of an installation for thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials;

fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of a device for an independent and resilient setting of the blade inclination angle, implemented by a pneumatic method;

fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a fast pyrolysis process.

In the figures, the following positions are indicated by numbers:

- drying chamber; 2 - chamber for sealed feed of raw materials; 3 - pyrolysis reactor; 4 - device for independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades; 5 - device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction; 6 - condensation unit; 7 - separator; 8 - firebox; 9 - device for unloading coal; 10 shoulder blades; 11 - pneumatic cylinders.

Disclosure of invention

To solve the problem in the installation of thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, containing a drying chamber, a chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials, a pyrolysis reactor having a rotating surface equipped with at least one blade with an axis of rotation coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the pyrolysis reactor, and at least one ablation surface of a circular or an elliptical section perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotating surface, a device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades, a condensation unit consisting of a mass transfer apparatus and a separator, a chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials is equipped with means for heating raw materials, and the working space of the pyrolysis reactor is equipped with independent heating devices that form three the following zones: a zone of primary pyrolysis, a zone for cleaning a steam-gas mixture, equipped with a device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction, and a zone of secondary pyrolysis, and the blades are hinged on a rotating surface pyrolysis reactor and have at least one degree of freedom; the device for independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades has a kinematic connection with them, is removed from the high temperature zone, is isolated from the effect of the resulting vapor-gas mixture and is configured to provide elastic pressure with the required frequency and force in the direction both to the ablation surface and to the rotating surface ; elasticity in the device for independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades can be achieved by pneumatic, mechanical, electromagnetic and other methods; the blades are placed on the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor with offset relative to each other along the length and radius of the rotating surface, in particular, along the helical line; the relief of the ablation surface of the pyrolysis reactor is made in the form of a helical surface with a variable or constant pitch, and the helical surface can be made without breaks or in separate sections; heating devices for each of the three zones of the pyrolysis reactor have the ability to independently adjust the temperature; the separator of the condensation unit is connected by a pipeline with the zone for cleaning the steam-gas mixture of the reactor.

Also, to solve the problem in the method of thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, including drying, hermetic feed of raw materials into the pyrolysis reactor, thermal decomposition of raw materials without air access in the pyrolysis reactor to obtain solid products and a vapor-gas mixture, the subsequent separation of the vapor-gas mixture by condensation into liquid products (condensed part steam-gas mixture) and gaseous products (non-condensed part of the steam-gas mixture), after drying, the organic raw material is preheated before being fed to the pyrolysis reactor to a temperature close to but not exceeding the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition of the least thermally stable component of the organic raw material, and the chamber surfaces are heated to a temperature, excluding condensation of vapor-gas pyrolysis products, and the heating temperature of the raw material is controlled by the residence time in the preheating zone, thermal decomposition is carried out in the form of the following sequential flowing in c on the corresponding zones of the pyrolysis reactor, with the possibility of independent temperature control of the stages:

primary pyrolysis, in which thermochemical conversion of raw materials into solid products and a vapor-gas mixture is carried out mainly in the mode of mechanical ablation, not excluding the use of other methods, purification of the vapor-gas mixture, which consists in its removal from the primary pyrolysis zone, cooling to a temperature that ensures the purification of the vapor-gas mixture from the removed part of solid and unreacted products with it, return and mixing of these products with solid products of primary pyrolysis, and secondary pyrolysis with removal of the resulting vapor-gas products together with steam-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis through the zone and device for cleaning the vapor-gas mixture and removal of solid products from the pyrolysis chamber, excluding their contact with the vapor-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis, and in the zones of primary and secondary pyrolysis, it is possible to independently purge an inert gas heated to the appropriate temperature or a gas that has reducing or oxidizes specific properties;

the condensation is carried out in three successive stages: primary cooling of the vapor-gas mixture in the purification zone of the vapor-gas mixture of the pyrolysis reactor, condensation of the vapor phase in the condenser, separation of the non-condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture from the dropping liquid with recirculation of a part of the gaseous product through the purification zone of the pyrolysis reactor.

Heating the organic-containing raw material after drying before feeding it into the pyrolysis reactor in a hermetically sealed raw material supply chamber equipped with heating means to a temperature close to, but not exceeding the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition of the least thermally stable component of the organic-containing raw material, makes it possible to partially remove the heating zone of the raw material from the reactor, exclude the possibility of condensation of products steam-gas mixture on raw material particles entering the reactor from the drying bin, to increase the efficiency of heat exchange in the reactor.

In this case, the surfaces of the sealed feed chamber are heated to a temperature that excludes condensation of the vapor-gas pyrolysis products, which reduces the efficiency of the process and the quality of the final products. Regulation of the raw material preheating temperature by the residence time makes it possible to effectively apply the method and installation for various types of raw materials and to exclude thermal decomposition in the chamber of hermetically sealed raw material supply.

The implementation of thermal decomposition sequentially in three stages in the corresponding zones of the pyrolysis reactor (primary pyrolysis zone, zone of purification of the steam-gas mixture, zone of secondary pyrolysis), which have the possibility of independent temperature control, makes it possible to ensure the conversion of organic raw materials with maximum efficiency and consistently high quality of the products obtained, to carry out cleaning a vapor-gas mixture from volatile fine-dispersed coal, which, in the presence of a vapor-gas mixture at the reactor outlet, forms a layer of a tar-like unreacted product, return it to the reaction zone, thereby preventing a decrease in the cross-section of gas ducts, sticking and clogging of the unit units, excluding sorption by the carbonaceous residue in the secondary pyrolysis zone , steam-gas mixture, thereby increasing the reliability of the coal unloading device and the quality of the resulting coal, as well as improving the quality of liquid products.

The sequential arrangement of the pyrolysis reactor zones prevents the contact of the incoming raw material with the products of thermal decomposition, as well as the contact of coal in the secondary pyrolysis zone with the steam-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis, which increases the quality of the discharged coal by reducing the content of the secondary decomposition products of the steam-gas mixture.

Condensation in three successive stages (primary cooling of the vapor-gas mixture in the purification zone of the vapor-gas mixture of the pyrolysis reactor, condensation of the vapor phase in the condenser, separation of the non-condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture from the dropping liquid with recirculation of a part of the gaseous product through the purification zone of the pyrolysis reactor) allows to increase the efficiency of separation of condensed products and droplet liquids from gaseous products, to exclude the catalytic acceleration of the resinification reaction in the vapor-gas mixture, to reduce the temperature gradient in the condenser by supplying the vapor-gas mixture cooled in the purification zone of the pyrolysis reactor, to increase the efficiency of further use of gaseous products, in particular, to generate electricity by reducing dropping liquid content.

The implementation of primary pyrolysis in the mechanical ablation mode allows one to lower the requirements for the particle size, in particular, it allows to process particles up to 50 mm in size, reducing the cost of preliminary grinding of raw materials.

Independent purging of an inert gas or a gas with reducing or oxidizing properties heated to the appropriate temperature in the zones of primary and secondary pyrolysis improves the conditions for primary pyrolysis and improves the quality of coal. Flushing with an inert gas eliminates the consequences of air ingress into the reaction zone, thereby increasing the safety of the installation. Purging with a gas with reducing properties makes it possible to increase the carbon content in the produced coal by converting some of the substances adsorbed by the coal into carbon. Flushing with a gas with oxidizing properties allows the activation of coal, improving the porosity and sorption capacity, which will also increase its quality.

The hinged fastening of the blades on the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor and the presence of at least one degree of freedom in them allows for self-regulating and reliable pressing of particles, depending on various parameters (particle size of raw materials, etc.) when working to the ablation surface, as well as during periodic cleaning to the surface of revolution.

Removing the device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades from the high temperature zone and isolating it from the aggressive effect of the resulting vapor-gas mixture ensures uninterrupted stable operation of the reactor and the installation as a whole, as well as the reliability of the pyrolysis process.

Providing the possibility of elastic pressing of the blade with the required periodicity both towards the ablation surface and towards the rotating surface makes it possible to carry out high-quality cleaning of the reactor units from raw material particles periodically with the continuous implementation of the process.

The placement of blades on the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor with displacement relative to each other along the length and radius of the rotating surface, in particular, along the helical line, as well as the implementation of the relief of the ablation surface of the pyrolysis reactor in the form of a helical surface with a variable pitch, allow for a controlled axial movement of raw material particles along the surface ablation of the pyrolysis reactor.

The unit for thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials includes a drying chamber (1), a chamber for sealed feed of raw materials (2), a pyrolysis reactor (3), a condensation unit (6) and a furnace (8). The drying chamber with transport devices is connected through the dosing devices with the chamber of the sealed raw material supply and the furnace. In a particular case, such transport devices are screw conveyors (not shown in the diagram).

The condensation unit includes a condenser and a separator installed in series with a mass transfer device.

The working space of the pyrolysis reactor is equipped with independent heating devices, which form three successive zones: the first in the course of the feedstock is the primary pyrolysis zone, the second zone is the zone for cleaning the steam-gas mixture, equipped with a device for separating and returning the products of incomplete destruction, and the third zone is the zone of secondary pyrolysis. The pyrolysis reactor is equipped with an ablation surface that can independently control the temperature in each zone.

The pyrolysis reactor is equipped in the primary pyrolysis zone with a branch pipe connecting the reactor with a sealed feed chamber, in the cleaning zone - with branch pipes for removing the vapor-gas mixture after cleaning into the condenser and supplying a part of the gaseous product after the separator for cooling the vapor-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis, in the secondary pyrolysis zone - with an unloading device coal.

The pyrolysis reactor is also equipped with a rotor, on the rotating surface of which, with a step along the length and radius, blades are located, having a kinematic connection with a device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades. The device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades is removed from the high temperature zone and isolated from the effect of the resulting vapor-gas mixture. An independent elastic setting of the angle and force of pressing the blades can be carried out by mechanical, electromagnetic, pneumatic and other methods. In a particular case, this is carried out pneumatically using pneumatic cylinders and a distributor.

Thus, the proposed method makes it possible to increase the stability and efficiency of the thermochemical conversion of organo-containing raw materials, increase the reliability of the installation and the quality of the products obtained.

The installation works as follows. The organic raw material enters the drying chamber (1), where moisture is removed from it to a moisture content of no more than 10% abs. wt. Drying is carried out with a drying agent obtained by mixing flue gases from the jacket of the pyrolysis reactor (3) with air. The dried organic raw material enters the chamber of the sealed raw material supply (2), where it is heated to the temperature of the beginning of thermal decomposition. In a particular case, heating to the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition is carried out through the wall by flue gases leaving the reactor. Moreover, the surfaces of the chamber for hermetically sealed feedstock can be heated significantly above the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition to prevent condensation of vapor-gas products, and the heating of the feedstock is controlled by the residence time in the chamber.

The particles of the heated raw material entering the pyrolysis reactor (3), despite the polydisperse composition, are reliably pressed by the blades of the rotating surface to the hot ablation surface, as a result of which thermochemical conversion of the organic raw material occurs. Clamping of the raw material particles by the blades is provided by means of a device (4), as a variant of a specific design in which the kinematic connection of the pneumatic cylinders with the blades is provided by coaxial shafts. Moreover, the device (4), which includes a pneumatic valve and pneumatic cylinders, is removed from the high temperature zone and isolated from the effect of the resulting vapor-gas mixture (Fig. 2).

The relief of the ablation surface in the form of a helical line and the location of the blades along the helical line provide the axial movement of solid particles of the raw material specified by the helical line pitch and the rotor speed. Since the amount of solid particles decreases in the course of thermochemical conversion of the feedstock, the stability of the process along the axis of the pyrolysis reactor (3) is ensured by a variable pitch of the helical line along the length of the reactor and an adjustable pressing force of the blades. After the raw material passes through the zone of primary pyrolysis, the resulting vapor-gas mixture with a certain amount of volatile finely dispersed carbonaceous residue formed as a result of rather intensive mechanically activated treatment (ablation) enters the device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction (5).

Finely dispersed volatile deposited on the walls of the device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction (5) saturated with vapors and partially condensed decomposition products

- 5 036341 coal in the form of a resinous unreacted product (reaction products) returns to the pyrolysis reaction zone and then, together with the remaining solid carbonaceous residue, is fed to the secondary pyrolysis zone for calcination and then through the coal unloading device 9 to the coal collector. The vapor-gas mixture purified from the products of incomplete destruction is fed to the condensation unit (6) for condensation (condenser) and for the separation of condensate in the droplet phase in the form of fog from non-condensable gas (separator). Moreover, the separator can be of both inertial type and in the form of an electrostatic precipitator. Further, a part of the cooled gaseous products is fed by a fan to the zone for cleaning the steam-gas mixture of the pyrolysis reactor (3).

Mixing a hot vapor-gas mixture with cooled gaseous products promotes volumetric condensation of vapors, coagulation and deposition of formed condensate drops and particles of fine volatile coal on the working surfaces of the device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction in the form of a resinous unreacted product (reaction products). The interaction products are periodically, but during continuous operation of the pyrolysis reactor (3), forcibly separated from the walls and other structural elements of the device for separating and returning the products of incomplete destruction (5) and returned to the pyrolysis reactor.

In a particular case, the independent heating of each zone of the pyrolysis reactor is carried out by feeding into the reactor jacket flue gases obtained during fuel combustion in the furnace (8), after mixing them with air to ensure the required temperature regime of the pyrolysis process. After passing through the jacket of the pyrolysis reactor (3) and mixing with air, the flue gases are first fed into the chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials to heat the latter to a temperature close to, but not exceeding the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition of the least thermally stable component of organic raw materials, and then into the drying chamber in as a drying agent. As a specific use of the method and installation for thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, the main operating parameters and design characteristics for wood raw materials are given.

No. Parameter Value one. Drying chamber temperature 11О ... 12О ° С 2. Temperature in the chamber of sealed raw material supply 22О ... 35О ° С 3. Temperature in the primary pyrolysis zone of the pyrolysis reactor 450 ... 500 ° C 4. Temperature in the zone of purification of the steam-gas mixture of the pyrolysis reactor 100-490 ... 520 ° C 5. Temperature in the calcination zone of the pyrolysis reactor 520 ... 700 ° C 6. Temperature in the condensing unit, no more ЗО ... 5О ° С 7. Raw material particle size up to 50 mm

CLAIM

Claims (12)

CLAIM 1. Installation of thermochemical conversion of organo-containing raw materials, containing a drying chamber, a chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials, a pyrolysis reactor having a rotating surface equipped with at least one blade with an axis of rotation coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the pyrolysis reactor, and at least one ablation surface of circular or elliptical cross-section, perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotating surface, a device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades, a condensation unit consisting of a mass transfer apparatus and a separator, characterized in that the chamber for hermetic feed of raw materials is equipped with means for heating the raw materials, and the working space of the pyrolysis reactor along the course of raw materials is equipped with devices for independent heating , which form three successive zones: a primary pyrolysis zone, a steam-gas mixture purification zone equipped with a device for separating and returning products of incomplete destruction, and a secondary pyrolysis zone. 2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the blades are hingedly fixed on the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor and have at least one degree of freedom. 3. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for an independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades has a kinematic connection with them, is removed from the high temperature zone, isolated from the effect of the generated vapor-gas mixture and is made with the possibility of providing elastic clamping with the required frequency and force towards both the ablation surface and the rotating surface. 4. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the elasticity in the device for the independent and elastic setting of the angle of inclination of the blades can be achieved by pneumatic, mechanical, electromagnetic and other methods. 5. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the blades are placed on the rotating surface of the pyrolysis reactor with an offset relative to each other along the length and radius of the rotating surface, in particular, along a helical line. 6. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the relief of the ablation surface of the pyrolysis reactor is made in the form of a helical surface with a variable or constant pitch, and the helical surface can be made without breaks or in separate sections. 7. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating devices for each of the three zones of the pyrolysis reactor have the ability to independently regulate the temperature. - 6 036341 8. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the separator of the condensation unit is connected by a pipeline to the zone for cleaning the steam-gas mixture of the reactor. 9. A method of thermochemical conversion of organic raw materials, including drying, hermetic feed of raw materials into the pyrolysis reactor, thermal decomposition of raw materials without air access in the pyrolysis reactor to obtain solid products and a vapor-gas mixture, subsequent separation of the vapor-gas mixture by condensation into liquid products in the form of a condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture and gaseous products in the form of a non-condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture, carried out in the device according to claim 1, characterized in that after drying, the organic raw material is preheated before being fed to the pyrolysis reactor to a temperature close to but not exceeding the temperature of the onset of thermal decomposition of the least thermally stable component of the organic raw material , and the surfaces of the chamber are heated to a temperature excluding condensation of steam-gas pyrolysis products, and the heating temperature of the raw material is controlled by the residence time in the preheating zone; thermal decomposition is carried out in the form of the following successive stages flowing in the corresponding zones of the pyrolysis reactor, which have the possibility of independent temperature control of the stages: primary pyrolysis, in which the raw material is converted into solid products and a vapor-gas mixture, purification of the vapor-gas mixture, in which the vapor-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis is cooled to a temperature that ensures the primary condensation of a part of the vapor-gas mixture, with spontaneous interaction of the formed condensate with the part of solid and unreacted products removed with it by precipitation of condensate on these products, return and mix the products of interaction with solid products of primary pyrolysis, and secondary pyrolysis, in which the resulting vapor-gas products together with the vapor-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis are taken to the stage of purification of the vapor-gas mixture, and solid products are removed from the secondary pyrolysis zone, excluding them contact with the steam-gas mixture of primary pyrolysis. 10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the condensation is carried out in three successive stages: primary cooling of the vapor-gas mixture in the zone of purification of the vapor-gas mixture of the pyrolysis reactor, condensation of the vapor phase in the condenser, separation of the non-condensed part of the vapor-gas mixture from the dropping liquid with recirculation of a part of the gaseous product through the cleaning zone of the pyrolysis reactor. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the primary pyrolysis is carried out mainly in the mechanical ablation mode. 12. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the zones of primary and secondary pyrolysis provide for the possibility of independent blowing with an inert gas or a gas with reducing or oxidizing properties heated to the appropriate temperature.