EA027438B1 - Organic fertilizer based on mushroom production waste - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention is related to production of organic fertilizers, in particular, to production and application of organic fertilizers produced on the basis of waste substrate obtained after a champignon growth process. The invention is intended to be used in agriculture as an organic fertilizer in growth of agricultural crops both in open and protected ground, in forestry and in urban greening as a factor contributing to improvement of productive capacity of soils. The invention shows agrochemical efficiency of the organic fertilizer based on mushroom production waste by examples of field tests on soddy podzolic, loose sabulous soils (in potato growing) and on light loamy soils (in white-head cabbage growth). Data are presented on influence of different doses of the organic fertilizers based on mushroom production waste according to the invention on the yield of potato tubers and cabbage heads and their quality (nitrates content, starch content and merchantability). It has been found that application of organic fertilizers based on mushroom production waste in a dose equivalent in terms of nitrogen (30 t/ha) to litter manure (60 t/ha) provides an increase in potato tubers yield at a level of 30 dt/ha and cabbage heads yield by 5.7 dt/ha, and application of the fertilizers according to the invention in equivalent doses to manure in terms of physical weight (60 t/ha) provides an increase in potato tubers yield by 43 dt/ha and in cabbage heads yield by 31 dt/ha, the nitrate content of products being within allowable limits.

Description

The invention is intended for use in the field of agriculture and relates to organic fertilizers, in particular to the production and use of organic fertilizers produced on the basis of waste products from the substrate obtained in the process after growing champignons. It is intended for use in agricultural production in the cultivation of crops both in open and closed ground, as well as in forestry, urban gardening, as a factor contributing to increased soil fertility.

Substrates (composts) obtained in the process of growing mushrooms are waste products. For example, at Bonshe JLLC (Brest region, Brest district, Telmen s / s, Airport district, Brest, 2) the amount of waste per year is approximately 5.2 thousand tons. Actual is the problem of their disposal. Given the high content of nutrients in composts, especially organic substances, nitrogen, and other elements necessary for the fungus (K, Ca, P, MD, δ, and Pe), the fertilized mushroom substrates after appropriate treatment can be used as organic fertilizers in agricultural cultivation cultures.

Currently, about 70 countries around the world produce about 12 million tons of cultivated mushrooms during the year. In the Republic of Belarus there are also a number of industries that are engaged in the cultivation of fresh mushrooms (oyster mushroom, champignon, shiitake), for example, KFH Mushroom country, KSUP Combine Vostok of the Gomel region, SOOO Bonshe (in the free economic zone Brest), SOV Agroprodukt, etc.

As substrates for growing mushrooms, various wastes from agriculture and forestry are used. It is known that substrates after harvesting mushrooms and corresponding processing become a valuable source of humus for horticulture and vegetable growing [1-3]. For the life of fungi, the presence of ash elements in the nutrient substrate is also important, the source of which can be horse manure, bird droppings or materials of plant origin (cereal straw, etc.) and other elements necessary for the fungus (K, Ca, P, MD, δ and Re) [4].

It is also known that for the preparation of compost for the production of mushrooms the following raw materials are used: straw (winter wheat, rye or triticale), possibly spring barley straw (however, the quality of compost is lower), bird droppings and water [5], sunflower husk, flax bonfire and hemp, tow of cotton, wood shavings or wood chips and other materials [6]. Properly prepared good compost should have the following characteristics: total nitrogen - 2.4-2.6%, humidity 64-67%, pH - 7.3-7.5, lack of gaseous ammonia, ί '.': Ν = 17: 1, there should not be pieces of organic fertilizer (chicken droppings), be uniformly, darkly colored, without signs of doughiness [7].

During the period of growing mushrooms, accumulation of pests and sources of fungal diseases in substrates is possible. Therefore, for the secondary use of the spent substrate, its preliminary heat treatment is necessary. In addition, live hyphae of the champignon mycelium remain in the substrate, which can lead to the formation of fruiting bodies in the field and harm the main cultivated agricultural crop. Therefore, at the end of the turnover of the champignon culture, the substrate should be steamed. The mixture of the substrate with the coating material when unloading from the growing chamber has an acidity of about 6.3, on average contains N - 0.6%, P - 0.6, K - 0.8, Ca - 3% in terms of fresh material, 20-25% of organic matter and 18-20% of ash [4].

It is known to use steamed spent substrate as fertilizer for cultivating protected and open ground crops [8], as well as a soil improver, a substrate for stuffing flowerpots, and for rehabilitation of mining dumps [9].

In modern conditions of agricultural production, it is necessary to attract additional sources of various organic raw materials in order to increase the organic matter in the soil to preserve or increase its fertility. Recycling of various types of industries, including mushroom production wastes, is relevant from the point of view and environmental protection.

It is known that in the Republic of Belarus various types of organic fertilizers are used containing nutrients in the form of organic compounds of plant or animal origin, including: bedding and bedding manure, bird droppings, composts (for the preparation of which manure, bird droppings, peat, sapropel, straw, lignin, vegetable, wood and household organic waste, sewage sludge), as well as green manure, where fresh plant mass (cruciferous intermediate crops, any uzkolistnogo apos et al.) is plowed into the soil to enrich it with organic matter, nitrogen and other nutrients) [10].

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to our solution is the use of litter manure as organic fertilizers for crops, which is a mixture of litter, feed residues, solid and liquid animal excretions - a prototype [10].

The essence of the claimed invention

The problem to which the invention is directed, is the use of waste production of the substrate obtained in the process after growing champignons, as organic fertilizers in order to obtain a high crop of row crops and vegetables.

- 1 027438

The problem is solved in that for the introduction of soil into the soil as organic fertilizer, waste products of the substrate obtained in the process after growing champignons are proposed.

The composition of the claimed organic fertilizer based on waste from mushroom production and the prototype (cattle litter) is tabulated. one.

Table 1. The compositions of the claimed organic fertilizer and prototype

Name indicator Type of organic fertilizer The inventive organic fertilizer based on waste mushroom production Litter of cattle (prototype) minimum, % maximum, % norm parameters average content, % norm parameters Moisture content, % 48 56 75%, no more 75 75%, no more Mass fraction of dry matter,% 44 52 40%, not less 25 25%, not less Mass fraction organic matter to dry matter,% 20,0 23.3 20%, not less 21.0 20%, not less Mass fraction of ash (on dry matter),% 53.5 60.0 60%, no more 60 60%, no more The activity indicator of hydrogen ions (aqueous reaction), pH 6.61 7.24 6.0-8.5 6.0-8.5 6.0-8.5 Mass fraction nutrients in fertilizers with initial moisture content,% - total nitrogen 1,03 1.26 0.8%, not less 0.6 0.3%, not less - total phosphorus, in terms of P ₂ About ₅ 0.71 1.13 0.5%, not less 0.2 0.2%, not less - total potassium, in terms of K ₂ O 0.83 0.90 0.6%, not less 0.5 0.2%, not less -CAO 2.44 2.72 - 0.45 -

-M§O 0.24 0.34 - 0.10 - | C / Ν ratio 7.31 10.6 - 30, no more 20-25 30, no more |

The content of trace elements and heavy metals in the inventive organic fertilizer based on waste from mushroom production was as follows.

According to the gross forms of heavy metals in a fresh substrate (at natural humidity): Cu - 10.5 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 69.1, Mn - 109, Sat - 0.13, Pb - 2.82, Νΐ - 5, 58, Co - 0.30, Cr - 4.99 and Fe - 1269 mg / kg, respectively, in dry matter: Cu 23.9 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 157, Mn - 248, Sat - 0.29, Pb - 6.41, Νΐ - 12.7, Co - 0.68, Cr - 11.34 and Fe - 2884 mg / kg of substrate;

in substrates of different storage periods (different storage periods from 1 to 6 months), the content of heavy metals was in the range: at natural humidity: Cu - 14.7-18.1 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη 96.2-119.0, Mn - 136-164, Sat - 0.13-0.21, Pb - 1.46-1.72, Νΐ - 3.07-3.93, Co - 0.33-0.39, Cr - 2, 06-2.73 and Pe 567-1201 mg / kg of substrate; in dry matter: Cu - 32.3-40.3 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 211-268, Mn - 299-324, Sat - 0.29-0.40, Pb - 3.00-3.88, Νΐ - 5.94-7.02, Co - 0.75-0.76, Cr - 3.99-6.14 and Fe - 1097-2633 mg / kg of substrate.

On mobile forms of heavy metals in fresh, as well as substrates of different storage periods, no mobile forms of cadmium, lead and cobalt were found;

in a fresh substrate (at natural humidity): the content of mobile forms of Cu was 0.05 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 15.4, Mn - 63.8, Νΐ - 0.23, Cg - 0.18 and Fe - 10, 6 mg / kg, respectively, in dry matter: Cu - 0.12 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 35, Mn - 145, Νΐ - 0.52, Cr - 0.42 and Pe - 24 mg / kg of substrate; in substrates of different shelf life (different shelf life from 1 to 6 months): at natural humidity: Cu - 0.47-1.21 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 22.1-23.6, Mn - 67.5- 77.0, Νΐ - 0.31-0.32, Cg - 0.28-0.32, and Pe - 11.9-20.0 mg / kg of substrate; in dry matter: Cu - 1.04-2.72 mg / kg of substrate, Ζη - 45.7-50.2, Mn - 149-164, Νΐ - 0.620.70, Cr - 0.54-0.72 and Re - 26.7-43.8 mg / kg of substrate.

The data presented indicate that the content of heavy metals (gross content, mg / kg dry matter) does not exceed their maximum permissible concentrations: Sat - not more than 2.0 mg / kg; Pb - 65; Co - 20; Cr - 100; C - 117; Nd - 2.0; Mo - 10.0; Νΐ - 70 and Ζη - 198 mg / kg [11].

It should also be noted that the mushroom production waste generated at Bonsh JLLC is environmentally friendly (compost after steaming and cultivation according to the hazard class of hazardous production waste includes: ecotoxicity - hazard class 4 (low hazard); toxicity - hazard class 4 (low hazard); according to the final degree of danger of departure - hazard class 4 (low hazard)).

Agrochemical tests of the effectiveness of the inventive organic fertilizers based on mushroom production wastes were carried out in field experiments on sod-podzolic loose-loamy sandy soils, bedded from a depth of 0.35 m with loose sand, soil (experiment with potatoes - KSPUP Experimental

- 2 027438 base to them. Suvorov, Uzdensky district, Minsk region) and on sod-podzolic loamy loam, developing on loess-like loams (experience with cabbage - OAO Gastellovskoye, Minsk region, Minsk region).

The experiment with potatoes was laid on sod-podzolic soil with the following agrochemical parameters: acid reaction of the soil (ρΗ _Κ οι 5.01), average humus content (2.02%), increased content of mobile phosphorus (191 mg / kg of soil) and potassium (219 mg / kg of soil), which is close to the average content of metabolic calcium (746 mg / kg of soil), and the average content of magnesium (56 mg / kg of soil). The repetition of options in the experiment 4-fold. The total size of the plot is 32 (8x4) m ² , the accounting size is 21 (7x3) m ² . The precursor is corn.

The experiment with cabbage was carried out on sod-podzolic light loamy soil with a neutral soil reaction (pH _KS 1 6.95), an average humus content (2.12%), and a very high supply of mobile forms of phosphorus (850 mg / kg of soil) and magnesium ( 869 mg of MgO per 1 kg of soil), with a high content of mobile forms of potassium (311 mg K ₂ O per 1 kg of soil) and exchange forms of calcium (1792 mg / kg of soil). The repetition of options in the experiment three times. The total area of the plot is 10.5 m ² .

The predecessor is cereals.

The use on the soddy-podzolic loose-loamy soil of waste production of the substrate obtained in the process after growing mushrooms, as organic fertilizer in doses of 15, 30 and 60 t / ha, in conditions close to the average long-term weather conditions of 2012, was not inferior in effectiveness litter manure (cattle). When mushroom waste was applied in equal doses with cattle manure (60 t / ha) for potatoes, an increase in waste of 43 t / ha was obtained, the payback of 1 t of waste was 72 kg higher than tubers. The efficiency of mushroom waste increased when it was introduced in smaller doses (15-30 t / ha) against the background of mineral fertilizers in a dose of Ν ₉₀ Ρ ₆₀ Κ ₁₄₀ (Table 2).

Table 2. The effect of organic fertilizers on the yield of tubers of Yank potatoes on soddy-podzolic loosely sandy soil (KSPUP Experimental base named after Suvorov, Uzdensky district), 2012

Options Harvest , c / ha Increase, kg / ha to var. 1 to Var.Z from 1 kg ΝΡΚ from 1 t OU 1. Control without fertilizer 197 - - - - 2. VenomRboKmo (background) 311 114 - 39.3 - 3. Litter manure (cattle), 60 t / ha (prototype) 293 96 - - 160 4. Mushroom production waste 60 t / ha 336 139 43 - 232 5. Litter manure (cattle), 60 t / ha + ΝΡΚ 349 152 56 19.3 63 6. Mushroom production waste 30 t / ha (nitrogen content in the waste is the same as with litter at a dose of 60 t / ha) 323 126 thirty - 420 7. Mushroom production waste of 30 t / ha (The nitrogen content in the waste is the same as with litter at a dose of 60 t / ha) + ΝΡΚ 342 145 49 6.6 103 7a. Mushroom production waste 15 t / ha + ΝΡΚ 350 153 57 - 260 NDS ₀₅ 17.5 - - - -

The quality of potato tubers was evaluated by the content of nitrates, starch and marketability of tubers, table. 3-4.

Table 3. The nitrate content in the tubers of potato cultivar Yanka on sod-podzolic loose loamy sand (KSPUP Experimental base named after Suvorov Uzdensky district), 2012

Options Nitrates, mg / kg crude tubers +, -, to var. 3 1. Control without fertilizer 90 - 2. YaodRboKno (background) 131 - 3. Litter manure (cattle), 60 t / ha (prototype) 84 -47 4. Mushroom production waste 60 t / ha 119 -12 5. Litter manure (cattle), 60 t / ha + ΝΡΚ 86 -45 6. Mushroom production waste 30 t / ha (nitrogen content in the waste is the same as with litter at a dose of 60 t / ha) 77 -54 7. Mushroom production waste 30 t / ha (nitrogen content in the waste is the same as with litter manure at a dose of 60 t / ha) + ΝΡΚ 88 -43 7a. Mushroom production waste 15 t / ha + ΝΡΚ 91 -40 MPC, ΝΟ ₃ .. mg / kg 150 - NDS ₀₅ 27.1 -

The nitrate content in potato tubers was low (77-131 mt / kg of raw material) and did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 150 mt / kg of tubers. The highest nitrate content (131 mg / kg of tubers) was observed with the introduction of mineral fertilizers (Ν ₉₀ Ρ ₆₀ Κ ₁₄₀ ) without organic. In the variants with the introduction of organic fertilizers of both cattle manure and waste of mushroom production, in its pure form or together with mineral fertilizers, the nitrate content was lower than the variant with ΙΡΚ by 12-54 mg / kg of tubers. There is no certain pattern in the effect of organic fertilizers on the nitrate content in potato tubers (Table 3).

The starch content was greatest in the variant without fertilizers - 13.3%. Fertilizing both organic and organic together with mineral fertilizers reduced the starchiness of tubers to 12.1-12.8%. At the same time, in some cases where organic fertilizers were applied (in pure form) or with ΝΡΚ, the starch content was 0.3–0.60% higher in comparison with the application of mineral fertilizers alone (Table 4).

Table 4. The effect of organic fertilizers on starch content and marketability of Yanko potato tubers on sod-podzolic loose-loamy soil (KSPUP Suvorov Experimental Base, Uzdensky district) 2012

Options Starch, Marketability, % % +, -, to var. 2 % to var. 1 1. Control without fertilizer 13.3 - 70.8 - 3. Ν _9Ο Ρ ₆ οΚ ₁₄ ο (background) 12,2 - 75.7 4.9 3. Litter manure (cattle), 60 t / ha (prototype) 12.8 0.6 72,2 1.4 4. Waste mushroom arbitrariness gva 60 t / ha 12,2 0,0 78.8 8.0 5. Litter manure (cattle), 60 t / ha + ΝΡΚ 12.6 0.4 78.0 7.2 6. Mushroom production waste 30 t / ha (nitrogen content in the waste is the same as with litter at a dose of 60 t / ha) 12.7 0.5 75.3 4,5 7. Mushroom production waste 30 t / ha (nitrogen content in the waste is the same as with litter manure at a dose of 60 t / ha) + ΝΡΚ 12.1 -0.1 73.9 3,1 7a. Mushroom production waste 15 t / ha + ΝΡΚ 12.5 0.3 79.6 8.8 NDS ₀₅ 0.22 - 2.11 -

The weather conditions in 2012 did not contribute to obtaining a high yield of marketable tubers: under control it amounted to only 70.8%. In variants with fertilizers, the marketability of potato tubers increased and ranged from 72.2 to 79.6%. Pure organic fertilizers and against the background of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the yield of marketable tubers (by 1.4–8.8%) compared with the control, which, apparently, is explained by an improvement in the agrophysical properties of the soil when they are applied (Table 4).

The use of mineral and organic fertilizers for cabbage early ripe varieties (2012) are given in table. 5. The introduction of litter manure at a dose of 60 t / ha increased cabbage yield by 87.2 c / ha compared to the version without fertilizers. At the same time, the yield obtained was characterized by a lower value than in the variant Ν ₉₀ + ₆₀ Ρ ₆₀ Κ ₁₈₀ , however, the difference was within the experimental error. The use of the inventive waste product of the substrate obtained in the process after growing champignons at a dose of 30 t / ha, the nitrogen equivalent of the nitrogen dose applied with litter manure (60 t / ha), had a significant impact on the yield of the cultivated crop, contributing to the formation of 263.2 t / ha of cabbage. It was established that nitrogen-fertilized organic fertilizers (litter manure, 60 t / ha and mushroom production waste at a dose of 30 t / ha) were characterized by equal agronomic efficiency, the difference in yield between the compared options was insignificant.

Table 5. The effect of mushroom production waste obtained in the process after growing champignons on the yield of white cabbage, 2012

No. p / p Option Harvest nost heads of cabbage c / ha Increase, kg / ha Nitrates mg / kg raw masses from organic fertilizers οτΝΡΚ ,one No fertilizer 170.1 - - 170 2 Ν90 + 60Ρ90Κ180 279.8 - 109.7 311 3 Litter manure, 60 t / ha (prototype) 257.3 87.2 - 219 4 Litter manure, 60 t / ha + Ν90 + 60Ρ90Κ180 317.5 37.7 60,2 332 5 Mushroom production waste, 60 t / ha 288.7 118.6 - 241 6 Mushroom production waste, 30 t / ha 263.2 93.1 - 228 7 Mushroom production waste, 30 t / ha + Ν90 + 60Ρ90Κ180 320.7 40.9 57.5 338 8 Mushroom production waste, 15 t / ha + Ν90 + 60Ρ90Κ-180 294.3 14.5 - 284 NDS ₀₅ 23.0 - - 25

The introduction of waste mushroom production in a dose of 60 t / ha, corresponding to nitrogen, a double dose of nitrogen, introduced with litter manure, ensured an additional collection of 118.6 c / ha of cabbage. The yield increase in this variant was similar to the increase obtained with the application of mineral fertilizers, and significantly exceeded (by 25.5-31.4 kg / ha) the yield obtained in the options involving the introduction of organic fertilizers (litter manure, 60 t / ha and waste production sub- 4,027,438 strata, 30 t / ha) in a dose equivalent to a single dose of nitrogen.

The highest yield of cabbage (317.5-320.7 kg / ha) was obtained with the combined use of mineral fertilizers with litter manure at a dose of 60 t / ha and mushroom waste at a dose of 30 t / ha. The yield increase due to the application of Ν ₉₀ + ₆₀ Ρ ₆₀ Κ ₁₈₀ compared to the options providing for the unilateral use of these organic fertilizers amounted to 57.5-60.2 c / ha, with a non-fertilized version - 147.4-150.6 c / ha. The use of mushroom production waste at a dose of 15 t / ha, equivalent to half the dose of nitrogen introduced with litter manure (60 t / ha), in combination with mineral fertilizers was less effective, contributing to an additional harvest of cabbage at a level of 124.2 c / ha in Compared to the option without fertilizers. At the same time, the difference in yield between this option and the options with the introduction of litter manure and waste of mushroom production, aligned with nitrogen, exceeded the NDS ₀₅ , reaching 23.2-26.4 c / ha (Table 5).

As a result of the studies, no excess of the permissible level of nitrates (400 mg / kg of wet weight) in cabbage was revealed when applying both organic and mineral fertilizers. This indicator, depending on the fertilizer used, varied between 170-338 mg / kg of wet weight.

The data presented indicate that the use of substrate production waste obtained in the process after growing champignons on soddy-podzolic loose-loamy sandy soil as an organic fertilizer for potatoes in doses of 15, 30 and 60 t / ha was not inferior in effectiveness to litter (cattle). When introducing mushroom waste in equal doses with cattle manure (60 t / ha), the increase from mushroom waste (to the variant with manure) was 43 kg / ha, while the payback of 1 ton of waste was 72 kg higher than tubers. The efficiency of mushroom waste increases when applied in smaller doses (30-15 t / ha) and together with mineral fertilizers. When introducing a waste of mushroom production at a dose of 30 t / ha, a nitrogen dose of nitrogen applied with litter manure (60 t / ha) similar to nitrogen, the increase in potato tubers was 30 kg / ha in relation to manure. The efficiency of mushroom production waste at a dose of 30 t / ha against a background of Ν ₉₀ Ρ ₆₀ Κ _{! 40} was equivalent (342 kg / ha) to a manure dose of 60 t / ha against a background of Ν ₉₀ Ρ ₆₀ Κ ₁₄₀ (349 kg / ha of tubers). In potato tubers, an increase in the starch content and marketability of tubers was noted both when traditional organic fertilizer (prototype) was applied, as well as mushroom production waste declared as organic fertilizer, with a lower nitrate content, compared to the mineral fertilizer system.

Also, the highest yield of white cabbage (317.5-320.7 kg / ha) was obtained on sod-podzolic loamy soil with the addition of mushroom production waste at a dose of 30 t / ha and litter manure at a dose of 60 t / ha, nitrogen-aligned, in combination with mineral fertilizers ^(Ν 90 + 60 ^Ρ 60 ^Κ 180 ⁾ .

The data presented indicate the possibility of using the proposed mushroom production waste as organic fertilizers in the cultivation of row crops and vegetables, under which organic fertilizers are directly applied.

The use of mushroom production waste as organic fertilizers at a dose of 30 t / ha in its pure form (nitrogen equivalent to a dose of nitrogen introduced with litter manure 60 t / ha) or against background ΝΡΚ provides approximately equal efficiency (with a reliable increase in potato tubers at level 30 kg / ha and a tendency to increase the yield of cabbage cabbage by 5.7 kg / ha) compared with the prototype (60 t / ha of cattle litter).

The proposed mushroom production waste for use as organic fertilizer meets the criteria of novelty, namely, that new additional sources of organic matter in the soil, their doses, allowing to obtain high yields of row crops and vegetables, are established.

The proposed mushroom production waste for use as organic fertilizer meets the criterion of inventive step, namely, that when applied in an equivalent dose of nitrogen (30 t / ha) with litter manure (60 t / ha), the yield of potato tubers is increased at the level 30 kg / ha with a tendency to increase the yield of cabbage head by 5.7 kg / ha, and when they are applied in equivalent doses in physical weight with manure (60 t / ha), the yield of potato tubers is increased by 43 kg / ha, head of cabbage - 31 kg / ha, while receiving high-quality products.

The proposed mushroom production waste for use as organic fertilizer meets the criterion of industrial applicability on the grounds that the mushroom production waste is available at the BONSHE Joint Venture industrial enterprise (Republic of Belarus) and can be used for agricultural production in the cultivation of crops.

Literature

1. Yakovenko A.Z., Zhemoyts A.A. Achievement of champignon and xylophil production technology. (Overview). - M., 1978. - 64 p.

2. Pipe I.A., Wasser S.P. Mushrooms: A handbook of mycologist and mushroom picker. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1987.536 s.

- 5,027438

3. Gorlenko M.V., Garibova L.V., Sidorova I.I. and others. All about mushrooms. - M .: Forest industry, 1986. - 280 p.

4. Devochkin L.A. Champignon. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1989 .-- 175 p.

5. Nicodemus Saxon. Champignons - intensive production methods. - Poznan-Kiev, 2007 .-- 135 p.

6. Smirnov A.G. Organization of compost production // School of mushroom production. No. 1 (43). - January / February 2007. - Vologda. - S. 6-8.

7. Weaver OV For beginner mushroom growers or do you need it? // School of mushroom farming. - No. 1 (43). January / February 2007. - Vologda. - S. 23-24.

8. Rancheva C. Intensive production of champignons / Per. with bulg. G.F. Karaseva; under the editorship of and with the foreword. L.A. Girls. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990 .-- 190 p.

9. Kekeatsyek ΐο Chibu ikeb tikbotot sotroch / Eyb apb Mshet. §C1. - 1997. - 66, No. 2. - R. 21-22.

10. Reference agrochemist / V.V. Paw [et al.]; under the general. ed. V.V. Paws - Minsk: Belarusian Science, 2007. - 390 p.

11. Hygienic standards 2.1.7.12-1-2004 / list of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and approximate permissible concentrations (MPC) of chemicals in the soil.

Claims (1)

CLAIM The use of waste production of the substrate obtained after growing champignons, in the amount of 15-60 t / ha as an organic fertilizer for growing potatoes and cabbage.