DE7932844U1 - CONTAINERS PROTECTED FROM INTERNAL CORROSION - Google Patents

Description

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Container protected against internal corrosion

The invention relates to an anode protected against internal corrosion with the aid of anodes fed by freridstrong Container.

In industry, trade and households, a large number of facilities are susceptible to corrosion from water Exposed to electrolytes. The ongoing elimination of the damage caused by this is often considerable Associated costs. The task of corrosion protection technology is to exclude such damage from the outset or to restrict it to a technically and economically justifiable minimum.

The electrochemical corrosion of metals and the protective measures used to prevent them take place at the interface between the solid phase of a metal and the liquid phase of an electrolyte. A current flows through both metallic and electrolytic conductors ¹ ! so must

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Free electrons are generated or consumed at the metal / electrolyte phase boundary. Since the delivery of Electrons mean oxidation, absorption means reduction j is the over-orange of a current across the phase boundary always associated with a chemical reaction. This process is known as electrolysis, though the reactions are caused by an externally applied voltage. They run on spatially separated Electrodes voluntarily (due to an internal EMF), one speaks of a galvanic element. Step If they appear on a metal surface at the same time, it is corrosion.

The metals tend to go into solution. Positively charged ions diffuse from the atomic lattice of the metals, while the negatively charged electrons in the Goods association remain. The metal is charged negatively. This leads to a potential difference opposite the. Electrolytes. The retail goes into solution on the less noble metal surfaces (anodes); the attacking electrolyte takes part in the more noble '-'etallfliicheh (cathodes) Electrons on.

The anodic and cathodic partial reactions can take place in the same zone of the metal surface,

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However, it is more common in practical corrosion., that anodic and cathodic districts are geometrically separated on the metal surface .. Local or corrosion elements are formed with corresponding local anodes, which are opposite to the electrolyte have a different potential. This leads to a loss of class on the less noble. Electrode.

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With passive corrosion protection coating the surface to be protected from attacking electrolytes, with active η corrosion protection one intervenes directly in the corrosion process. All kinds of coatings are used as passive corrosion protection: paint and plastic coatings with a thickness of a few μm to a few micrometers, metallic coatings, glass enamel, cement mortar and derri .., active corrosion protection is mainly carried out chemically or physically Addition of corrosion inhibitors or by electrochemical means through anodic or cathodic protection, with the latter differentiating between protection methods with galvanic (sacrificial) anodes and those with external current.

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2um lüfiefigeHuSa Voll B'ehälfeerTi has a? "Row

V'3fi years of teäfe'hödische Schutz "ff.it fr'emdströmgespei- |

rij in deft container ¹ insulated built-in electrodes |

proven * The electrodes are connected to the positive pole of a |

öieichström ^ Ueliej the container with their MiiiUspöl ver ί

bundehi Through the external supply of stroni, the at |

the cathedic partial feactions consumed electrons t

complements i v / ödürch the anodic partial reactions. i

the metal flushing of the tank walls and enclosures> \

be reduced _t The corrosion then becomes practical]

completely suppressed ₃ when the Frendstron \

cuelle via the (anodically | ·

switched) electrode in the Eehd.lterv; andun <r; en or - Ein ι

built flowing rivers according to their size at least |

of the cathodic partial flow starlce * This current j

Strength is therefore referred to as the minimum operating current of the 1

methodical corrosion protection I ,. denotes »In the Pra- |

xis of cathodic corrosion protection is less the | absolute value of the minimum operating current intensity Ϊ- , rather the so-called minimum operating current density of the Kc.tho-Gisierüng i-, used as the operating variable * ■ Which den
Quotient from ± _v , measured in mA, and the upper container

area P including its internals, eaten in

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IB ^ represents.

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The Great i., Iät From the eleventh * whole "Fieihe of variables äbh'Mngigj example vöii the concentrate on AEFI ge = löstem oxygen concentration may ent = hältenen _oxidants} the elektrölytischeri Leit ^ fähigkeifcj the temperature, the pK of Wertj StröniUrigs Speed And the like .., - It accordingly shows a considerable spectrum j but also has a very specific value for a very specific case * This can be determined in a laboratory and in practice by examining the opened container at certain time intervals with any accuracy *

The German patent specification 2 1 ^ 4 514 can already Instructions for distributing the anode material within from the container. There is also information about the mean distances between the anodes and the Contain the container wall depending on the electrolytic conductivity of the water.

The object of the present invention is _{to use the smallest number of anodes in containers 3} which are cathodically protected by electrodes fed by external currents, with optimal current distribution.

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The founding solution for this task consists in the fact that between a first stretch aj the d§r fencing from the anode to the half-part corresponds to ₄ and a second stretch b ₃ measured between anode and each container _{purikt 4 of} the 2U two adjacent anodes equal g ' size ^ has straight distances, the relationship b = (l, 15 * .- i> 5) * ä exists *

With the anode arrangement or configuration according to the invention an optimal protective current distribution is guaranteed with a minimum number of anodes, and both for containers with a circular or oval cross-section and for containers with a rectangular cross-section. This optimal current distribution is particularly important in systems with external current-split inert anodes of great importance because inert anodes, especially plati nated titanium, niobium and tantalum anodes only to a certain extent th, maximum DC voltages may be applied. So is the permissible for platinum titänöderi Operating voltage maximum 12 volts. Any additional tensions result from exceedance the breakthrough potential for the rapid destruction of the electrode material (see "Galvanotechnik" magazine 59 (1968) No. 8, pp. 659-666, especially p. 660).

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For containers ^{filled with aqueous 1} electrolytes * their electrolytic conductivity is below ISO, USVörn

- the distance between the anodeii and the above-mentioned vertical line is allowed

half-point up to 50 % larger than the distance between the anodes and the container wall and $ 30, preferably 2ÖJ &, should be greater than the vertical distance between the anode and the container wall *

In principle, however, vertical anode distances from the container wall of 700 mm should be used for conductivities greater than or equal to 150 yuS / cm and 4θΟ mm for smaller ones Conductivities are not exceeded.

The voltage drop results in containers with a total height of 8 m and more and corresponding anode lengths within the anodes, especially in the case of platinum-coated titanium anodes ^ to an uneven current distribution * Since there are limits to an increase in the operating voltage for the reasons given above, there are limits according to a further development of the subject matter of the invention In the longitudinal directions of the anode, several currents are supplied the anodes provided. For this purpose are in the upper

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and lower dome, appropriately designed power feed-throughs intended. At the same time there are gowns attached to the container wall for holding and / or bracing the anode rods or wires are provided.

To avoid excessive current suction on Power feedthroughs are the anodes in a range of 200 - 300 mm, measured from the power feed-through, with a high resistance layer provided. When using platinized Titanium anodes, these areas are not platinum-plated.

In the case of containers which, in addition to the aqueous electrolyte, contain other substances or materials that are more conductive than the electrolyte, in particular in the case of filter containers with layers of gravel of different grain size and one or more layers of activated carbon _f , in the past one has limited oneself to only carrying out passive corrosion protection measures or, if the Operational conditions allow corrosion inhibitors to be added to the aqueous electrolyte. The containers were either made of a corrosion-resistant material, e.g. stainless steel, concrete, or the inner surfaces of the container were covered with plastic protection.

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trains. However, the Vöfgangsweiuchten |

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as little economical and ζ, Τ. proven ineffective: High investment costs for stainless steel containers; periodic emptying of the container and replacement of the plastic Protective coatings that have imperfections due to water vapor diffusion and in turn lead to pitting in the container walls. Through the inventions, cracks

or arrangement
Anode configuration In connection with anodes which have length 3 sections of different electrical surface conductivity, the electrical surface resistance of a length section being higher, the greater the electrical conductivity of this section

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Is the container contents assigned to the longitudinal section of the anode, containers of the specified type can also be used for the first time Cathodically protect using the external current method.

V / uring containers with an inside diameter less than or equal to ICOO mm with a single one essentially over the entire container height or v /. -length extending central anode is sufficient for large- * a! guide number from distributed in the container! to provide electrically and optionally mechanically interconnected η anodes, which are also essentially over the entire height of the container or -length

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According to a further development of the subject matter of the invention, the anode longitudinal sections are of different electrical power Surface extensibility by coating otherwise highly conductive anodes in sections with resistance material and / or insulating material formed. Another way of creating different electrical conductive anode sections consists in providing the anode base material in sections with electrically good conductive coverings or layers. this leads to especially with titanium anodes to extremely favorable technical and economic results, if according to Eir-er preferred embodiment of the invention, the anode base material titanium in sections with a 2.5 up to a 10 µm thick layer of platinum is coated. The from Anode gates left out of the platinum coating are covered immediately after the anodes are put into operation with a thin oxide film with a comparatively high surface resistance. In the case of filter containers with activated carbon layers, their conductivity is that of the rest of the container contents by far exceeds, there is thus a leakage of current from the passive sections of the anodes reliably prevented.

It has also proven to be particularly advantageous in the case of filter containers with activated charcoal layers these

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Make longitudinal sections of the anode assigned to layers 100 to 200 mm longer than the layer thickness of the activated carbon, wherein the anode longitudinal sections protrude beyond the activated carbon layer on both sides. This two-sided Projecting the longitudinal sections of the anode ensures perfect operation even during and after the required Backwashing of the filter, during which the filter material is whirled up to a greater or lesser extent will. Especially when using platinized titanium anodes with platinum-free anode longitudinal sections covered with titanium oxide could not cause any damage to the platinized and non-platinized anodes or can be determined after backwashing. It has also been shown that such an or, without faders. to be subsequently rammed into containers already filled with filter layers (gravel / activated carbon) Werder, can. Here, the ends of the anodes can be sharpened in the shape of a pile.

The invention is described below with reference to the drawing of the embodiments of the subject matter of the invention simplified reproduced are explained in more detail.

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i a Hör'igöntälschnitfc du ^ öh a container with a rectangular cross-section _}

2 shows a hearing section through a container with a circular cross-section ₃

Pig * 3 eirisri Longitudinal section through a standing container

Fig. 4 shows an example of an embodiment of a holding * And / or Verpänneinrichtüng for Wirähtanöden

FIG. 5 shows an example of a guide form of a holding device for Stabanoderi

6 shows a longitudinal section through a support bolt of a Current feedthrough

Fig.? a longitudinal section through a cathodically protected Filter container

8 shows a longitudinal section through a plated titanium anode *

In Fig.l are in a container B with a rectangular Cross-section a multitude of evenly distributed over the circumference Distributed rod and wire-shaped platinum-coated titanium anodes A installed insulated from the container walls. All anodes are connected to a (not shown) DC power source connected. The vertical distance

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the anodefl A from the container wall is denoted iiiit ä, With a P are assigned to those of the two! Immediately adjacent anodes A are equally spaced b have, ZUf Achievement of an optimal power distribution for the cathodic protection of the container walls minimum number of anodes, the following relationship applies between the two lines ä and b!

b -. . 1.5a

These two inequalities result in anode distances d between 1.1 * Y a and 2.2 ¹ Y a.

For containers with a circular cross-section, as shown in Fig.2 are shown schematically and where the same parts are provided with the same reference numerals, the following applies between the distance a of the anodes from the container wall and the distance b of the container points P of the respectively adjacent anodes A have the same relationship. Here too, the determine the corresponding anode distances d, which can be done most easily in a graphical / geometric way.

In the case of liquids with electrolytic conductivities of less than 150 yuS / cm, the above-defined Area b = i, 15a ... l, 5a can be fully exploited, ways the liquids in the container electrolyte

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Tical conductivities greater or * equal to IB'Ö, US / cm äUf, the distance b should be between 15 and 30% > preferably 20 / έ longer than del · * Anodenäbätaridä * GeiiereÜ ^a the distance between the anode and the container wall does not exceed 700 mm.

In the standing container shown in FIG. 3, wire-shaped, platinum-plated titanium anodes A with an anode configuration according to FIG. 2 are installed. Additional anodes A ^r at the upper and lower ends of the container are used for cathodic protection of the upper and lower bowls C and Cp. In the case of container heights greater than 8 m and the corresponding length of the anode, the voltage drop in the longitudinal direction of the anode can take on such large values that the part of the container facing away from the anode feed side has the required anode potential in the case of a conventional anode structure (core made of titanium, 2.5 to 10 .mu.m thick platinum coating). is no longer sufficient for complete cathodic protection. In such containers, the protective current is fed to the anodes at a reciprocal number of spatially separated locations. This is shown schematically in Figure 3. Current feedthroughs D are provided in the upper and lower bowls of the container, all of which are connected in parallel and with the positive pole of the direct current source G.

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Allies are "Dei * MinUSpöl der * GleichstförnqUälle" ö is Connect with the keep B * The anodes A are in the middle Area of the container divided; and there with one combined holding and bracing device V held or * braced * As can be seen from Pig * 3 or * 4 j is in the height of the separation point a radially inwardly whitening end Inert iron T äfi attached to the container wall B. A sleeve M is attached to the free end of the carrying iron T. A plastic plug St is inserted in the socket M * This has a continuous, in the longitudinal direction of the anode running threaded hole on * When using anodes is in wire form, as Fig. 4 shows, in this threaded hole a titanium clamping bolt Sp with a stepped thread is screwed in, which at its free end is provided with a horizontal axis bore. the The length of the external thread is less than half the socket or Stopper length. With anodes screwed in on both sides there is therefore no electrical connection between the anode parts. During the assembly of the anodes, the The anode end, which was bent at right angles, was inserted into the above-mentioned hole and secured with an Ms grub screw .

^{Furthermore, one or more anode spacing elements V 1 are} arranged between the power feedthroughs D and "the holding and tensioning devices V described above.

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arranges. These consist of support iron T '(Fig. 3), which are also attached to the container walls, and their free Ends are provided with an insulating sleeve I, through whose bore extending in the longitudinal direction of the anode, the wire anodes A are drawn.

In the case of rod anodes, the holding device arranged in the middle of the container differs from the one described above essentially through the formation of the titanium spar.nbolzens. As can be seen from FIG. 5, the clamping bolt. Sp 'on the socket-side end on an external thread, while the other end is provided with a threaded blind hole. Ground in this threaded hole with an external thread provided anodes are screwed in and secured by a radial grub screw Ms. Also at Installation of rod anodes can be additional spacing elements for the anodes between the current feedthroughs D and holding devices are used which are essentially consisting of a carrying iron and insulating sleeve for receiving

the anode consist, I.

The current feedthroughs D are constructed similarly to I.

it in Fig. 2 of the German custom 1998 3S ¹ J j

are described and illustrated. The one there with the loading |

However, the support bolt marked with reference number 2 is replaced 1

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by a titanium stud according to the present Fig. 6. The bolt Bt is provided with a collar Bb in the middle section. The left bolt part facing the inside of the container has an external thread onto which a porcelain cap Bk provided with an internal thread is screwed. The Pcrzellankappe has a uxial extending bore whose diameter is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the titanium clamping bolt Sp and Sp ¹ according to FIG. ¹ I 5. In an introduced on said bolt end blind hole threaded bore in wire anodes Titanspannüolzen Sp geir.äss Fig are or. ^ screwed in, to which the wire or rod anodes are in turn attached! .en. Rod anodes can be inserted directly into

four de η screwed in the tapped blind hole ^ With the help of the other bolt part, which is partially provided with an external thread, the current feedthrough on the Container wall or the Kümpelung insulated attached, such as it is described in the aforementioned utility model. In contrast to this known current feed-through takes place however, the cable connection with the help of a threaded blind hole at the bolt end pointing outwards, which is also provided with a flat Bf to counterhold *

The holding or tensioning devices for wire and

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Rod anodes and the associated power feedthroughs are.

simple in structure and are adapted to the conditions in " · _

construction of the .cathodic protection system at the production or Suitable for the installation site in an optimal way .. ..

In Figure 7, an embodiment of a.mit .Help of external current fed anodes cathodically protected filter container is shown simplified. For reasons of clarity, only a single _3, centrally arranged, platinum-coated tifean anode A is provided in the filter container, which is quite sufficient for filter containers with an inner diameter of up to 1000 mm. For containers with larger. Diameters.- these can in practice be 3 rr. and more - a central anode is not enough. In such filter containers, anode configurations according to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 are to be provided.

In the filter container B there are layers of filter gravel S ₁ , S _{2 of} different grain sizes on ein.Düsenboden.R. An activated carbon layer S ^ is arranged over the layer S _2. The liquid to be filtered is fed in at the connection W ^ in the upper Küffipelung C ^ and discharged _{at the connection W 2} in the lower Küffipelung C _2. The centrally arranged anode A is secured by means of brackets H insulated from the container walls , and its power is supplied to the

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, upper end, which is indicated by the arrow I _v ·. is symbolized. The anode A is composed, as shown in Figure 8 _(consisting of a titanium core K, the 'th in Längsabschnit- E, G with a 2.5 to 10 micrometers thick Platinbeschich-

tung? is provided. In a longitudinal section F, namely

§ where the anode, when installed, meets the activated carbon

" Layer S, penetrated, the platinum plating is left out.

}. 'Im built. Condition and practically immediately after Commissioning of the * cathodic protection is formed in longitudinal section F against chemical and physical Attacks stable titanium oxide layer Q, the surface resistance of which prevents current from escaping in this area practically completely denied. With normal layer thicknesses of the activated carbon. approx. 200 mm it is advantageous to make the length of the area of the anode recessed from the platinum plating by 100 to 200 mm longer than that Activated carbon layer thickness.

The anode A is pointed z, ß * at the lower end in the shape of a pole. In this way it can be done without any particular Ram effort into filter containers already filled with filter material *

As already stated above, there are filter containers with inner diameters over * 1000 mm anodenkonfigui'ä *

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tiöneft with mehfefeh in the container distributed anodes effö? ^ \

de'f'iiäh * For 'these explanations, the above with reference to | Dimerts'iönier'Ungsr'egein I shown in Figures 1 and 2

in an analogous way »Further, in filter container riis |

Total height over 8 separate flow feeders like them | In connection with FIG. 3, Worden sihdj erför "| so *

For filter holders with several layers of Alitivkohl
are self-vefs-caridiich in the appropriate places of the
Anoden omit the previously described platinings.

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summary

In the case of a rait help from external current-fed anodes against inrierikorrosiori cathodically protected containers, there is between the distance a _t measured between anode (A) and container wall (B) and the distance b> measured between anode (A) and each container point (P), the BU two adjacent anodes has equal, straight spacing * the relationship 1.15a = b; ^ - 1.5a. This relationship applies to both round and rectangular containers. With this anode configuration, an optimal current distribution in the container is achieved with a minimum number of anodes. The main application area of the invention is, in addition to the classic containers in sanitary and heating technology, containers in industrial plants, in particular filter containers.

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Claims (1)

. / q ,, * If / 79 ■ <· r ■ 1. Containers protected against internal corrosion with the help of anodes supplied with external currents, thereby characterized j that between a first distance a, the perpendicular from the anode (A) to the container wall (B), and a second distance b, measured between anode (A) and each Container point (P) leading to two adjacent anodes (A) has equal, straight-line distances, the relationship b = (1.15-. 1.5)> a exists. 2. Container according to claim 1, characterized in that it is filled with liquids whose electrolytic Conductivity is less than 150 uS / cm. 3. Container according to claim 1, characterized in that between the first path a and the second Segment b the relation b = (1.15 ... 1.3) -a, preferably b = l, 2.a. 4. Container according to claim 1 and 3, characterized ₄ that it is filled with liquids whose electrolytic conductivity is equal to odei? is greater than 150 uS / cm. 11 I "'! L" I <''I! !
¹ I * II ii IIII 4 * ** * # ι * Il l ι f n ■ ι 1 a UM M f. M • '· Ml I M . ' H 4/79 b - , 5- container according to claims 1 to ty, dadur.ch characterized in that the first route a at Leit- I Capabilities greater than or equal to 150 nS / cm maximum 1 700 mm, otherwise 400 mm. 6. Container according to claim I _3, characterized in that that the power supply to the anodes (A) with the help of I from in the container wall (B) or the Kümpelungen { (C- ,, Cp) built-in electrical feedthroughs (D) er follows, the anodes (A) in a range of \ 200 to 300 mm, measured from the current feed-through (D), ■ are covered with a high-resistance layer. f 7. Container according to claim 6, characterized in that ι that when using platinum-plated titanium anodes in the area mentioned, the anodes (A) are free from platinization. 8. Container according to one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a flow passage (D) is provided at least at one end of the container. 9 · Container according to claim 8, characterized in that that the power feedthrough has a if wall or container dump insulated • III Il I>! < κ Ii ι ι I «I I I I I ■ I I. ill I 4 I> I I I I Mil I it ί «. · I I - ·. .'κ 1 it ,:, μι ί ' VöfäUgsWeiäe äUä titanium existing ToPägbölzen (§T) Umfäästj ÄfL desäeni Plane the container erifinereh at end pointing ßrähtiänödeh also a preferential manner · AEU & existing titanium Spahnbölzeh (Sp) be ^ä consolidates ISTJ Aefi deffi seiherseits the anöden (A) Toggle ¹ gebrächt sindj While rods are attached directly to the support bolt » ίο * container according to one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 9 * characterized - in that the anodes (A) additionally by holding and / or shipping ^ clamping devices (V) and / or Anodendj.stanzierungs elements (V) in the container (B) are held * 11. Container according to claim 10, characterized in that that the holding and / or bracing device comprises a support arm (T) fastened to the container wall, at the free end of which a clamping bolt (Sp), preferably made of titanium, is insulated and attached is, on which in turn the anode (A) is attached. 12. Container according to claim 11, characterized in that said end of the arm carries a sleeve (M), a plug (St) into the bore of the socket 444 7C Insulating material used and the ätiöpf with a trough running in a longitudinal opening Recording of the span arch (Sp) provided isü. Items since 9 in 13 * container according eihem of claims to ₃ characterized l2 j that means (Ms) for securing the anode (A) at the anode side end of the Spanribölzen (Sp) provided 14i container according to claim 10, characterized in that the anode spacing elements (V ') comprise a support arm (T ¹ ) fastened to the container wall, the free end of which carries an insulating sleeve (I) through whose bore extending in the longitudinal direction of the anode the anode (A ) is carried out. 15 ^ Container according to one or more of the preceding Claims 8 to 14, characterized in that in the case of containers ^ the anode lengths of which exceed 7500 mm, several power feedthroughs in the longitudinal direction of the anodes (A) (D) are provided. 16. A container according to claim 15 , characterized-'characterized in that the Stromdürchführung in the container kümpelungeri (C ₁ , C ^) are arranged, the anodes on the * "S 1, 1 1. Vi'A 1/79 »4 I t Stopping and / or deletion instructionsUngefi (V) elek " tris'ch isolated from each other airid and protection " ström (ϊ ^) separates the partial adenoids thus formed is supplied ι 17 * container according to claim 16 characterized in _ä j that the Teilanodeh with respect to the DC power source (G) are electrically pärällelgeschältet * 18. Container according to one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 17, characterized in that in the case of containers with different conductivity layers of the container contents, the anodes (A) have longitudinal sections (EjPjG) of different surface conductivity, the greater the electrical surface resistance of a longitudinal section is the electrical conductivity of the container contents assigned to this container section (S- ,, S ₂ , S ₃ ). 19 * Container according to claim 18, characterized in that that in the case of containers with an inside diameter of less than or equal to 1000 mm a substantially A central anode (A) extending over the entire height or length of the container is provided (Fig. 7) . ii ti I i II ξ 2Ö \ container sewing claim 18 ₁ characterized _ä \ that in the case of containers with an inner diameter may be? as 1ÖÖÖ mm a plurality of vöri in the container Ver divided anodes (A) are provided, which essentially over the entire container height or * loading t ■ extend the container length , 2li container according to one of claims 18 to 2O ₅ da characterized by that the longitudinal sections of the anode (E, FjG) different electrical upper * Surface conductivity through coating in sections «of otherwise highly conductive anodes (A) are formed with resistance material and / or insulating material. 22.- Container according to one of claims 18 to 20, characterized in that the longitudinal anode sections (E ₃ FjG; different electrical surface conductivities are formed by chemical and / or electrochemical treatment of the respective anode sections in sections. 23. Container according to claim 22, characterized in that 'that the anodes (A) are essentially made of titanium, niobium or tantalum and in sections with a t t t t • I> 1 t » * ι B - 2.5 to 10 µm thick platinum layer (Pt) provided are. 24. Container according to one of the preceding claims 18 to 23j characterized in that in the case of filter containers, which contain an activated carbon layer (S ^), the anode longitudinal section (F) assigned to this layer has a layer (Q) of high electrical surface resistance aufvieist. 25. Container according to claim 24, characterized in that the anode longitudinal section assigned to the activated carbon layer (S-) (F) is 100 to 200 mm longer than the layer thickness of the activated carbon and this on both sides towers. 26. Container according to one or more of the preceding claims 18 to 25 , characterized in that when rod anodes are used, these are pile-shaped and rammed into the filter layers (0,, Sg> S ^) from the loading side of the container.